KOH Activation with Microwave Irradiation and its Effect on the Physical Properties of Orange Peel Activated Carbon

Abstract Chemical activation with assisted microwave irradiation was used to produced activated carbon from orange peel waste. The activating agent was potassium hydroxide (KOH) with concentrations of 2 M, 3 M, and 4 M. The microwave irradiation was done for 15 minutes with a 630 Watt output power. KOH concentration affected the physical properties of OP-ACxM. With increasing KOH concentration, the interlayer spacing (d002 and d100 ) grew, stack height (Lc ) increased, and stack width (La) dropped. The number of pores on the surface of OP-ACxM increased after the chemical activation process. In OP-ACxM, FTIR analysis reveals the presence of O-H, C-H, C-C, C=O, C=C, and C-O.

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PENYERAPAN LOGAM BERAT Pb DAN Cu MENGGUNAKAN KARBON AKTIF BERBASIS MAHKOTA NANAS DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI KALIUM HIDROKSIDA

Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia ◽

10.31258/jkfi.17.1.30-34 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Meylia Susiana Dewi Putri ◽

Awitdrus Awitdrus ◽

Rita Kartini Manullang

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Microwave Irradiation ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Potassium Hydroxide ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Carbon Chain ◽

Chain Structure ◽

Koh Activation ◽

Adsorption Efficiency ◽

Irradiation Power

This study aims to determine the influence of concentration of potassium hydroxide (KOH) on the adsorption of Pb2+ and Cu2+ metal ions in industrial used water. The activated carbon was prepared from pineapple crown waste. Pineapple crown was pre-carbonized at 180oC for 1 hours. Chemical activation was done using KOH with variations in concentrations of 2, 3, and 4 M. The samples were irradiated by using a microwave at 630 Watt of output power for 15 minutes. KOH activation and microwave irradiation power were influenced to the physical properties of the samples. Activated carbon obtained were characterized using SEM, EDX, FTIR and AAS. The results showed that highest adsorption were obtained from activated carbon that was activated by KOH 2 M. Adsorption efficiency for Pb2+ and Cu2+ metals were 81.15% and 49.71%, respectively. The carbon chain structure shows the functional groups C-H, C≡C, O-H, C=C at wavenumber 2889.49 cm-1, 2360.97 cm-1, 2339.97 cm-1.

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PEMBUATAN KARBON AKTIF DARI KULIT JERUK KEPROK (Citrus reticulata) UNTUK ADSORBSI PEWARNA REMAZOL BRILLIANT BLUE

Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan ◽

10.15294/jbat.v3i2.3699 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Asriningtyas Ajeng Erprihana ◽

