scholarly journals Evaluation of agro-industrial by products as potential local feed for ruminant animals: volatile fatty acid and NH3 concentration, gas production and methane emission

2020 ◽  
Vol 425 ◽  
pp. 012010
Author(s):  
Samadi ◽  
S M Pratama ◽  
S Wajizah ◽  
A Jayanegara
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
By Products

Comparison of ryegrass and red clover on the fermentation pattern, microbial community and efficiency of diet utilisation in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Belanche ◽  
M. R. F. Lee ◽  
J. M. Moorby ◽  
C. J. Newbold
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Available N ◽  
Rumen Microbes

An in vitro experiment was designed to investigate the effects of incubating two forages with a different energy/nitrogen (N) ratio [perennial ryegrass (GR) vs red clover (RC)] on the efficiency of N utilisation by rumen microbes. Second-cut forages were incubated in artificial rumen fermenters (n = 8). Ryegrass represented a supply of quickly available N and energy for the rumen microorganism which led to a rapid fermentation and bacterial growth 2–4 h after feeding. Ryegrass also promoted greater numbers of anaerobic fungi, methanogens and cellulolytic bacteria, which tended to increase neutral detergent fibre disappearance, gas production, volatile fatty acid and methane production than observed using RC diets. On the contrary, RC provided slowly degradable N and energy, which led to a relatively slow bacterial growth (4–8 h after feeding). In terms of diet utilisation, RC diets promoted a higher N outflow (mainly as undegraded-N) and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis per organic matter disappeared. Even so, microbial protein yield was similar on both diets indicating a better N capture by microorganisms fed GR than in those fed RC diets. The use of 15N-labelled forages demonstrated that this high ammonia incorporation by bacteria-fed GR occurred mainly during the early fermentation coinciding with the highest bacterial growth. In conclusion, this experiment demonstrated that the use of isotopic labelling combined with molecular techniques provided an insight into forage utilisation by the rumen microbes; GR diets led to a better efficiency of N utilisation compared with RC; moreover the lower N outflow on GR diets may be partially compensated for a higher proportion of microbial protein leaving the system and the greater volatile fatty acid production. These findings seem to indicate that RC grazing may increase the N pollution compared with GR without substantial improvements on the rumen function, however this must be confirmed in vivo.

Essential oils from Lippia turbinata and Tagetes minuta persistently reduce in vitro ruminal methane production in a continuous-culture system

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Garcia ◽  
P. E. Vercoe ◽  
M. J. Martínez ◽  
Z. Durmic ◽  
M. A. Brunetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Tagetes Minuta

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of essential oils (EO) from Lippia turbinata (LT) and Tagetes minuta (TM) as well as the rotation of both EO on fermentation parameters in vitro. Daily addition of LT, TM, or a 3-day rotation between them (TM/LT), as well as a control (without EO), was evaluated using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). The experiment lasted 19 days, with a 7-day adaptation period, followed by 12 days of treatment (Days 0–12). The EO were dissolved in ethanol (70% vol/vol) to be added daily to fermenters (300 μL/L) from Day 0. Daily measurements included methane concentration, total gas production, apparent DM disappearance and pH, which started 2 days before the addition of treatments. On Days 0, 4, 8 and 12 apparent crude protein disappearance and neutral detergent fibre disappearance, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentration and composition were determined. Methane production was significantly inhibited shortly after addition of both EO added individually, and persisted over time with no apparent adaptation to EO addition. The TM/LT treatment showed a similar effect on methane production, suggesting that rotating the EO did not bring further improvements in reduction or persistency compared with the inclusion of the EO individually. Gas production, total volatile fatty acid concentration and composition and apparent crude protein disappearance were not affected by EO addition. Compared with the control, a 5% reduction of apparent DM disappearance and a 15% reduction of neutral detergent fibre disappearance were observed with the addition of EO. Only TM and TM/LT reduced ammonia concentration. Given the significant and persistent antimethanogenic activity of both EO, and the potential of T. minuta to modify nitrogen metabolism, EO from these plant species are of interest for developing new feed additives with potential application in ruminant nutrition that are also likely to be acceptable to consumers.

