scholarly journals THE STATE OF THE VESSELS OF THE MESENTERY IN SHOCK PRODUCED BY CONSTRICTING THE LIMBS AND THE BEHAVIOR OF THE VESSELS FOLLOWING HEMORRHAGE

1943 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irvine H. Page ◽  
Richard G. Abell
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Venous Return ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Bilateral Nephrectomy ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Morphological Picture ◽  
Incomplete Occlusion ◽  
Short Time

1. Direct observations of the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, and lymphatics in the mesentery of anesthetized cats put into shock by incomplete occlusion of the circulation of the limbs showed that: (a) Marked constriction of the arteries and arterioles, produced by muscular contraction, occurred usually within an hour after incomplete occlusion of the limbs, lasted several hours, and finally gave way in most instances to relaxation an hour or more before death. The constriction reduced the blood supply to the mesentery and intestine and the venous return from them. It did not, however, interrupt the blood flow. No pooling or stagnation of blood was seen even as a terminal phenomenon. (b) The veins of the mesentery also became constricted but showed less tendency to dilate as death approached. The lymphatics likewise became somewhat narrowed. Even during the terminal stage the leukocytes moved along without change in shape or sticking to the walls of the capillaries or venules. (c) Hematocrit determinations showed progressive hemoconcentration of moderate degree. (d) Autopsy usually showed the presence of small hemorrhages in many parts of the body, especially the heart, liver, spleen, and lungs. (e) Bilateral nephrectomy, suprarenalectomy, and pancreatectomy did not significantly alter the morphological picture elicited by shock induced by restriction of the circulation to the limbs. 2. Removal of large amounts of blood was always followed within a short time by constriction of arteries, arterioles, veins, and lymphatics of the mesentery. 3. Fall in arterial pressure produced by pithing was not accompanied by change in diameter of the arteries, arterioles, veins, or lymphatics, or by blanching of the mesentery or gut.

Cardiovascular System: Part II

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanetta Levesque
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Venous Return ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Venous Capacitance ◽  
System Part ◽  
The Right

This chapter gives an overview of blood circulation, then focuses on regional blood flow to a number of organs, and ends with a description of the microcirculation. It begins with venous return and blood volume. Most blood volume is contained within the venous system, and the chapter describes several mechanisms that allow for this volume of blood to be returned to the right heart. Next it describes the various means by which the blood circulation and volume are controlled. The chapter devotes considerable time describing the central, peripheral, and hormonal regulation of circulation and blood volume. Next, regional blood flow is described. Blood flow in different regions of the body is usually autoregulated, and variably controlled by the autonomic nervous system, and various humoral agents. The final section describes the mechanism by which blood flow in the microcirculation delivers nutrients, and removes wastes from the tissue by diffusion. Also described are the regulation of the microcirculation by pre and post capillary sphincters, and the effect of viscosity. This review contains 5 figures, and 40 references.  Keywords: venous return, vascular compliance, venous capacitance, vasomotor center, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), microcirculation, regional blood flow, mixed venous oxygen saturation

Intra-arterial Injection Fluorescein Videoangiography in Aneurysm Surgery

2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. ons141-ons150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuhiro Kuroda ◽  
Hiroyuki Kinouchi ◽  
Kazuya Kanemaru ◽  
Yoshihisa Nishiyama ◽  
Masakazu Ogiwara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
Fluorescein Sodium ◽  
Digital Subtraction ◽  
Excitation Light ◽  
Perforating Artery ◽  
Incomplete Occlusion ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Sodium Solution

Abstract BACKGROUND: To visualize blood flow in the arteries and aneurysm during surgery, intravenous fluorescence videoangiography has been used. However, the image contrast with this procedure is diminished by repeated study because the dye remains for about 10 minutes after injection. OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal dye concentration and to clarify the usefulness of fluorescein videoangiography by intra-arterial dye injection. METHODS: In the pilot study, fluorescein sodium dissolved at various concentrations was illuminated with excitation light, and fluorescence was detected by cameras. The fluorescence of 0.001% fluorescein sodium solution mixed with plasma at various concentrations was then examined. In 13 aneurysm patients, dye solution was administered through the catheter for intraoperative digital subtraction angiography. The intravenous injection method was also performed, and the findings were compared. RESULTS: Dye was clinically used at a concentration of 0.005% to 0.1% on the basis of the results of the pilot study. Fluorescence emission from the vessels and aneurysms was clearly observed by both methods; however, arterial injection provided brighter emission, resulting in clearer demonstration of the bloodstream than venous injection. Dye clearance was also quicker, which allowed repeat injections without delay. Dye filling in the aneurysm indicating incomplete occlusion was detected in 2 cases, and occlusion of the perforating artery was observed in 2 cases. CONCLUSION: Intra-arterial fluorescein videoangiography provides brighter and clearer imaging of blood flow with a smaller dose of dye than intravenous videoangiography. It can be repeated within a short time and is useful for detecting incomplete clipping or unexpected obstruction of arteries.

