scholarly journals A STUDY OF PNEUMOCOCCI: A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PNEUMOCOCCI FOUND IN THE THROAT SECRETIONS OF HEALTHY PERSONS LIVING IN BOTH CITY AND COUNTRY AND THOSE OBTAINED FROM PNEUMONIC EXUDATES AND DISEASED MUCOUS MEMBRANES

1905 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Park ◽  
A. W. Williams ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Infection ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Successive Passage ◽  
Homologous Strain ◽  
Specific Increase ◽  
Healthy Persons ◽  
Atypical Strains

1. Typical pneumococci were present dunng the winter months in the throat secretions of a large percentage of healthy individuals in city and country. 2. A higher percentage of atypical strains of pneumococci have been obtained from healthy persons than from those suffering from pneumonia. In the latter cases the atypical strains may have been overlooked, because of the larger number of typical pneumococci present. Many of the atypical strains seem to be closely related to the streptococci. 3. The so-called Streptococcus mucosus Schottmuller, which has hitherto been classed with the distinct streptococci, is placed as a definite variety among the pneumococci, and it is recommended that the name be changed to Streptococcus lanceolatus, var. mucosus. 4. A lower percentage of strains of pneumococci virulent for rabbits in the doses used has been obtained from normal cases by rabbit inoculations of mass cultures than from cases of pneumonia by the same method. 5. Since the virulence of pneumococci may be rapidly increased for a susceptible species of experimental animal by successive passage, and since pneumococci obtained from most pneumonias are more virulent for experimental animals than are those obtained from healthy individuals, therefore the virulence of pneumococci from cases of human infection is probably increased for human beings; hence cases of pneumonia should be considered to a certain degree as contagious and, since the virulence of the pneumococcus may be quickly increased and since the organism is very prevalent in normal sputum, all possible measures should be taken to restrict public expectoration. 6. By repeated inoculations into sheep of a pneumococcus strain, a specific protective power of this serum for mice is developed against the homologous strain and against certain other strains, one morphological variety (Streptococcus lanceolatus, var.mucosus) being thus clearly differentiated from other strains. 7. Coincident with this production of protective power, a slight specific increase of the sheep serum in phagocytic power in vitro has been observed with some strains of pneumococci, all strains of Streptococcus lanceolatus, var. mucosus, acting similarly with the serum produced by the inoculation of one strain; the strains of some other varieties, however, have shown no definite relationship between the phagocytic power and the protective power of the serum.

scholarly journals The Electrophoretie Mobility of Red Blood Cells of Normal Human Beings

Blood ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN ANGERS ◽  
ANTONIO ROTTINO
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Electrophoretic Behavior ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Healthy Persons

Abstract Values obtained for the electrophoretic behavior of the red blood cells of healthy individuals is presented. The technic and instrument are described in detail and the necessary attention to meticulous care is emphasized. The data presented show that in an electric field the mobility of the red blood cells of healthy persons is constant and reproducible. It was concluded that the method is extremely sensitive and precise and that it may prove of value in the study of various disease states.

scholarly journals Stereotypic neutralizing VH antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain in COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals

2021 ◽  
pp. eabd6990
Author(s):  
Sang Il Kim ◽  
Jinsung Noh ◽  
Sujeong Kim ◽  
Younggeun Choi ◽  
Duck Kyun Yoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Healthy Individuals

Stereotypic antibody clonotypes exist in healthy individuals and may provide protective immunity against viral infections by neutralization. We observed that 13 out of 17 patients with COVID-19 had stereotypic variable heavy chain (VH) antibody clonotypes directed against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These antibody clonotypes were comprised of immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV)3-53 or IGHV3-66 and immunoglobulin heavy joining (IGHJ)6 genes. These clonotypes included IgM, IgG3, IgG1, IgA1, IgG2, and IgA2 subtypes and had minimal somatic mutations, which suggested swift class switching after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The different immunoglobulin heavy variable chains were paired with diverse light chains resulting in binding to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Human antibodies specific for the RBD can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting entry into host cells. We observed that one of these stereotypic neutralizing antibodies could inhibit viral replication in vitro using a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. We also found that these VH clonotypes existed in six out of 10 healthy individuals, with IgM isotypes predominating. These findings suggest that stereotypic clonotypes can develop de novo from naïve B cells and not from memory B cells established from prior exposure to similar viruses. The expeditious and stereotypic expansion of these clonotypes may have occurred in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 because they were already present.

