scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF SNAKE VENOM UPON BLOOD CORPUSCLES

1905 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Protective Property ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Strong Solutions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cobra Venom ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Washed blood corpuscles of certain species of animals in a concentration of about 5 per cent suspended in salt solution containing above 4 per cent of cobra venom undergo changes in their resistance to certain physical and chemical agents. They become non-haemolyzable by water, ether, saponin, and quite strong solutions of lecithin, provided always that the excess of venom has not been entirely removed. On the other hand, certain acids and alkalis, excepting ammonia, lake the venomized corpuscles more easily than they lake normal corpuscles. Venom solutions of 2 per cent and less exert no protective property upon blood corpuscles, but they induce changes in the corpuscles whereby they are rendered more easily laked by the same physical and chemical agents.

scholarly journals From the Separateness of Space to the Ideality of Sensation. Thoughts on the Possibilities of Actualizing Hegel's Philosophy of Nature

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 86-103
Author(s):  
Dieter Wandschneider
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophy Of Nature ◽  
Law Of Nature ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Methodical Principle

AbstractThe Cartesian concept of nature, which has determined modem thinking until the present time, has become obsolete. It shall be shown that Hegel's objective-idealistic conception of nature discloses, in comparison to that of Descartes, new perspectives for the comprehension of nature and that this, in turn, results in possibilities of actualizing Hegel's philosophy of nature.If the argumentation concerning philosophy of nature is intended to catch up with the concrete Being-of-nature and to meet it in its concretion, then this is impossible for the finite spirit in a strictly a priori sense — this is the thesis supported here which is not at all close to Hegel. As the argumentation rather has to consider the conditions of realization concerning the Being-of-nature, too, it is compelled to take up empirical elements — concerning the organism, for instance, system-theoretical aspects, physical and chemical features of the nervous system, etc. With that, on the one hand, empirical-scientific premises are assumed (e.g. the lawlikeness of nature), which on the other hand become (now close to Hegel) possibly able to be founded in the frame of a Hegelian-idealistic conception. In this sense, a double strategy of empirical-scientific concretization and objective-idealistic foundation is followed up, which represents the methodical basic principle of the developed considerations.In the course of the undertaking, the main aspects of the whole Hegelian design concerning the philosophy of nature are considered — space and time, mass and motion, force and law of nature, the organism, the problem of evolution, psychic being — as well as Hegel's basic thesis concerning the philosophy of nature, that therein a tendency towards coherence and idealization manifests itself in the sense of a (categorically) gradually rising succession of nature: from the separateness of space to the ideality of sensation. In the sense of the double strategy of concretization and foundation it is shown that on the one hand possibilities of philosophical penetration concerning actual empirical-scientific results are opened, and on the other hand — in tum — a re-interpretation of Hegel's theorem on the basis of physical, evolution-theoretical and system-theoretical argumentation also becomes possible. In this mutual crossing-over and elucidation of empirical and Hegelian argumentation not only do perspectives of a new comprehension of nature become visible, but also, at the same time — as an essential consequence of this methodical principle — thoughts on the possibilities of actualizing Hegel's philosophy of nature.

scholarly journals THE PHOTODYNAMIC ACTION OF EOSIN AND ERYTHROSIN UPON SNAKE VENOM

1906 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Cobra Venom ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Blood Corpuscle ◽  
Snake Venoms ◽  
Photodynamic Action ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Photodynamic Activity ◽  
Rattlesnake Venom ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Since the hæmolysins of the several venoms respond differently to photodynamic action, they may be regarded as possessing different chemical constitutions. As regards stability, cobra hæmolysin ranks first, daboia second, and Crotalus third. The toxicity of all the venoms is more or less diminished by eosin and erythrosin in sunlight. This reduction in toxicity depends upon chemical changes, of more or less profound nature, taking place in certain of the active principles of the venom. The more stabile the predominant active principles the less the reduction in toxicity, and vice versa. Venom-neurotoxins are highly resistant to photodynamic action, venom-hæmolysins are less resistant, while the hæmorrhagin and thrombokinase of Crotalus and daboia venoms exhibit weak powers of resistance to their action. Hence it follows that while cobra venom remained almost unaltered, rattlesnake and daboia venoms were greatly reduced in toxicity when mixed with the fluorescent dyes and exposed to sunlight. There is an interesting parallel between the action of eosin and erythrosin upon the different venoms and their reactions to other injurious agencies. For example, the hæmolysins of cobra and daboia venoms are more heat resistant than the hæmolysin of Crotalus venom, and the former are less injured by the dyes than the latter. The neurotoxin of the former venoms is also more heat stabile than that of the rattlesnake, and the same relative degree of resistance holds for this substance and the anilines. Just as the hæmorrhagin of rattlesnake venom and the thrombokinase of daboia venom are destroyed by a temperature of 75° C., so are they readily inactivated by the photo dynamic substances employed. The globulin-precipitating and blood corpuscle-protecting principle of cobra venom is relatively thermostabile and in contradistinction to the immunity-precipitins it is also unaffected by eosin and erythrosin. This study of the action of photodynamic substances upon snake venoms serves again to bring out the fact of their highly complex nature, and while enlarging somewhat the field in which photodynamic activity is known to operate, it also proves that this form of destructive activity is affected by the same conditions of resistance as confront the action of the usual physical and chemical agents.

