scholarly journals The Long-Run and Gender-Equalizing Impacts of School Access: Evidence from the First Indochina War

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Anh Dang ◽  
Trung X Hoang ◽  
Ha M Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Long Run ◽  
School Access ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Indochina War

Formal Structure and Efficiency of Self-Help Groups: An Economic Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Mudaser Ahad Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Logical Structure ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Long Run ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Self Help Groups ◽  
The Impact

Self-help groups are generally seen as instruments for goals including empowering women, poverty alleviation, developing leadership qualities among poor and needy people. SHGs bridge the gap between haves and have-nots. These groups have become basic sources of village capital. Self-help group’s (SHGs) have had a record of success, but they are gradually losing their significance as an instrument of micro-finance and financial inclusion. The persistence of poverty and gender inequality on the scale at which they still exist are not acceptable. This reflects that SHGs face the issues of declining efficiency and quality, although their quantity is alright. Further, the natures of formal structure within which SHGs operate and function have a fundamental effect on their functioning and efficiency and on the efficiency of micro-finance and inclusion programmes. If the problems of these groups are addressed efficiently and are provided with sufficient institutional and financial support, the efficiency of these groups will improve and “efficient and viable self-help groups could do wonders”. Due to enhancement in efficiency and sustainability, self-help could improve the social capital base not only of members but also of non-members. It is in this background that this paper attempts to identify the particular parameters/elements that must be present uniquely in the formal structure of all SHGs so that all SGHs may follow a unique logical architecture in their functioning. This study also attempts to analyze the relationship between the formal structure of SHGs and their total savings, their lending capacity, total amount left after disbursements and number of beneficiaries. Finally, this study also attempts to analyze the impact of their formal structure, bank loans received the ability to repay received bank loans, regularity/irregularity towards savings on their frequency of using the bank. From the obtained data and statistical analysis, the study found that the majority of SHGs function independently of their organizational structures. This mars their overall efficiency because the formal structure has its significance in achieving group goals and thereby, increases the level of work quality. Working of SHGS according to a well-established structure positively and significantly impacts their savings, borrowing capacity, lending capacity and a number of beneficiaries. Referred to the data, we can conclude that those SHGs use their operational bank accounts frequently that have a well-established logical structure, received and repaid banks loan since their inception, maintained regularity in group savings and participated in income generation activities than those which lack a formal structure, were unable either to receive or repay bank loans, faced irregularities towards group savings and not participated in income generation activities. So SHGs should pay specific attention towards the formulation of logical structures to work on, maintain regularity in their savings and should participate in income generation activities. Further, banks should provide sufficient loans to these voluntary saving groups and should increase the loan repayment period for them so that these group may become able to maintain their sustainability in the long-run.

The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money

Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 354 (6317) ◽  
pp. 1288-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Suri ◽  
W. Jack
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Money ◽  
Long Run ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Impacts

scholarly journals Application of Markov chain in students’ assessment and performance: a case study of School of Mathematical Sciences, one of the public university in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Khairun Husna Yahaya ◽  
Husna Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Markov Chain Model ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Undergraduate Enrollment ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Mathematical Sciences ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender

The quality education is an essential element in economic, political and social development of any country. Therefore, enrollment forecasting is needed in higher education to assist the universities in the preparation of their educational frameworks including budgeting, provide all necessary facilities and planning the overall short and long term goals. This research study the pattern of students’ assessment and their academic performance in School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. The target population is all undergraduate enrollment from 2016/2017 until 2018/2019 sessions. An absorbing Markov chain model is applied to study the absorption, retention and repetitive rates of the students by the academic programs and gender. The fundamental matrix is constructed to determine the expected duration of schooling before graduating. The enrollment projection is also estimated to study the probability of the performances of the students in the long run. In summary, this research addresses on the use of Markov chain model to describe the stochastic pattern of the enrollment and assessment of the students.

scholarly journals Evaluating Students Perception Regarding Prevailing Practices of TQM in Management Institutions of Punjab

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 4122-4127
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Student Perception ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Quality Dimensions ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Management Institutions

