Effects of Bypass Fat on Buffalo Carcass Characteristics, Meat Nutrient Contents and Profitability

The deposition and distribution of buffalo body fats play a vital role in the quality of the buffalo carcass and are of great commercial value, since the carcass quality influences the profitability and consumer acceptability of ruminant meat. The current study examined the effect a mixture of 4% bypass fat and 26% concentrate supplementations in buffalo basal diet had on both the carcass characteristics and the proximate and fatty acid composition in longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL), supraspinatus (SS) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles of Murrah cross and swamp buffaloes. In addition, profit and loss analyses were performed to determine the profitability. This study employed a completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two diets, two breeds and four replicates per treatment. A total of sixteen buffaloes (eight buffaloes per breed, bodyweight 98.64 ± 1.93 kg) were randomly assigned into two dietary groups. The first group was given Diet A, which consisted of 70% Brachiaria decumbens + 30% concentrate, whereas the second group was given Diet B, which consisted of 70% Brachiaria decumbens + 26% concentrate + 4% bypass fat. The buffaloes were fed for 730 days before slaughter. The results showed that supplemented bypass fat significantly (p < 0.05) increased the pre-slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weights, meat:fat ratio, pH at 24 h, moisture and crude protein of LTL, ST and SS, the ether extract of LTL and ST and the meat fatty acid of C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, PUFA n-6/n-3 and total MUFA. The carcass yield and carcass fat percentages, the ash content in ST, the EE in the SS muscle and the meat fatty acid of C18:3, total PUFA n-3, UFA/SFA and PUFA/SFA were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. Furthermore, Murrah cross showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher pre-slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weights, carcass bone percentage and total fatty acid, but a lower (p < 0.05) meat:bone ratio, ash of LTL and CP of LTL and ST when compared to swamp buffaloes. No significant changes were found in the proximate composition of different types of muscle, but the ST muscle revealed significantly high C14:0, C16:0 and C18:1, and the SS muscle had high C18:2 and total fatty acid (p < 0.05). Supplementing using bypass fat increased the cost of buffalo feeding but resulted in a higher revenue and net profit. In conclusion, the concentrate and bypass fat supplementations in the buffalo diet could alter the nutrient compositions of buffalo meat without a detrimental effect on carcass characteristics, leading to a higher profit.

PSXIV-2 Influences of glycerol and bypass fat supplementation on performance of early fattening Hanwoo steers under heat stress

This study was conducted to determine the influence of glycerol and bypass fat supplementation on growth performance of early fattening Hanwoo steers under heat stress. Thirty-six Hanwoo steers were randomly allocated into 4 treatments based on BW and age for 112 days from the beginning of July to the end of October 2020. Experimental treatments were divided into four by the type of energy supplements: Control (CP, 14%; TDN 71.9), glycerol addition (GL; CP, 14%; TDN 74.9), bypass fat addition (BF; CP, 14%; TDN 74.9), and glycerol plus bypass fat additive (GL+BF; CP, 14%; TDN 74.9). During the experimental period, automatic temperature-humidity recorders were used for measuring every 10 minutes in the pen. The temperature-humidity index (THI) range of the 1st and 2nd periods was recorded above the threshold (THI 75~77) level based on the Korean beef heat stress index, and the average THI of the 2nd period was 79.91, being the mild-moderate (THI 78~81) level. The dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) did not show significant differences in all treatments during the whole period. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) during 1st and 2nd periods showed the same pattern because FCR is related to DMI and ADG. Additionally, the rectal temperature showed no significant difference in all treatments, but a significant difference in each period (P &lt; 0.05). The results demonstrated that early fattening Hanwoo steers under mild-moderate stress did not affect DMI and productivity but 9.8% of GL or 1.9% BF in a concentrate only could be included in Hanwoo steers diets without decreasing palatability. In addition, increasing the energy content in the feed by 5% did not lead to a difference in productivity. Further studies would be needed on the effect of increasing the energy density on productivity under more severe thermal stress conditions.

