scholarly journals THE PLACENTAL TRANSMISSION OF ANTIBODIES IN THE SKIN SENSITIVE TYPE OF HUMAN ALLERGY

1940 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Sherman ◽  
Stanley F. Hampton ◽  
Robert A. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Human Placenta ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Pollen Extract ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Typhoid Vaccine ◽  
Blocking Antibody ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Blocking Antibodies ◽  
Immune Antibody

1. Quantitative studies of the skin-sensitizing antibodies, blocking antibodies, and hemagglutinins in sera of allergic human beings have been made. 2. A comparison of 12 maternal and the 12 corresponding cord sera by the method of passive transfer showed the human placenta to be impermeable to skin-sensitizing antibodies. 3. Direct skin tests and passive transfer studies of 6 infants at the ages of 3 to 6 months showed negative reactions to the antigens to which their mothers were sensitive. 4. The blocking antibody present in the sera of hay fever patients after treatment with pollen extract injections was also demonstrated in the cord sera. The apparent placental transmission of this antibody gave further evidence that it was distinct from the skin-sensitizing antibody. Infant sera obtained at the ages of 3 to 6 months showed no evidence of this immune antibody. 5. The cord sera from 4 of these cases were shown to contain the same isoagglutinins as the maternal sera, showing that the placentas were permeable to these antibodies. The mothers and their offspring reacted alike to Schick testing. 6. Typhoid agglutinins were demonstrated in maternal and cord sera of an adult who previously received injections of triple typhoid vaccine, whereas the serum of the corresponding infant at the age of 3 months failed to show agglutinins.

IMMUNOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF INJECTION THERAPY WITH ALLERGENS BY CUSTOMARY AND INTENSIVE DOSAGE REGIMENS IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-546
Author(s):  
C. D. May ◽  
M. Lyman ◽  
R. Alberto ◽  
N. Aduna
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Injection Therapy ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Blocking Antibody ◽  
Dosage Regimens ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Allergen Extracts ◽  
Frequent Measurement

Evaluation of dosage regimens for injection therapy with allergen extracts was undertaken by determination of immunochemical responses. Antigenic release of histamine was used as a means of measuring leukocyte sensitivity to allergens and antigen-neutralizing capacity of serum or "blocking" antibody. Customary dosage regimens providing 190,000 to 265,000 Protein Nitrogen Units of allergen in 2 years, and intensive dosage regimens providing these amounts or more in a few weeks were evaluated in 46 allergic children by frequent measurement of luekocyte sensitivity and antigen-neutralizing capacity of serum. Uninjected subjects were studied simultaneously. With 32 children receiving customary dosage regimens for injection of an allergen extract (Alternaria, ragweed, house dust), increases and decreases in leukocyte sensitivity in those children receiving injections did not differ significantly from others without injections. Modest increases in antigen-neutralizing capacity of serum occurred with injections. With 14 children receiving intensive dosage regimens for injection of the same allergens, much higher titers of antigen-neutralizing capacity in the serum could be achieved, but little net change in leukocyte sensitivity was observed, except for one case in which leukocytes became desensitized. In no case did intradermal skin tests with the allergens become negative, meaning the children were not desensitized. The dosage regimens used for injection of the allergens tested did not evoke immunochemical responses which encourage one to undertake extensive clinical trials.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
M. G. Michael
Keyword(s):  
Smart Phones ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Internet Connectivity ◽  
Web Of Things ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
International Attention ◽  
Background Context ◽  
The Web

When or how uberveillance will be implemented in its full-blown manifestation is still a subject for some intriguing discussion and a topic of robust disagreement, but what is generally accepted by most of the interlocutors is that an “uberveillance society” will emerge sooner rather than later, and that one way or another this will mean an immense upheaval in all of our societal, business, and government relationships. What is apparent from the numerous qualitative and quantitative studies conducted is that microchipping people is a discernibly divisive issue. If we continue on the current trajectory, we will soon see further divisions – not just between those who have access to the Internet and those who do not, but between those who subjugate themselves to be physically connected to the Web of Things and People, and those who are content enough to simply have Internet connectivity through external devices like smart phones, to those who opt to live completely off the grid. Time will only tell how we as human-beings will adapt after we willingly adopt innovations with extreme and irreversible operations. This introduction serves to provide a background context for the term uberveillance, which has received significant international attention since its establishment.