scholarly journals AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE QUESTION OF ASPIRATION OF FOREIGN MATERIAL INTO THE AIR PASSAGES DURING INTRATRACHEAL INSUFFLATION

1911 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 626-633
Author(s):  
T. S. Githens ◽  
S. J. Meltzer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Foreign Material ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Extraneous Material ◽  
Trachea And Bronchi

The foregoing experiments clearly justify the following conclusions :— Intratracheal insufflation protects the respiratory tract very efficiently against any invasion from the pharynx. The filling up of the pharynx with extraneous material, whether it be from the stomach or from the mouth, brings no danger to the trachea and bronchi. This holds true even if the animal is under deep anesthesia. On the other hand, the presence of a tube in the trachea or larynx without the protection of an effective recurrent air stream, definitely facilitates the entrance of foreign material from the pharynx into the trachea. Anesthesia, which removes the protective action of deglutition, greatly increases the danger from aspiration in these cases.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical evaluation of three varieties of tejocote (Crataegus mexicana)

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Susana Graciela Sánchez-Herrera ◽  
Nellybeth Rodriguez-Martinez ◽  
Alejandro Rodríguez-Ortega ◽  
Brenda Ponce-Lira
Keyword(s):  
Economic Importance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Chemical Evaluation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Tejocote has been used traditionally in Mexico since Pre-Hispanic times and currently its cultivation it is considered of lesser economic importance, is distributed mainly in the States of Mexico, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Chiapas, Michoacán, Hidalgo and Morelos. The tejocote groups together more than 150 species around the world, these 93 types are in Mexico, further studies in this species are scarce. Therefore this research was the analysis of physical and chemical strains of tejocote at the Universidad Politécnica de Francisco I. Madero. The results show that the criolla variety possesses a 65.64% humidity, on the other hand the highest percentage of protein was obtained in Calpan gold variety (3.80%), for the ether extract the criolla variety has a 41.11% fiber, criolla variety was the one that obtained the highest percentage (16.71%), °Brix criolla variety presented the higher value, which present greater weight was the Chapeado variety. This results will be a contribution to the added value given to these.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON THE TRANSFORMING AND BINDING POWER OF BLOOD

1915 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Terry
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Supernatant Fluid ◽  
Preliminary Heating ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Binding Power

1. The transforming power of red blood cells for atoxyl is apparently uninfluenced by a preliminary heating of the blood for 30 minutes at 50° C., but a temperature of 55° C. acting for 30 minutes destroys this property of blood almost completely. 2. When the heating was for 60 minutes, 54° C. and higher temperatures apparently destroyed all the transforming power. 3. After heating for 10 minutes, 70° C. destroyed almost all the transforming power, and 100° C. seemingly destroyed all. 4. Under the influence of certain temperatures blood seemingly binds transformed atoxyl, and under the influence of other temperatures frees it again. A temperature of 70° C. for 10 minutes applied to blood subsequent to its incubation with atoxyl causes nearly all the toxicity of the solution to disappear. On the other hand, a temperature of 100° C. for 10 minutes applied to blood subsequent to incubation with atoxyl leaves the solution almost as toxic as if the blood had not been heated at all after the incubation. 5. Some of the transformed atoxyl bound by blood when it is heated to 70° C. for 10 minutes is freed if the heating at 70° C. is prolonged to 30 minutes. See PDF for Structure 6. Blood which has bound transformed atoxyl gives up most, but not all, of this toxic substance when heated to 100° for 10 minutes. All, or nearly all, is freed when the heating at 100° C. is continued for 30 minutes. 7. Under the influence of 70° C. for io minutes transformed atoxyl may be made to enter blood corpuscles, for the fluid above these corpuscles is rendered non-toxic and does not become toxic again when heated to 100° for 20 minutes, provided it contains no laked blood. The blood corpuscles, on the other hand, when heated to 100° for 20 minutes in contact with fresh salt solution, make this solution quite toxic. 8. Laked blood in contact with transformed atoxyl behaves like unlaked blood when heated to 70° C. and to 100° C. for 10 to 30 minutes. 9. The toxic substance can be concentrated by heating the blood corpuscles in contact with transformed atoxyl to 70° C. for 10 minutes, centrifugalizing, removing a large part of the supernatant fluid, and then heating to 100° C. for 30 minutes. 10. The power of blood to take up and bind transformed atoxyl is destroyed apparently completely by heating blood to 100° C. for 10 minutes. 11. The toxic substance into which atoxyl is transformed (transformed atoxyl) is thermostabile, but the transforming agent in blood is thermolabile.

