Ethanol Lock Technique: Review of the Literature

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1096-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Maiefski ◽  
Mark E. Rupp ◽  
Elizabeth D. Hermsen
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Central Venous Catheters ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Systemic Antibiotics ◽  
Ethanol Lock

Central venous catheters (CVCs) are commonly used among adult and pediatric patients for administration of fluids, medications, and nutrition. Central line–associated (CLA) bloodstream infection (BSI) is a serious complication following CVC insertion. The aim of this review is to summarize available data regarding the ethanol lock technique, which is a proposed method for sterilizing the lumen of the catheter by instilling an ethanol solution and allowing it to dwell in the catheter for a certain amount of time. Studies on ethanol lock technique differ in ethanol concentrations, luminal dwell times, catheter types, inclusion of anticoagulants, use of systemic antibiotics, and use of the technique for prevention or for treatment of CLA BSI. In vitro studies demonstrate the efficacy of ethanol in the eradication of various pathogens. Definitive catheter integrity data are limited. Clinical trials report tolerable adverse events with ethanol locks, as well as encouraging results for prevention and treatment of CLA BSI.

scholarly journals Risk factors for unplanned removal of central venous catheters in hospitalized children with hematological and oncological disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moe Miyagishima ◽  
Hamada Motoharu ◽  
Yuji Hirayama ◽  
Hideki Muramatsu ◽  
Takahisa Tainaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Central Venous Catheters ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Subdistribution Hazard ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Central venous catheters (CVCs) have been essential devices for the treatment of children with hematological and oncological disorders. Only few studies investigated the complications and selections of different types of CVCs in these pediatric patients. This study aimed to compare risk factors for unplanned removal of two commonly used CVCs, i.e., peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) and tunneled CVCs, and propose better device selection for the patient. Procedure: This retrospective, single center cohort analysis was conducted on pediatric patients with hematological and oncological disorders inserted with either a PICC or a tunneled CVC. Results: Between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2015, 89 patients inserted with tunneled CVCs (total 21,395 catheter-days) and 84 with PICCs (total 9,177 catheter-days) were followed up until the catheter removal. The median duration of catheterization was 88 days in PICCs and 186 days in tunneled CVCs (p = 1.24×10-9). PICCs at the 3-month cumulative incidence of catheter occlusion (5.2% vs. 0%, p = 4.08×10-3) and total unplanned removal (29.0% vs 7.0%, p = 0.0316) were significantly higher, whereas no significant difference was observed in the cumulative incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infection (11.8% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.664). Multivariable analysis identified younger age (<2 years) (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 2.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–4.14) and PICCs (SHR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.48–5.02) were independent risk factors for unplanned removal. Conclusion: Our results suggest that tunnel CVCs would be a preferred device for children with hematological and oncological disorders requiring long-term, intensive treatment.

scholarly journals Successful Salvage of Central Venous Catheters in Patients with Catheter-Related or Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections by Using a Catheter Lock Solution Consisting of Minocycline, EDTA, and 25% Ethanol

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 3426-3432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issam Raad ◽  
Anne-Marie Chaftari ◽  
Ramia Zakhour ◽  
Mary Jordan ◽  
Zanaib Al Hamal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Central Venous Catheters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Systemic Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Lock Solution

In cancer patients with long-term central venous catheters (CVC), removal and reinsertion of a new CVC at a different site might be difficult because of the unavailability of accessible vascular sites.In vitroand animal studies showed that a minocycline-EDTA-ethanol (M-EDTA-EtOH) lock solution may eradicate microbial organisms in biofilms, hence enabling the treatment of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) while retaining the catheterin situ. Between April 2013 and July 2014, we enrolled 30 patients with CLABSI in a prospective study and compared them to a historical group of 60 patients with CLABSI who had their CVC removed and a new CVC inserted. Each catheter lumen was locked with an M-EDTA-EtOH solution for 2 h administered once daily, for a total of 7 doses. Patients who received locks had clinical characteristics that were comparable to those of the control group. The times to fever resolution and microbiological eradication were similar in the two groups. Patients with the lock intervention received a shorter duration of systemic antibiotic therapy than that of the control patients (median, 11 days versus 16 days, respectively;P< 0.0001), and they were able to retain their CVCs for a median of 74 days after the onset of bacteremia. The M-EDTA-EtOH lock was associated with a significantly decreased rate of mechanical and infectious complications compared to that of the CVC removal/reinsertion group, who received a longer duration of systemic antimicrobial therapy. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01539343.)

Managing Central Venous Catheter Dressings: A Short Gut Syndrome Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Langford ◽  
Maria Leal ◽  
Lindsey Patton
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Venous Catheter ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Central Venous Catheters ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Short Gut Syndrome ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Skin Conditions

Highlights Abstract Central venous catheters are necessary in treatment and care of pediatric patients with short gut syndrome. Despite necessity, central venous catheters come with the risk of developing central line associated blood stream infections (CLABSI). This manuscript describes a complex, pediatric gastroenterology patient with multiple risk factors who developed a CLABSI. Short gut syndrome patients can develop skin conditions and complications that may challenge nursing practice to mitigate CLABSI. Further research is needed on preventing CLABSIs in complex pediatric patients to provide the best practice implications for nursing.