Dhoni Hartanto

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Optimum Condition ◽

Surface Area ◽

Contact Time ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Orange Peel ◽

Brilliant Blue ◽

Citrus Reticulata ◽

Orange Peel Waste ◽

Activating Agent

Limbah kulit jeruk keprok (Citrus reticulata) sering dijumpai di industri pembuatan berbagai macam minuman seperti jus, sirup, dan sari buah. Limbah kulit jeruk ini hanya akan dibuang begitu saja dengan jumlah banyak, dan pada akhirnya limbah ini akan mencemari lingkungan. Salah satu upaya peningkatan nilai ekonomis limbah kulit jeruk dapat dilakukan dengan mengolahnya menjadi karbon aktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan karbon aktif dari kulit jeruk keprok dengan aktivasi kimia, luas permukaan, serta mengetahui kemampuannya dalam mengadsorpsi zat warna Remazol Brilliant Blue. Kulit jeruk yang telah dibersihkan dari kotoran, dikeringkan menggunakan oven pada suhu 120oC selama 3 jam. Aktivator yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah H3PO4 dengan rasio massa aktivator : massa karbon 1:1. Aktivasi dilakukan pada temperatur 600oC selama 1 jam, kulit jeruk kemudian dicuci dengan aquades dan dikeringkan menggunakan oven pada suhu 150oC selama 6 jam. Setelah itu, dilakukan uji bilangan iodin terhadap sampel hasil penelitian. Adsorpsi zat warna Remazol Brilliant Blue oleh karbon aktif kulit jeruk dilakukan dengan variasi waktu kontak dan massa karbon aktif untuk mencari kondisi adsorpsi optimum. Kondisi optimum adsorpsi zat warna Remazol Brilliant Blue oleh karbon aktif pada kulit jeruk keprok pada waktu kontak 30 menit dengan massa karbon aktif 1 gram. Karbon aktif dari kulit jeruk keprok memiliki luas permukaan karbon aktif sebesar 529,17 mg/g berdasarkan daya serapnya terhadap larutan iodin. Orange peel (Citrus reticulate) waste is often found in industrial manufacturing various kinds of beverages such as juice, syrup, fruit juice. Orange peel waste is just be thrown away with the lot number, and in the end of this waste will pollute the environment. One of the efforts to increase the economic value of orange peel waste by using the process which convert waste into activated carbon. This research aims are to produce activated carbon from orange peel with chemical activation, to determine the surface area, and its ability to adsorb Remazol Brilliant Blue dyes. Orangel peel that have washed, dried in oven at 120oC for 3 hours. H3PO4 is activating agent that used in this research with mass ratio activating agent : mass carbon 1:1. Activation is conduct at 600oC for 1 hour, orange peel then washed with bidistiled water, and dried in oven at 150oC for 6 hours. Iodine number was used to analysis the results. Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue dyes by orange peel activated carbon conduct at variation contact time and mass activated carbon to find optimum condition. Optimum condition adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue dyes by orange peel actvated carbon is reached at 30 minutes contact time with mass activated carbon 1 gram. Activated carbon from orange peel has surface area 529,17 m g/gr based aqueous iodine adsorption.

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Synthesis and Characterisation of Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid as Activating Agent in Rubber Seed Shell Activated Carbon Production for CO2 Capture

Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences ◽

10.37934/arfmts.82.1.8595 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 85-95

Author(s):

Nawwarah Mokti ◽

Azry Borhan ◽

Siti Nur Azella Zaine ◽

Hayyiratul Fatimah Mohd Zaid

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Co2 Capture ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Green Technology ◽

Activation Process ◽

Rubber Seed ◽

Activating Agent

The use of an activating agent in chemical activation of activated carbon (AC) production is very important as it will help to open the pore structure of AC as adsorbents and could enhance its performance for adsorption capacity. In this study, a pyridinium-based ionic liquid (IL), 1-butylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, [C4Py][Tf2N] has been synthesized by using anion exchange reaction and was characterized using few analyses such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and FTIR. Low-cost AC was synthesized by chemical activation process in which rubber seed shell (RSS) and ionic liquid [C4Py][Tf2N] were employed as the precursor and activating agent, respectively. AC has been prepared with different IL concentration (1% and 10%) at 500°C and 800°C for 2 hours. Sample AC2 shows the highest SBET and VT which are 392.8927 m2/g and 0.2059 cm3/g respectively. The surface morphology of synthesized AC can be clearly seen through FESEM analysis. A high concentration of IL in sample AC10 contributed to blockage of pores by the IL. On the other hand, the performance of synthesized AC for CO2 adsorption capacity also studied by using static volumetric technique at 1 bar and 25°C. Sample AC2 contributed the highest CO2 uptakes which is 50.783 cm3/g. This current work shows that the use of low concentration IL as an activating agent has the potential to produce porous AC, which offers low-cost, green technology as well as promising application towards CO2 capture.

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Comparative laboratory cost analysis of various activated carbon activation process

IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1088/1757-899x/1195/1/012018 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1195 (1) ◽

pp. 012018

Author(s):

J Y Lai ◽

L H Ngu

Keyword(s):

Surface Modification ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Cost Analysis ◽

Cost Estimation ◽

Production Cost ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Laboratory Scale ◽