Overview of AD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Joseph Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Anaerobic Digester ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Reactor Configuration ◽  
Biogas Output

There are many methodologies for improving the biogas output from anaerobic digestion. These techniques include physical (e.g., gas production and feedstock parameters), reactor configuration and chemical parameters (e.g., pH and volatile fatty acid concentrations) within the digester can help to link particular functions and features of the process. Using this expanse of data, mathematical models can be used to understand and forecast the biological process within an anaerobic digester. Such models can then be further developed on a process and biological level to improve their ability to mimic the function of the reactor. This chapter will provide background into modelling and reactor configuration in order to obtain a digital twin of an anaerobic digester.

scholarly journals Effect Of Dietary Concentrate And Bypass Fat Supplements On In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Digestibility And Rumen Microbial Population In Buffaloes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIRUL FAIZ MOHD AZMI ◽  
A. Hafandi ◽  
Y. M. Goh ◽  
MOHD ZAMRI SAAD ◽  
A. B. Md ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Bypass Fat

Abstract Background: The effect of Brachiaria decumbens supplemented with concentrate and bypass fat ratio 100, 70:30, 70:15:15 (w/w) on nutritional composition, in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population in Murrah cross and Swamp buffaloes were investigated. Incubation were conducted using rumen fluid obtained from the breed of each buffalo which were fed the same based diet (100% Brachiaria decumbens). For the in vitro fermentation characteristic after 48h incubation, total gas production, pH, total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), apparent rumen degradable carbohydrate (ARDC), methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH 3) were determined. The molecular technique also was used to quantify rumen total bacteria, total protozoa, total methanogens, Fibrobacter succinogens and Ruminococcus albus.Results: The results revealed Diet C showed significantly highest in dry matter, crude fat, metabolized energy and optimum in crude protein and carbohydrate value while lower in crude fiber as compared to Diet B and Diet A (P<0.05). In both breed were showed parameters of gas production, total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and its proportion, and total microbial population were increased parallelly with the increase of 30% concentrate levels in Diet B, while Diet C was moderate with the presence of 4% bypass fat and 26% of concentrate (P<0.05). The methane concentration as well the total methanogens population increased significantly (P<0.05) in Diet B when compared among other diets, but no significant difference was found when comparing between buffalo species. Meanwhile, pH value was slightly decreased with the dietary supplementation in both breeds, but the population of cellulolytic bacteria was not affected.Conclusions: This study showed that dietary concentrate and bypass fat supplementation had improved nutritional composition, in vitro fermentation characteristics by increasing VFA concentration, altering total microbial population, and potentially used as new diet for buffaloes in Malaysia.

Determining the nutritive value of some commercial pulse screenings using in sacco and in vitro methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
Ghodrat Mohammadi ◽  
Mostafa Malecky ◽  
Jamal Seifdavati
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Degradability ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
In Sacco

The present study aimed at determining in sacco and in vitro the nutritive value of lentil screenings (LS), common vetch screenings (CVS) and bitter vetch screenings (BVS). For this purpose, three experiments (Exp.) were conducted. Ruminal degradation characteristics of the screenings were determined in Exp. 1 by the nylon bag technique using three ruminally fistulated rams. Gas production kinetics, and ruminal degradability and fermentation indices of the screenings were determined using 144 and 24-h incubations, respectively in Exp. 2. In Exp. 3, a basal growing ration for lambs (control) was supplemented by 175 or 350 g/kg of either LS, CVS or BVS (LS175, LS350, CVS175, CVS350, BVS175 and BVS350 respectively), and ruminal degradability and fermentation of the rations were evaluated in vitro. Soluble and potentially degradable fractions of protein were 0.321 and 0.719, 0.362 and 0.688, and 0.333 and 0.707, for LS, BVS and CVS respectively. Metabolisable energy was 11.1, 11.6 and 12.1 MJ/kg DM for LS, BVS and CVS respectively. The screenings had comparable gas production profiles, ruminal digestibility and total volatile fatty acid concentration. However, CVS and BVS had a higher propionate and a lower acetate:propionate ratio than LS (P &lt; 0.05). Including BVS and LS in the mixed ration increased total volatile fatty acid at both inclusion levels, but only BVS enhanced propionate proportion and lowered the acetate:propionate ratio (P &lt; 0.05). These results revealed that these screenings have a good nutritional value and can be used in ruminant diets without adversely affecting the rumen fermentation.

scholarly journals Effects of supplementing vitamin E on in vitro rumen gas production, volatile fatty acid production, dry matter disappearance rate, and utilizable crude protein