scholarly journals The inhibitory action upon subsequent Phagocytosis, exerted on active normal serum by inactive normal serum through which Bacilli have been passed

1907 ◽  
Vol 79 (534) ◽  
pp. 482-484 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Normal Human Serum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Supernatant Fluid ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
Normal Human

Considerable difference of opinion still prevails regarding the nature of the opsonic substances present in normal serum. Wright, Bulloch and Atkin, etc., uphold the view that the opsonin of normal serum is a simple thermolabile body. Muir, on the other hand, regards the opsonin as a body which behaves like complement, while Dean holds that it is essentially thermostable and in all probability co-operates in its action with a thermolabile complement. The demonstration of anti-bodies by complement-deviation experiments (Bordet, Gengou, Pfeiffer and Friedberger, etc.) has recently proved fruitful in connection with the bacteriolysins, hæmolysins, precipitins of immune sera, and the following experiments were designed to test whether, by a similar method applied to phagocytosis, the presence in normal serum of opsonic amboceptors could be demonstrated :─ Experiment I. Normal human serum was heated for 30 mins. at 60° C. (denoted “ A ”). A very thick emulsion of tubercle bacilli in 1 : 1000 salt solution was added in equal volumes to “ A ” and kept in contact therewith for 1 hr. 30 mins. at 37° C. The mixture was then centrifugalised (7000 revolutions per minute) for 1 hr., and the supernatant fluid pipetted off (denoted “ B ”).

scholarly journals MÉTODO DE BOMBARDEIO AÉREO PARA COMBATE EM INCÊNDIOS FLORESTAIS

FLORESTA ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Luís Fioravante ◽  
Fábio Bonatto
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Brazilian Society ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Other Hand

O Brasil, com uma superfície de 8.514.215,3 km2 (IBGE, 2004), possui pouco mais de 8% de seu território protegido por unidades de conservação (MMA, 2004). Sua grande diversidade de ecossistemas, aliada às usuais técnicas de manejo da terra e condições climáticas adversas, resulta em uma ampla gama de condições propícias à ocorrência de incêndios florestais de grandes proporções. Comparativamente a outras nações, com menores dimensões e que chegam a dispor de dezenas de aeronaves com capacidade de até 42.000 litros de água ou retardante químico para o combate a incêndios, temos oficialmente apenas uma aeronave de asa fixa especializada no combate a incêndios florestais, além de helicópteros e aviões de reconhecimento sob responsabilidade do IBAMA e de órgãos estaduais de meio ambiente. O COMBFOGO – Esquadrão Aéreo de Combate a Incêndio Florestal (ONG) é uma iniciativa pioneira da sociedade brasileira, visando a minimização dos danos causados pelo fogo ao meio ambiente e com especial enfoque nas Unidades de Conservação. A proposta da organização é a utilização de aeronaves com baixos valores de aquisição e custo operacional, homologadas para o patrulhamento e combate a incêndios florestais, que após pequenas adaptações em seu interior, permitem o lançamento de bombas de água ou retardante químico. Estas aeronaves alcançam uma capacidade total de 300 litros e terão o efeito de retardar o avanço do fogo até a chegada das brigadas terrestres. WATER BOMBING METHODOLOGY FOR AERIAL WILDFIRE FIGHTING Abstract Brazil, which has a territory of 8.514.215,3 sq.km , with 692.205.700 ha of conservation areas, officially relies on a single aircraft dedicated exclusively to wildfire fighting. On the other hand, other nations with smaller dimensions have dozens of such aircraft with load capacities up to 42.000 litters of water or chemical agents, that help both in wildfire fighting and reforesting. COMBFOGO represents an initiative of Brazilian society to minimize that hazard of the wildfires to the environment. This initiative is based in the use of aircraft already present in Brazilian market, with low acquisition and operating costs, authorized for search and combat of such fires. The aircraft should require minor interior modifications to be able to carry and launch water or chemical agent 25 litter bombs. These bombs will slow down the fire advance and give more time to the fire brigades to reach the area.

scholarly journals An insight into bacteriophages' response to various physical and chemical conditions: temperature, pH, salts