Dendritic cells dictate responses to PD-L1 blockade cancer immunotherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (534) ◽  
pp. eaav7431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Mayoux ◽  
Andreas Roller ◽  
Vesna Pulko ◽  
Stefano Sammicheli ◽  
Stanford Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Gene Signature ◽  
Blocking Antibody ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Cell Immunity ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Blocking Antibodies ◽  
In Cis

PD-L1/PD-1 blocking antibodies have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy across a range of human cancers. Extending this benefit to a greater number of patients, however, will require a better understanding of how these therapies instigate anticancer immunity. Although the PD-L1/PD-1 axis is typically associated with T cell function, we demonstrate here that dendritic cells (DCs) are an important target of PD-L1 blocking antibody. PD-L1 binds two receptors, PD-1 and B7.1 (CD80). PD-L1 is expressed much more abundantly than B7.1 on peripheral and tumor-associated DCs in patients with cancer. Blocking PD-L1 on DCs relieves B7.1 sequestration in cis by PD-L1, which allows the B7.1/CD28 interaction to enhance T cell priming. In line with this, in patients with renal cell carcinoma or non–small cell lung cancer treated with atezolizumab (PD-L1 blockade), a DC gene signature is strongly associated with improved overall survival. These data suggest that PD-L1 blockade reinvigorates DC function to generate potent anticancer T cell immunity.

Distinct roles of integrins α6 and α4 in homing of fetal liver hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (7) ◽  
pp. 2399-2407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Qian ◽  
Elisabeth Georges-Labouesse ◽  
Alexander Nyström ◽  
Anna Domogatskaya ◽  
Karl Tryggvason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Integrin Receptors ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Blocking Antibody ◽  
Stem And Progenitor Cells ◽  
Integrin Α4 ◽  
And Function ◽  
Blocking Antibodies

Homing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into the bone marrow (BM) is a prerequisite for establishment of hematopoiesis during development and following transplantation. However, the molecular interactions that control homing of HSCs, in particular, of fetal HSCs, are not well understood. Herein, we studied the role of the α6 and α4 integrin receptors for homing and engraftment of fetal liver (FL) HSCs and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) to adult BM by using integrin α6 gene–deleted mice and function-blocking antibodies. Both integrins were ubiquitously expressed in FL Lin−Sca-1+Kit+ (LSK) cells. Deletion of integrin α6 receptor or inhibition by a function-blocking antibody inhibited FL LSK cell adhesion to its extracellular ligands, laminins-411 and -511 in vitro, and significantly reduced homing of HPCs to BM. In contrast, the anti-integrin α6 antibody did not inhibit BM homing of HSCs. In agreement with this, integrin α6 gene–deleted FL HSCs did not display any homing or engraftment defect compared with wild-type littermates. In contrast, inhibition of integrin α4 receptor by a function-blocking antibody virtually abrogated homing of both FL HSCs and HPCs to BM, indicating distinct functions for integrin α6 and α4 receptors during homing of fetal HSCs and HPCs.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER

1955 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisha Atkins ◽  
W. Barry Wood
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Typhoid Vaccine ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Bacterial Pyrogen ◽  
The Brain

The rate of clearance of intravenously injected typhoid vaccine was studied in unsensitized, sensitized, and pyrogen-tolerant rabbits by means of a passive transfer technique. The blood of unsensitized rabbits which had not been previously exposed to bacterial pyrogen remained pyrogenic for normal recipients throughout a period of 2 hours following the injection. In contrast, rabbits sensitized by having received either one or two injections of the vaccine at least 3 weeks prior to the experiment cleared their blood of the test vaccine within 30 minutes despite the fact that they exhibit the same febrile response as unsensitized rabbits. After 1 hour, however, a transferable pyrogenic substance was again demonstrable in the sera of this group. Reasons are discussed for believing that this newly appearing substance may be of endogenous origin and may be the factor which directly affects the thermoregulatory centers of the brain. Rabbits which are made tolerant by repeated daily injections of vaccine have a characteristically depressed febrile response. Not only were the blood streams of such animals cleared of the injected vaccine within less than 5 minutes, but samples of their sera obtained 1 and 2 hours after the injection also failed to contain demonstrable quantities of the secondary pyrogen observed in sensitized animals. The latter observation is in keeping with the suggestion that the secondary pyrogen may play a critical role in the production of fever.