In vitro Action of Gastric Mucosal Lysosomal Enzymes on Intracellular Gastric Glycoproteins

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 90-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad M. Fouad ◽  
D. Waldron-Edward
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lysosomal Enzymes ◽  
Gastric Ulceration ◽  
Mucosal Cell ◽  
Gastric Lesions ◽  
Acid Hydrolases ◽  
Gastric Mucosal Cells ◽  
Mucosal Cells ◽  
Specific Increase

Abstract The results show that incubation of gastric mucosal cells from rat at pH ~4.5 or in the presence of aspirin is associated with a specific increase in the activity of some acid-hydrolases. Intracellular glycoproteins, isolated by non-degradative techniques from rat or dog fundic mucosal cells, were found to be potential bio-substrates for these acid-hydrolyses. This may suggest that cleavage of the carbohydrate moieties of the intracellular and mucosal cell wall glycoproteins is a fundamental step in the development of gastric ulceration. A model for gastric lesions is proposed and discussed in the light of the results obtained.

P.24 Glutamine influences phenotype and function of monocytes from healthy individuals and from septic patients in vitro

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
A. Spittler ◽  
R. Oehler ◽  
P. Götzinger ◽  
S. Winkler ◽  
G. Weigel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Effect of taurine on turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) spermatozoa viability and motility

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Slanina ◽  
M. Miškeje ◽  
F. Tirpák ◽  
M. Błaszczyk ◽  
R. Stawarz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meleagris Gallopavo ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Viability Assessment ◽  
Spermatozoa Motility ◽  
In Vitro Incubation ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Casa System ◽  
Motility Parameters

The effect of taurine on the turkey spermatozoa motility and viability during the in vitro incubation was assessed. Experimental samples were prepared by diluting the raw semen in nine different concentrations of taurine – from 10 mg/ml to 0.078125 mg/ml. The motility parameters were evaluated by the CASA system (Computer Assisted Semen Analyser) using the program Sperm Vision<sup>®</sup> and for spermatozoa viability assessment the eosin-nigrosin staining was performed. Selected parameters were evaluated at six time periods: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h at 5°C and 41°C. At 5°C, a significantly lower percentage of motility and progressive motility was detected only in the samples with the highest concentration of taurine (10 mg/ml) at time 0 and 1. After 2 h of incubation a significant preventive effect of taurine on spermatozoa parameters was observed. The tendency of the taurine effect on motility parameters was different during the in vitro incubation at 41°C. Significantly lower values of motility parameters were detected in all experimental samples in comparison to the control after 5 h. The analysed concentrations of taurine did not significantly affect viability of turkey spermatozoa during all time periods. A higher percentage of dead spermatozoa were observed at 41°C (4.87–9.90%) if compared to 5°C (2.12–4.88%). The results indicated that the addition of taurine (from 2.5 to 7.5 mg/ml) to turkey spermatozoa positively affected the monitored spermatozoa parameters incubated at 5°C.

scholarly journals Rhinovirus induces MUC5AC in a human infection model and in vitro via NF- B and EGFR pathways

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1425-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Hewson ◽  
J. J. Haas ◽  
N. W. Bartlett ◽  
S. D. Message ◽  
V. Laza-Stanca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Infection ◽  
Infection Model

scholarly journals Production and quality of Tifton 85 pastures overseeded with black oat: effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 2071
Author(s):  
João De Assis Farias Filho ◽  
Fabiana Luiza Matielo de Paula ◽  
Adalberto Luiz de Paula ◽  
Wagner Paris ◽  
Fabrício Ghinzelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dead Material

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the bromatological quality, forage production, and botanical and structural composition of Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) pastures overseeded with black oat (Avena strigosa). Four treatments were evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme (irrigated and non-irrigated × fertilized and non-fertilized), with three replicates, in a completely randomized design. In irrigated paddocks, the irrigation system was activated when the soil matric potential reached a value equal to, or higher than, 10 kPa and 135 kg N ha-1 was applied to fertilized paddocks, divided into four applications. The forage mass pre- and post-grazing, total forage production, and the botanical, structural, and bromatological composition of the pastures were evaluated. No interaction was observed between the irrigation and nitrogen fertilization factors for any of the variables and no significant differences were observed in forage mass between pre- and post-grazing or in Tifton leaf and stem percentages. Nitrogen fertilization had a significant effect on forage production, which was 2626.41 kg dry matter (DM) ha-1 higher in fertilized pastures than in unfertilized pastures. In addition, fertilization resulted in a lower percentage of dead material (6.66%), higher percentage of oat leaves (30.84%), higher leaf:stem ratio (1:45), higher crude protein content (24.13%), lower levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (64.57%) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (32.86%), and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (73.01%) than in unfertilized pastures. The use of irrigation did not influence total forage production, however, it resulted in pastures with lower NDF (65.97%) and ADF (33.54%), and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (73.48%) than unirrigated pastures. Nitrogen fertilization produced improvements in pasture structure, associated with higher dry matter yield and bromatological quality, while irrigation only produced pastures with lower fiber content and greater digestibility.

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