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
Tabassum Tasnim Auroni ◽  
Md Deen Islam ◽  
Mst Salma Khatun ◽  
Md Shifat E Monjur ◽  
Mahmuda Yasmin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Do So

Bacteriophages can survive under unfavorable conditions and their abilities of survivality are highly diversified. The influence of different physical and chemical conditions, such as temperature, pH and salts on the survivability of coliphages and shigaphages isolated from local clinical sewage samples have been summarized. Temperature at 45°C for 30 min caused 53.13% decrease in the number of coliphages but rather increased the number of shigaphages in present study. Temperature at 56°C for 30 min caused 91.41 and 100% fall in the number of coli- and shigaphages, respectively. pH 4 mediated 96.88% and pH 11 caused 100% decline in the number of plaques for coliphages. On the other hand, number of plaques of shigaphages was diminished by 100% at pH 4 and 91.67% at pH 11. MgCl2, MgSO4 and Na2SO4 salt solutions increased the number of coliphage plaques by 287.5, 125 and 37.5%. On the contrary, the decrease in the number of shigaphages was 79.31, 10.34 and 44.83%, respectively through the treatment. The various physical and chemical conditions investigated in this research have affected the test bacteriophages diversely. Temperature while applied at higher level (56ºC) affected the growth of both coliphages and shigaphages. Acidic and alkaline pH modified coli- and shigaphages' survivality and growth negatively. The three salts in question augmented the growth of isolated coliphages profoundly. However, the same three salts failed to do so for the isolated shigaphages. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 25(2): 185-194, 2016 (July)

Researches into the effects of certain physical and chemical agents on the nervous system

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 667-668
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Mechanical Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Spinal Marrow ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The professed object of the author, in the present paper, is “ to detail the results of an investigation of the phenomena and the laws of production and action of certain secondary or induced conditions of the nervous system, which are effected by a voltaic, and proba­bly by any other electric current, but persistent after the influence of that current is withdrawn.” This condition he designates by the new term electrogenic , as describing at once the origin and the independence of that condition. On the present occasion he confines himself to the subject of the electrogenic condition of the muscular nerves, postponing to future inquiries that of the incident nerves and of the spinal marrow; and also the modes of action of other physical and chemical agents, such as mechanical injury, heat and cold, strychnine, and the hydrocyanic acid. The bones and muscles of the brachial lumbar and pelvic regions of a frog, being isolated from all the other parts of the body, except­ing only by means of their respective brachial and lumbar nerves, which were perfectly denuded on all sides, and raised from the glass on which the limbs were laid, a voltaic current from a pair of the “couronne de tasses” was passed downwards through the nerves, in a direction from their origin in the spinal marrow towards their ter­minations in the muscles. Energetic muscular movements were at first excited; and the current was thus continued during the space of five, ten, or fifteen minutes, and at the end of this period was withdrawn. No sooner was the current discontinued than the mus­cles were affected with spasmodic contractions, and with a tetanoid rigidity, constituting the secondary, or what the author denominates the electrogenic condition ; an effect, which as instantly subsides on the restoration of the voltaic current.

scholarly journals Awareness of the implementation of stable iodine prophylaxis by parental guardians living in the urgent protective action planning zone of an operating nuclear power plant in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitomi Matsunaga ◽  
Makiko Orita ◽  
Yasuyuki Taira ◽  
Noboru Takamura
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Stable Iodine

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to clarify the characteristics and awareness of the need for protection against ionizing radiation, such as sheltering, evacuation, and implementing stable iodine prophylaxis, of guardians parenting young children living in an urgent protective action planning zone (UPZ) of an operating nuclear power plant in Japan. Methods Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to approximately 3000 guardians through 26 kindergartens located within a UPZ. Responses were obtained from 1172 who lived in the UPZ and were included in the analysis. Results Of the 1172 guardians, 460 (39.2%) responded that sheltering is not useful to reduce the dose of radiation exposure. On the other hand, 395 (33.7%) guardians responded that implementing stable iodine (SI) prophylaxis could prevent exposure from all radionuclides, and 876 (74.7%) responded that pregnant women should also implement SI prophylaxis in a nuclear emergency. Furthermore, 83.0% (973) responded that they wanted to receive pre-distribution of stable iodine (PDSI) for their children. On the other hand, 38.9% (456) of guardians had not known about SI before the study, and 71.8% (841) of guardians felt anxious about implementing SI prophylaxis for their children. Conclusion Most guardians had expectations regarding SI and received PDSI, but they felt anxious about implementing SI prophylaxis for their children. It is essential that guardians living in the UPZ of restarted nuclear power plants be educated, and that risk communication about protection against ionizing radiation, including the side effects of implementing SI prophylaxis and radiation health effects, be conducted.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document