scholarly journals Risk factors for unplanned removal of central venous catheters in hospitalized children with hematological and oncological disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moe Miyagishima ◽  
Motoharu Hamada ◽  
Yuji Hirayama ◽  
Hideki Muramatsu ◽  
Takahisa Tainaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Central Venous Catheters ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Subdistribution Hazard ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract ObjectiveCentral venous catheters (CVCs) have been essential devices for the treatment of children with hematological and oncological disorders. Only few studies investigated the complications and selections of different types of CVCs in these pediatric patients. This study aimed to compare risk factors for unplanned removal of two commonly used CVCs, i.e., peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) and tunneled CVCs, and propose better device selection for the patient.MethodsThis retrospective, single center cohort analysis was conducted on pediatric patients with hematological and oncological disorders inserted with either a PICC or a tunneled CVC.ResultsBetween January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2015, 89 patients inserted with tunneled CVCs (total 21,395 catheter-days) and 84 with PICCs (total 9,177 catheter-days) were followed up until the catheter removal. The median duration of catheterization was 88 days in PICCs and 186 days in tunneled CVCs (p = 1.24×10-9). PICCs at the 3-month cumulative incidence of catheter occlusion (5.2% vs. 0%, p = 4.08×10-3) and total unplanned removal (29.0% vs 7.0%, p = 0.0316) were significantly higher, whereas no significant difference was observed in the cumulative incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infection (11.8% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.664). Multivariable analysis identified younger age (<2 years) (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 2.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–4.14) and PICCs (SHR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.48–5.02) were independent risk factors for unplanned removal.ConclusionOur results suggest that tunnel CVCs would be a preferred device for children with hematological and oncological disorders requiring long-term, intensive treatment.

scholarly journals Impact of Critical Care Consultation Requests for Avoidable Central Venous Catheters on Medical-Surgical Units

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s258-s258
Author(s):  
Madhuri Tirumandas ◽  
Theresa Madaline ◽  
Gregory David Weston ◽  
Ruchika Jain ◽  
Jamie Figueredo
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Academic Medical Center ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Central Venous Catheters ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Central Venous

Background: Although central-line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) in US hospitals have improved in the last decade, ~30,100 CLABSIs occur annually.1,2 Central venous catheters (CVC) carry a high risk of infections and should be limited to appropriate clinical indications.6,7 Montefiore Medical Center, a large, urban, academic medical center in the Bronx, serves a high-risk population with multiple comobidities.8–11 Despite this, the critical care medicine (CCM) team is often consulted to place a CVC when a peripheral intravenous line (PIV) cannot be obtained by nurses or primary providers. We evaluated the volume of CCM consultation requests for avoidable CVCs and related CLABSIs. Methods: Retrospective chart review was performed for patients with CCM consultation requests for CVC placement between July and October 2019. The indication for CVC, type of catheter inserted or recommended, and NHSN data were used to identify CLABSIs. CVCs were considered avoidable if a PIV was used for the stated indication and duration of therapy, with no anatomical contraindications to PIV in nonemergencies, according to the Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenous Catheters (MAGIC).6Results: Of 229 total CCM consults, 4 (18%) requests were for CVC placement; 21 consultations (9%) were requested for avoidable CVCs. Of 40 CVC requests, 18 (45%) resulted in CVC placement by the CCM team, 4 (10%) were deferred for nonurgent PICC by interventional radiology, and 18 (45%) were deferred in favor of PIV or no IV. Indications for CVC insertion included emergent chemotherapy (n = 8, 44%) and dialysis (n = 3, 16%), vasopressors (n = 3, 16%), antibiotics (n = 2, 11%) and blood transfusion (n = 2, 11%). Of 18 CVCs, 9 (50%) were potentially avoidable: 2 short-term antibiotics and rest for nonemergent indications; 2 blood transfusions, 1 dialysis, 2 chemotherapy and 2 vasopressors. Between July and October 2019, 6 CLABSIs occurred in CVCs placed by the CCM team; in 3 of 6 CLABSI events (50%), the CVC was avoidable. Conclusions: More than half of consultation requests to the CCM team for CVCs are avoidable, and they disproportionately contribute to CLABSI events. Alternatives for intravenous access could potentially avoid 9% of CCM consultations and 50% of CLABSIs in CCM-inserted CVCs on medical-surgical wards.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Central Venous Catheter Salvage in Ambulatory Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J.H. Ford ◽  
David G. Bundy ◽  
Suzette Oyeku ◽  
Moonseong Heo ◽  
Lisa Saiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Venous Catheter ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

BACKGROUND Guidelines for treatment of central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) recommend removing central venous catheters (CVCs) in many cases. Clinicians must balance these recommendations with the difficulty of obtaining alternate access and subjecting patients to additional procedures. In this study, we evaluated CVC salvage in pediatric patients with ambulatory CLABSI and associated risk factors for treatment failure. METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of 466 ambulatory CLABSIs in patients &lt;22 years old who presented to 5 pediatric medical centers from 2010 to 2015. We defined attempted CVC salvage as a CVC left in place ≥3 days after a positive blood culture result. Salvage failure was removal of the CVC ≥3 days after CLABSI. Successful salvage was treatment of CLABSI without removal of the CVC. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to test associations between risk factors and attempted and successful salvage. RESULTS A total of 460 ambulatory CLABSIs were included in our analysis. CVC salvage was attempted in 379 (82.3%) cases. Underlying diagnosis, CVC type, number of lumens, and absence of candidemia were associated with attempted salvage. Salvage was successful in 287 (75.7%) attempted cases. Underlying diagnosis, CVC type, number of lumens, and absence of candidemia were associated with successful salvage. In patients with malignancy, neutropenia within 30 days before CLABSI was significantly associated with both attempted salvage and successful salvage. CONCLUSIONS CVC salvage was often attempted and was frequently successful in ambulatory pediatric patients presenting with CLABSI.

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