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wei ◽  
S.X. Lin ◽  
J.L. Wu ◽  
G.Y. Zhao ◽  
T.T. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Disappearance Rate ◽  
Feed Mixture ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Two in vitro trials were carried out to study the effects of supplementing vitamin E (V<sub>E</sub>) on rumen fermentation. In Trial I, four levels of V<sub>E</sub> product (purity 50%), i.e. 0, 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg dry matter (DM) of feed (equivalent to 0, 7.5, 15, 30 IU V<sub>E</sub>/kg DM) were supplemented to a typical feed mixture, respectively, as experimental treatments. The gas test technique of Menke et al. (1979) was used to measure gas and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. In Trial II, the in vitro incubation technique of Zhao and Lebzien (2000) was used to determine DM disappearance rate and utilizable crude protein (uCP). Four levels of V<sub>E</sub>, i.e. 0, 7.5, 15, 30 IU/kg DM were supplemented to the same feed mixture as in Trial I, respectively, as experimental treatments. The results showed that supplementing V<sub>E</sub> increased total gas production (P &lt; 0.01) and tended to increase methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) production (P = 0.087). Supplementing V<sub>E</sub> also increased total VFA (P&nbsp;&lt; 0.05) and propionate (P&nbsp;&lt; 0.05), tended to increase acetate production (P = 0.084), and significantly increased DM disappearance rate (P &lt; 0.05) and uCP (P &lt; 0.01). It was concluded that supplementing V<sub>E</sub> at 30 IU/kg DM under the conditions of present trials with 11.1 IU/kg DM in the feed mixture improved in vitro rumen fermentation of feed mixture. Further research is necessary to confirm the effects of supplementing V<sub>E</sub> using in vivo trials.

scholarly journals Efficacy of essence oil supplementation to feeds on volatile fatty acid production

2015 ◽  
pp. 4884-4894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Tekeli ◽  
Gültekin Yıldız ◽  
Winfried Drochner ◽  
Herbert Steingass
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Essence Oil

ABSTRACTObjective. Determine the effect of some plant extract supplementation to Total Mixed Ration (TMR), concentrate and hay on volatile fatty acid (VFA) production at 8 and 24 hours (h) using in vitro gas production technique in cattle. Material and methods. Three fistulated Holstein dairy cows were used for rumen fluid collection for application of in vitro gas production technique. Four essence oils (T. vulgaris, O. vulgare, S. aromaticum, Z. officinale) were used as plant extracts. Results. Essence oil supplementations to the examined feed groups had significant effect only on C2/C3 VFA level at 8 h in all feed groups (p<0.05). C2/C3 VFA level at 8 h significantly increased in the groups with Oregano 25 ppm supplementation for TMR and concentrate and in the groups with Thymol 25 ppm supplementation for hay. C3 VFA level at 8 h significantly increased in the group that received Syzygium 200 ppm supplementation for hay. Different plant extracts supplemented to TMR, concentrate and hay significantly affected C2, C3, IC4, IC5, C5 and C2/C3 VFA levels at 24 h (p<0.05). Conclusions. The findings of the study indicate that moderate doses of plant extracts result in increased VFA levels in ruminants while higher doses demonstrate the opposite effect.

Inhibition by chromium and cadmium of anaerobic acidogenesis

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Q. Yu ◽  
H. H. P. Fang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Alcohol Production ◽  
Dairy Waste ◽  
Degree Of Acidification ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid

The effects of chromium (III) and cadmium on the anaerobic acidogenesis of a simulated dairy waste were examined using serum vials. At Cd dosages less than 20 mg/l, the acidogenesis process was enhanced by the dosage, resulting in a higher degree of acidification, protein conversion, and hydrogen production than the control. At dosages over 20-mg/l, Cd inhibited the acidogenesis. The Cr (III) dosage of 5 mg/l reduced overall volatile fatty acid and alcohol generation, degree of acidification, conversions of lactose, lipid and protein, and total biogas production, with the exception of accumulation of hydrogen and propionate. At dosages exceeding 5 mg/l, Cr (III) had a severe inhibition on the acidogenesis. The Cd concentrations which caused a 50% reduction in total volatile fatty acid and alcohol production, degree of acidification and cumulative gas production were higher than the corresponding values caused by Cr (III), suggesting that Cr (III) was more toxic to acidogenic bacteria than Cd.

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