Ultrastructural Changes of the Tissue Thromboplastin after Intravenous Injection in Rabbits

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (01) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Hasegawa ◽  
Hiroshi Nagata ◽  
Makoto Murao
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Vascular Endothelium ◽  
Model Experiment ◽  
Venous Return ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Membrane Structures ◽  
Tissue Thromboplastin ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Sheet Membrane

SummaryAttempts were made to demonstrate ultrastructural changes of the tissue thromboplastin after intravenous injection, as a model experiment on the pulmonary microthrombi formation induced by the tissue thromboplastin circulating from venous return.Concentrically arranged membrane structures of the injected thromboplastin disappeared in extremely short time after the injection of the thromboplastin in rabbits. The long sheet membrane of the injected thromboplastin was frequently seen as adhered to the vascular endothelium or to the surface of blood corpuscles. Furthermore, fibrin fibres were formed in contact with the long sheet membrane of the thromboplastin. Membrane structures were not found anywhere in the control rabbits.

COMPARISON OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE EFFECT OF MOXONIDINE VERSUS CLONIDINE IN RENAL FAILURE PATIENTS.

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
DR.MATHEW GEORGE ◽  
DR.LINCY JOSEPH ◽  
MRS.DEEPTHI MATHEW ◽  
ALISHA MARIA SHAJI ◽  
BIJI JOSEPH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Antihypertensive Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Blood Flows

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls as the heart pumps out blood, and high blood pressure, also called hypertension, is an increase in the amount of force that blood places on blood vessels as it moves through the body. Factors that can increase this force include higher blood volume due to extra fluid in the blood and blood vessels that are narrow, stiff, or clogged(1). High blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their ability to work properly. When the force of blood flow is high, blood vessels stretch so blood flows more easily. Eventually, this stretching scars and weakens blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidneys.

Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Body Fat Composition, and Leptin Sensitivity in Non-Obese and Overweight/Obese Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-218
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Leptin Sensitivity ◽  
Fat Composition

Both insulin and leptin are major contributors for the body energy balance. Obesity is a state of energy imbalance and is also associated with changes in both insulin sensitivity and leptin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship between insulin sensitivity and body fat composition, and leptin sensitivity in non-obese and obese adults. A total of 86 adults participated: 42 non-obese and 44 over-weight/obese. Body fat (BF) percent was determined by skinfold method. Fasting plasma glucose was analyzed by glucose oxidase-phenol and 4 aminophenazone (GOD-PAP) method using spectro-photometer, fasting serum insulin and leptin concentrations by direct sandwich ELISA method and resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry. Leptin sensitivity index and insulin sensitivity were expressed as REE : Leptin ratio and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), respectively. It was found that median value of HOMA-IR was significantly higher [2.93 vs 1.72, p<0.01] and leptin sensitivity was significantly lower [116.76 vs 265.66, p<0.001] in the overweight/obese adults than the non-obese adults, indicating that insulin sensitivity and leptin sensitivity were markedly reduced in overweight/obese adults in compare to non-obese adults. There was a moderate degree of positive relationship between HOMA-IR and BF only in the overweight/obese (ρ=0.509, n=44, p<0.001) and all adults (ρ=0.39, n=86, p<0.001). Similarly, a weak negative relationship between leptin sensitivity index and HOMA-IR was found in the overweight/obese (ρ=-0.328, n=44, p<0.05) and all adults (ρ=-0.35, n=86, p<0.01). It can be concluded that the insulin sensitivity was adiposity dependent, but, it did not depend on leptin sensitivity.

scholarly journals Calculating the optimal hematocrit under the constraint of constant cardiac power

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Sitina ◽  
Heiko Stark ◽  
Stefan Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Cardiac Power ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractIn humans and higher animals, a trade-off between sufficiently high erythrocyte concentrations to bind oxygen and sufficiently low blood viscosity to allow rapid blood flow has been achieved during evolution. Optimal hematocrit theory has been successful in predicting hematocrit (HCT) values of about 0.3–0.5, in very good agreement with the normal values observed for humans and many animal species. However, according to those calculations, the optimal value should be independent of the mechanical load of the body. This is in contradiction to the exertional increase in HCT observed in some animals called natural blood dopers and to the illegal practice of blood boosting in high-performance sports. Here, we present a novel calculation to predict the optimal HCT value under the constraint of constant cardiac power and compare it to the optimal value obtained for constant driving pressure. We show that the optimal HCT under constant power ranges from 0.5 to 0.7, in agreement with observed values in natural blood dopers at exertion. We use this result to explain the tendency to better exertional performance at an increased HCT.