Effects of Concentrate and Bypass Fat Supplementations on Growth Performance, Blood Profile, and Rearing Cost of Feedlot Buffaloes

This study investigates the effects of supplementation of the basal diet with concentrate and rumen bypass fat on the dry matter intake (DMI), growth performance, blood metabolites and hormonal changes, and the feeding cost of feedlot water buffaloes. Thirty-six healthy, three- to four-month-old male Murrah crossbred (n = 18) and Swamp (n = 18) buffaloes with a similar average initial body weight of 98.64 ± 1.93 kg were each randomly allocated into three dietary experimental groups. Buffaloes were fed with Diet A, which consisted of 100% Brachiaria decumbens, Diet B, consisting of 70% Brachiaria decumbens and 30% concentrate, and Diet C, consisting of 70% Brachiaria decumbens, 26% concentrate, and 4% rumen bypass fat for a period of 730 days. Feed intake was measured daily, while blood samples were collected for every eight months. Furthermore, body scores were noted prior to and at the end of the experimental period. The results showed that the average daily gain for buffaloes fed with Diet C was the highest. The DMI, BCS, FI, and FCR for the three groups showed significant (p < 0.05) differences, in the following order: Diet C > Diet B > Diet A. At the end of the two-year feeding trial, buffaloes fed with Diet B had significantly (p < 0.05) higher cholesterol levels than Diet A and Diet C. In addition, buffaloes fed with Diet C had significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of serum total protein, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-I hormone compared to Diet A and Diet B. On the other hand, buffaloes fed with Diet B and Diet C showed significant (p < 0.05) decrease in glucose levels. Supplemented diet improved the buffalos’ weight gain to achieve the market weight in a shorter period of time, thus, giving farmers a greater return. In conclusion, concentrate and bypass fat supplementations in the diet of water buffaloes improved the growth performance without adverse effect on the blood metabolites, which enabled better farmer profitability.

The Impact of Feed Supplementations on Asian Buffaloes: A Review

With the increase in the global buffalo herd, the use of supplementation in the ruminant feeding has become an important area for many researchers who are looking for an isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet to improve production parameters. In order to improve the performance of the Asian water buffalo, the optimal balance of all nutrients, including energy and protein, are important as macronutrients. Dietary supplementation is one of the alternatives to enhance the essential nutrient content in the buffalo diet and to improve the rumen metabolism of the animal. Researchers have found that supplementation of concentrate and rumen bypass fat could change growth performance and carcass traits without causing any adverse effects on the buffalo growth. Some studies showed that dry matter intake, body condition score and some blood parameters and hormones related to growth responded positively to concentrate and rumen bypass fat supplementation. In addition, changes of feeding management by adding the supplement to the ruminant basal diet helped to increase the profit of the local farmers due to the increased performance and productivity of the animals. Nevertheless, the effects of dietary supplementation on the performance of ruminants are inconsistent. Thus, its long-term effects on the health and productivity of buffaloes still need to be further investigated.

Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Supplementation during Transition Period on the Nutrient Intake, Milk Production and Milk Efficiency in Crossbred Cows

Background: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to influence a range of biological processes. The current study was aimed to evaluate the effect of CLA supplementation during prepartum on nutrient intake, milk production and milk production efficiency in crossbred cows during postpartum.Methods: Multiparous crossbred cows (n=30) were allotted to three treatment groups: Control group (CG) was supplemented 50 g bypass fat top dressed on basal diet; CLA-25 group was supplemented with 25g CLA and 25 g bypass fat top dressed on basal diet; CLA-50 group was supplemented with 50g CLA top dressed on basal diet. Supplementation started -21d from calving and continued till 60 days in milk (DIM). The feed and residue samples were analysed for its chemical composition. Milk samples were analysed on weekly basis for its composition.Result: Positive effect of CLA supplementation on milk parameters was observed where CLA supplemented cows had higher milk yield, protein yield, SNF yield and total milk solid yield. Milk fat depression (MFD) was observed in CLA supplemented cows. Milk production efficiency was higher in CLA supplemented cows.

Influence of rumen bypass fat fed with total mixed ration on growth performance in Nili-Ravi buffalo calves

This study was conducted to know the influence of rumen bypass fat supplement on growth performance of Nili-Ravi mal buffalo calves. Nili Ravi buffalo male calves (n=12) were randlomly selected and divided into two groups i.e., A and B based on two different levels of age. These groups (A and B) were further divided into two respective subgroups i.e., A1, A2 and B1, B2. Sub groups A1 and BI served as control (without supplement) whilst subgroups A2 and B2 were fed RBF supplement (at the rate of 2.35% of dry matter intake) with basel diet with total mixed ration. Results showed no statistical difference (P>0.05) in dry matter intake, body weight gain and body condition score on rumen bypass fat supplementation. In blood metabolites, rumen bypass fat supplementation increased (P<0.05) blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels, however, it reduced (P<0.05) blood glucose level in Nili-Ravi buffalo male calves. This study suggests that supplementation of rumen bypass fat at the rate of 2.35% per day in TMR possess no impact on growth performance parameters in Nili Ravi buffalo male calves.