Koh Activation ◽

Activation Process

Abstract Activated carbon (AC) is an established adsorbent for organic pollutants reduction, metal removal, and liquid and gas adsorption. Cost analysis corresponds to determining the best approach for AC production depending on activation techniques with different degrees of activation is still minimal in literature. A cost estimation of AC production in laboratory scale using different conventional activation and post-activation surface modification process is performed in this study. This study attempts to develop a cost-friendly selection of activation process from laboratory scale prices. Chemicals and utility costs were acquired from vendor quotes (i.e., Sigma-Aldrich and Fisher Scientific) and Sarawak industrial electricity tariffs based on 100 g production. Oil palm-based ACs produced from five different activation or surface modification methods were compared to ascertain the least expensive production approach in terms of estimated production cost. Of the five methods investigated, method that quoted the least expensive production cost is chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) with minimum estimated cost of $7.30 whereas the most expensive production cost involves surface modification by polyethyleneimine (PEI) impregnation with cost of $873.00. Therefore, the estimated production cost for KOH activation is the minimum at $0.073 g−1 while the maximum is $8.73 g−1 for PEI impregnation.

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Fabrication and Characterization of Porous Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell by Using Microwave-Induced KOH Activation Technique

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.835.289 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 835 ◽

pp. 289-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M.I.M. Nayai ◽

Khudzir Ismail ◽

Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak ◽

N. Zaharudin ◽

Wan Izhan Nawawi

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Specific Capacitance ◽

Surface Area ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Koh Activation ◽

Activation Process ◽

Activation Technique ◽

Impregnation Ratio

Coconut shell-based activated carbon (CSAc) was prepared by chemical activation method using microwave-induced KOH technique. The activation process was successfully carried out with varying microwave power ranging from 100 to 1000 W and impregnation ratio of 1.0 to 3.0. The surface area, pore sizes, surface morphology and specific capacitance of the produced activated carbon were analyzed by using an automatic quantachrome instrument (Autosorb1C) volumetric sorption analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and automatic battery cycler. The optimum activation power and impregnation ratio were found at 600 W and 1.5, respectively. The resulted product, C3 has maximum surface area and specific capacitance value of 1768.8 m2 g-1 and 156.33 F g-1 respectively, with carbon yield of 58 %.

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EFEK VARIASI DAYA IRADIASI GELOMBANG MIKRO TERHADAP KARBON AKTIF TONGKOL JAGUNG UNTUK PENJERNIHAN AIR

Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia ◽

10.31258/jkfi.15.1.56-61 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 56

Author(s):

Raysa Fadillah ◽

Rakhmawati Farma ◽

Awitdrus Awitdrus

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Morphology ◽

Microwave Irradiation ◽

Potassium Hydroxide ◽

Sea Water ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Corn Cob ◽

Irradiation Power ◽

Activating Agent

The power of microwave irradiation affect the quality of activated carbon. In this research the activated carbon has been made of biomass of corn cob by using carbonization process, chemical activation using potassium hydroxide as the activating agent and microwave irradiation power was variated for 360 watt, 450 watt, 630 watt, dan 720 watt in 15 minutes. The surface morphology of activated carbon for the sample KA720 produced lots of pores more than that of the sample KA360, KA450, and KA630. The sea water that has been mixed with activaed carbon using microwave irradiation power of 720 watt with temperatur of 26oC, and pH of 7,41.

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ADSORPTION OF METHYLENE BLUE ONTO ACTIVATED CARBON DEVELOPED FROM BAOBAB FRUIT SHELL BY CHEMICAL ACTIVATION: KINETIC EQUILIBRIUM STUDIES

IIUM Engineering Journal ◽

10.31436/iiumej.v22i2.1682 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 31-49

Author(s):

Radhia Nedjai ◽

Ma’an Fahmi Rashid Alkhatib ◽

Md Zahangir Alam ◽

Nassereldeen Ahmed Kabbashi

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Material Surface ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Koh Activation ◽