scholarly journals Acupuncture Affects Regional Blood Flow in Various Organs

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sae Uchida ◽  
Harumi Hotta
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Uterine Blood Flow ◽  
Afferent Pathway ◽  
Antidromic Activation ◽  
Efferent Nerve ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Cortical Cerebral Blood Flow

In this review, our recent studies using anesthetized animals concerning the neural mechanisms of vasodilative effect of acupuncture-like stimulation in various organs are briefly summarized. Responses of cortical cerebral blood flow and uterine blood flow are characterized as non-segmental and segmental reflexes. Among acupuncture-like stimuli delivered to five different segmental areas of the body; afferent inputs to the brain stem (face) and to the spinal cord at the cervical (forepaw), thoracic (chest or abdomen), lumbar (hindpaw) and sacral (perineum) levels, cortical cerebral blood flow was increased by stimuli to face, forepaw and hindpaw. The afferent pathway of the responses is composed of somatic groups III and IV afferent nerves and whose efferent nerve pathway includes intrinsic cholinergic vasodilators originating in the basal forebrain. Uterine blood flow was increased by cutaneous stimulation of the hindpaw and perineal area, with perineal predominance. The afferent pathway of the response is composed of somatic group II, III and IV afferent nerves and the efferent nerve pathway includes the pelvic parasympathetic cholinergic vasodilator nerves. Furthermore, we briefly summarize vasodilative regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow via a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) induced by antidromic activation of group IV somatic afferent nerves. These findings in healthy but anesthetized animals may be applicable to understanding the neural mechanisms improving blood flow in various organs following clinical acupuncture.

scholarly journals Chinese Herbal Medicine Alleviates Thyroidectomy-Induced Cardiopulmonary Exercise Dysfunction in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tai-Yuan Chuang ◽  
Chia-Ying Lien ◽  
Chih-Hsiang Hsu ◽  
Chen-Wen Lu ◽  
Chung-Hsin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise ◽  
Chinese Herbal ◽  
Subcutaneous Blood Flow ◽  
Tsh Levels

Hypothyroidism frequently causes cardiopulmonary dysfunction, such as heart failure and respiratory and metabolic deficiencies. This study investigated the effects of Chinese herbal formula B307 on thyroidectomy-induced cardiopulmonary exercise dysfunction in rats. Twenty male rats were equally divided into four groups: negative control with sham treatment, positive control with oral B307 treatment only, thyroidectomy treatment only, and thyroidectomy with B307 posttreatment groups. The feeding dose of B307 was 50 mg/kg per day for 14 days. We examined and then compared the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (T4), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the blood of these four groups. Also, we compared the body weight, neck subcutaneous blood flow, cardiac ejection function, cardiopulmonary exercise function of oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and respiratory quotient (RQ = VCO2/VO2) among the four groups. Our results indicated that thyroidectomized rats had significantly decreased body weight, neck subcutaneous blood flow, cardiac ejection function, serum T3 and T4, and VO2 and VCO2, but had significantly increased ROS and TSH levels and RQ values compared with sham rats (P<0.01–0.05). In addition, thyroidectomized rats receiving oral B307 treatment had significantly increased body weight, neck subcutaneous blood flow, cardiac ejection function, and VO2, but significantly decreased ROS and TSH levels and VCO2 and RQ values compared with thyroidectomized rats (P<0.01–0.05). We suggest that the B307 could be a protective and beneficial alternative treatment for thyroidectomy-induced cardiopulmonary exercise dysfunction.

Regional blood flow measurement in vivo for a definable geometry

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (5) ◽  
pp. 962-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin B. Bacaner ◽  
James S. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Continuous Measure ◽  
Radioisotope Method ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
Regional Concentration

A radioisotope method for measuring regional blood flow in the intestine of the dog in vivo has been favorably compared with measurement by timed collection of total venous outflow. The necessary conditions are a continuous measure of arterial concentration and cumulative regional concentration of radioisotope, an experimentally definable region, and temporary complete retention of tracer. The derivation of the relations used suggests additional applications of the method to other regions of the body.

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