The past few decades have witnessed an overwhelming metamorphosis in education field across the globe having the repercussion of colossal quality. Such a drastic transformation has had its impact on the very objective of education making it immensely relevant and far-reaching. India is facing high pressure from its stakeholders as gladdening the clients is of paramount importance and which indeed is the mantra to withstand in the market-oriented ambience in the long run. To identify and implement the TQM in student life, the concept of learning and teaching which is the only method to come out with these difficulties. The teaching structure has vehemently started comprehending the importance of TQM in the education sector to meet the rigorous demands of associates paving the way for the improved and functional scenario. They can help in the true implementation of TQM in educational institutions which is the need of era as the quality of education is at an alarming stage. The study evaluated student's perception across management institutions in Punjab. Additionally, the study investigated the relationship between the dimensions of TQM and gender as well as on overall scores of student Perception. To accomplish the objective of the study, an evaluation questionnaire survey was employed to measure the student's perception of 7 quality dimensions for educational practices. Statistical tests were applied by using SPSS software.

scholarly journals CRITICAL THINKING IN EDUCATION: WHY TO AVOID LOGICAL FALLACIES?

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Janez Bregant
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Good Reasoning ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Logical Fallacies ◽  
The Right ◽  
Logical Fallacy ◽  
Education Process ◽  
Early Training

The study argues for the claim that a correct argumentation, i.e. a non-fallacious or good reasoning, should be the essential part of the education process, which is not always the case. The bad argumentation makes human standards and interpersonal relationships worse, and leads to the growth of social conflicts and an instable society. If the legislature, executive and judiciary branches of power did not listen to good arguments, our lives would not be as good as they are since the state might pass bad, dangerous and unjust laws. A person trained in critical thinking starting in their youth would be able to tell a difference between good and bad arguments and recognize the fact that accepting the former and dropping the latter is the only way to avoid the above mentioned negative characteristics of a society. By teaching pupils how to employ the prescribed standards of a correct argumentation using everyday examples helps them to avoid adopting certain views on the ground of their popularity, affections produced in observers, their popularity etc., which are classic examples of logical fallacies. An early training in critical thinking could make obvious the fact that, a democracy consisting among other things also in a social, racial and gender equality, after all, does not mean that sometimes left arguments win and sometimes the right ones, and that there is no difference between them in the long run. Key words: argument, critical thinking, deduction, education, induction, logical fallacy, validity.

Selling the consumer: the marketing of advertising space in Sweden, ca. 1880-1939

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-164
Author(s):  
Klara Arnberg
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Marketing Methods

Purpose By studying the marketing of advertising space, this paper aims to study how class, gender and region were portrayed in terms of economic considerations in adverts selling advertising space to potential advertisers. The paper studies how readers were discursively transformed into consumers in this material and how different consumer groups were depicted, divided and framed during Sweden’s early consumer culture. By doing so, the paper highlights the tensions between aiming at a mass audience, on the one hand, and striving to reach more and more specific consumer groups on the other hand. Design/methodology/approach Both qualitative and quantitative analyses are made in order to follow the changes of highlighted consumer groups in the ads. Intersectional analysis is used to see how notions of class and gender intersected during the analysed period. Findings The sectioning of the press is in the paper stressed as a prerequisite for market segmentation and the economic history of mass media is lifted as essential for understanding it. The gendering and classing of market segments were also based on how common interests were interpreted by political movements and their press forums. For surviving in the long run, however, the paper argues that the political press needed to commercialise their readerships to attract advertisers and survive economically. Originality/value The paper concludes that mass marketing and segmentation processes were in many senses parallel in the studied material. Statements of reaching all social classes diminished over time, but notions of the masses were prevalent in both the worker and the women categories. However, how advertisers choose between different media for their advertising campaigns or how they adopted different marketing methods towards different segments are beyond the scope of this paper.

scholarly journals Generation, Gender and Knowledge Gap in Agrobiodiversity Among Smallholders in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Pashupati Chaudhary ◽  
Deepak Upadhya ◽  
Bishnu Dhakal ◽  
Rajeev Dhakal ◽  
Devendra Gauchan
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Knowledge Gap ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Female Farmers ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