scholarly journals THE ANTIBODY MECHANISMS OF RAGWEED ALLERGY. ELECTROPHORETIC AND CHEMICAL STUDIES

1955 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Cooke ◽  
Arthur E. O. Menzel ◽  
Walter R. Kessler ◽  
Phyllis A. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Test ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Blocking Effect ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Quantitative Interpretation ◽  
Blocking Antibody ◽  
Beta Globulin ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
Precision And Accuracy

Three human serums containing artificially produced blocking antibody against low ragweed allergen were studied for the possibility of relating blocking antibody to electrophoretically definable components. An adaptation of the qualitative passive transfer test to quantitative interpretation is described, methods and procedures are given and uncertainties and possible errors due to lack of precision and accuracy are presented and discussed. At least 65 per cent, but probably more, if not all of the blocking antibody is attributable to gamma globulin. However, no rise of gamma globulin, either its absolute amount or its relative percentage value, paralleled the appearance of blocking antibody. Blocking antibody is not contained in albumin or in alpha-1 globulin. Blocking effect could not be ascertained unequivocally as being connected with alpha-2 or with beta globulin and sizable participation of these two latter electrophoretic components appears improbable. Blocking antibody and sensitizing antibody appear to be chemically different entities.

scholarly journals FAILURE TO TRANSFER TUBERCULIN SENSITIVITY PASSIVELY WITH PLASMA FRACTIONS CONTAINING ALPHA GLOBULIN

1956 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 935-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Joel Ehrenkranz ◽  
Byron H. Waksman
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Cervical Adenitis ◽  
Tuberculin Sensitivity ◽  
Plasma Fractions ◽  
Fraction I

We are unable to confirm the observations reported by Cole and Favour that passive transfer of plasma fractions containing alpha globulin (IV + V or IV-10) from tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs confers delayed sensitivity to tuberculoprotein upon normal animals. In guinea pigs with chronic cervical adenitis due to infection with group C hemolytic streptococci, injection of fraction IV + V and repeated skin tests with PPD induced indurated skin reactions of 9 to 10 mm., maximal at 24 hours, and, in one experiment, a positive tissue culture response to tuberculin. It is suggested that this reactivity was actively induced. Normal or infected recipients of fraction I + II + III from the plasma of tuberculin-sensitive donors manifested edematous responses to tuberculopolysaccharide, maximal at 4 to 6 hours, as reported. Skin tests with pneumococcal C polysaccharide revealed no evidence of passive transfer of C-reactive protein in fractions I + II + III or IV + V.

scholarly journals PASSIVE TRANSFER OF TUBERCULIN SENSITIVITY BY TRITIATED THYMIDINE-LABELED LYMPHOID CELLS

1961 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 779-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Najarian ◽  
Joseph D. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Spleen And Lymph Nodes ◽  
Immature Cells

Passive transfer of tritiated thymidine-labeled BCG sensitized lymphoid cells into homologous guinea pigs resulted in positive tuberculin skin reactions 24 hours after testing with PPD. Labeled cells were found specifically attracted to these sites. Labeled non-sensitized lymphoid cells did not appear at PPD injection sites, nor did labeled sensitized cells accumulate in non-specific inflammatory lesions. The specifically reacting tritiated cells were small, medium, and large lymphocytes and stem or immature cells of the lymphoid series. In the homologous system employed, positive skin tests were either minimal or absent 3 days after transfusion of activated cells. The injected labeled sensitized cells were rapidly cleared from the circulating blood and lodged in the lungs, spleen, and lymph nodes. Upon application of specific antigen they reappeared at the skin test site at 6 hours and then increased in number for the next 18 hours.

The relationship between direct immediate skin tests and passive transfer tests in man

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Redmond ◽  
Bernard B. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
The Relationship
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document