Activation Process ◽

Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽

Freundlich Model

This article provides results of the usability of baobab fruit shell to produce activated carbons by chemical activation using ZnCl2, H3PO4, and KOH. This study indicated that activated carbon produced from baobab fruit shell fruit can be used as a promising adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions. Significant changes on the material surface following the activation process were observed through SEM and FTIR analyses. Scanning electron micrographs of BFS-ACs showed that porous structures were formed during activation, while the FTIR results indicated that the carbons have abundant functional groups on the surface. KOH activation led an activated carbon with a high methylene blue adsorption of 95.54% and maximum adsorption capacity of 113.63 mg/g, which is directly related to the specific surface area of activated carbons. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The Langmuir isotherm model showed better fit to the equilibrium data than the Freundlich model. The adsorption process was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The BFS-ACs is an effective and low-cost adsorbent for the removal of MB from an aqueous solution. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini memberi input tentang kebolehgunaan kulit buah baobab bagi menghasilkan karbon teraktifan melalui aktiviti kimia menggunakan ZnCl2, H3PO4, dan KOH. Karbon aktif daripada kulit buah Baobab ini berpotensi sebagai penyerap bagi menyingkir larutan akueus metilin biru. Perubahan ketara pada permukaan bahan diikuti dengan proses pengaktifan dipantau melalui analisis SEM dan FTIR. Imbasan elektron mikrograf BFS-AC menunjukkan struktur porus terhasil semasa proses pengaktifan. Sementara dapatan FTIR menunjukkan karbon mempunyai banyak kumpulan berfungsi pada permukaan. Pengaktifan KOH menghasilkan karbon aktif menggunakan larutan biru metilin yang tinggi sebanyak 95.54% dan kapasiti maksimum penyerapan 113.63 mg/g, iaitu berkadar langsung dengan tumpuan kawasan permukaan karbon aktif berkaitan. Data isoterma penyerapan dibina pada model penyerapan Langmuir dan Freundlich. Model isoterma Langmuir lebih padan pada data keseimbangan berbanding model Freundlich. Proses penyerapan menunjukkan lebih kinetik order-kedua-pseudo. BFS-AC sangat efektif dan penyerap murah bagi membuang MB daripada larutan akues.

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Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14112951 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 2951

Author(s):

Mirosław Kwiatkowski ◽

Jarosław Serafin ◽

Andy M. Booth ◽

Beata Michalkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Porous Structure ◽

Computer Analysis ◽

Density Functional ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Geometrical Parameters ◽

Activation Process ◽

Microporous Structure ◽

Activation Temperature

This paper presents the results of a computer analysis of the effect of activation process temperature on the development of the microporous structure of activated carbon derived from the leaves of common polypody (Polypodium vulgare) via chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at activation temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. An unconventional approach to porous structure analysis, using the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method together with the implemented unique gas state equation, was used in this study. The LBET method is based on unique mathematical models that take into account, in addition to surface heterogeneity, the possibility of molecule clusters branching and the geometric and energy limitations of adsorbate cluster formation. It enabled us to determine a set of parameters comprehensively and reliably describing the porous structure of carbon material on the basis of the determined adsorption isotherm. Porous structure analyses using the LBET method were based on nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) adsorption isotherms determined for individual activated carbon. The analyses carried out showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity for activated carbon obtained was at an activation temperature of 900 °C, a value only slightly higher than that obtained for activated carbon prepared at 700 °C, but the values of geometrical parameters determined for these activated carbons showed significant differences. The results of the analyses obtained with the LBET method were also compared with the results of iodine number analysis and the results obtained with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR), and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) methods, demonstrating their complementarity.

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Preparation of Activated Carbon from Durian Shell and Seed

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.887 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 626 ◽

pp. 887-891 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mohd Fikri Mokhtar ◽

Erny Haslina Abd Latib ◽

Suriati Sufian ◽

Ku Zilati Ku Shaari

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Potassium Hydroxide ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Physical Characteristics ◽

Carbonization Temperature ◽

Nitrogen Flow ◽

Carbonization Process ◽

Duration Time ◽

Activating Agent ◽

Durian Seed

This study presents the preparation of activated carbon from durian shell (DShAC) and durian seed (DSeAC) based by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an activating agent under the nitrogen flow. In order to find the optimum physical characteristics, variation in concentration of KOH, carbonization temperature and duration time was employed. The result shows that activated carbon from durian waste is a promising activated carbon as the highest yield was obtained from the carbonization process that occurs at 400C for four hours with the KOH concentration is 0.6 M.

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