The importance of generation-old local knowledge in advancing agriculture is well recognized worldwide. However, such knowledge is continually eroding together with the extinction of locally evolved genetic materials. Consequently, the knowledge gap between different age groups is widening. The knowledge gap is also widening between male and female due to continuous shift in gender roles in agriculture. Using responses collected from 120 male and female farmers from Bara, the lowland Terai of Nepal, we assessed inter-generational and gender-based knowledge gap of smallholders on agricultural biodiversity by taking rice crop as an example. Based on the standard definition of younger and older generation, the age group was divided into two: ≤ 34 (15-34) years old and > 34 years old. Information was collected on: i) rice varieties recalled by respondents, ii) rice varieties recognized by observing standing crop on-farm, iii) rice varieties recognized by observing seed samples, and iv) respondent’s experiences and knowledge about selected cultivars. Descriptive analysis, t-test, and Pearson’s Correlation were used to analyze the data. Respondents of age group > 34 years old named and identified significantly (p < 0.01) more varieties than age group ≤ 34 in overall, indicating that the older generation is more knowledgeable and the knowledge hasn’t been adequately inherited to younger generations resulting in the erosion of knowledge. Similarly, males are significantly more knowledgeable than females in overall and among the higher age group category (p < 0.01), likely because males from Madhesi community have wider social networks both within and outside their villages than females. Females are more knowledgeable than males in the lower age group category because girls are engaged more in household chores and farming activities, while boys attain higher grades and travel for off-farm jobs. There was a strong correlation among the three techniques, namely, naming, recognizing standing crops, and recognizing the seeds (p < 0.01). This suggests that all the techniques are robust and can be interchangeably used for such type of studies depending on time and resource availability. This study finally infers that proper knowledge transfer is necessary to reduce the gulf of the knowledge gap between males and females as well as between generations if agrobiodiversity is to be conserved and utilized for growth and development of agriculture in the long run.

The Horizon of Critical Collaboration: Feminist Cogovernance and Movement-State Negotiations in El Salvador

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 150-169
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Burridge
Keyword(s):  
El Salvador ◽  
Women And Gender ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Long Run ◽  
State And Society ◽  
National Liberation Front ◽  
Sociedad Civil ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Feminist Movements

Examination of the negotiated relationships between feminist social movements and state institutions controlled by the leftist Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front political party in El Salvador based on ethnographic research in the semiurban municipality of Suchitoto shows that “critical collaboration” characterizes the local feminist movement’s efforts to work alongside state actors in the formulation, implementation, and oversight of public policies addressing women’s rights, violence against women, and gender-equitable community development. Theoretically, critical collaboration shows that civil society actors interested in deepening emancipatory processes under moderate leftist governments need not be subordinated to constituted state power or contentiously confront it. Rather, by pursuing their agendas through critical and autonomous engagement with ostensibly sympathetic state institutions, feminist movements may engender practices and demands for flexible and responsive “cogovernance” that radically transforms elements of the state and society in the long run. A partir de una investigación etnográfica en el municipio semiurbano de Suchitoto se hace un análisis de las relaciones negociadas entre los movimientos sociales feministas y las instituciones estatales controladas por el partido político de izquierda Frente Farabundo Martí de Liberación Nacional en El Salvador. Se muestra cómo la “colaboración crítica” ha sido la característica de los esfuerzos del movimiento feminista local para trabajar junto con los actores estatales en la formulación, implementación y supervisión de políticas públicas relacionadas con los derechos de las mujeres, la violencia contra las mujeres y un desarrollo comunitario equitativo en materia de género. Teóricamente, la colaboración crítica muestra que los actores de la sociedad civil interesados en profundizar los procesos emancipatorios bajo gobiernos de izquierda moderados no necesitan estar subordinados al poder estatal ni tampoco confrontarlo. Más bien, al promover sus agendas a través de un compromiso crítico y autónomo con instituciones estatales aparentemente comprensivas, los movimientos feministas pueden generar prácticas y demandas de “cogobierno” flexible y receptivo que, a largo plazo, transformen radicalmente elementos tanto del Estado como la sociedad.

Social reproduction, gender equality and economic growth

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elissa Braunstein ◽  
Rachid Bouhia ◽  
Stephanie Seguino
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One

Abstract This paper presents a conceptual Kaleckian macroeconomic model and principal component analysis that link structures of economic growth and development with those of social reproduction and gender inequality. Employment, output and long-run prospects for growth are driven by class dynamics as well as social reproduction, defined as the time and money it takes to produce, maintain and invest in the labour force. How social reproduction is organised—the extent to which reproduction takes place in the household, public or market sectors, and the gender distribution of the labour in each—influences current aggregate demand and long-run productivity growth. Based on this model, and using data for a panel of 156 countries between 1991 and 2015, the paper presents empirical estimates of social reproduction regime by country and region, identifying under what circumstances systems of growth on the one hand and social reproduction on the other reinforce or contradict one another.

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