scholarly journals Optimization of Anthraquinone Dye Wastewater Treatment using Ozone in the Presence of Persulfate Ion in a Semi-batch Reactor

2021 ◽  
Vol 920 (1) ◽  
pp. 012019
Author(s):  
N A M Hussin ◽  
C Z A Abidin ◽  
Fahmi ◽  
A H Ibrahim ◽  
R Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Anthraquinone Dye ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Reactive Blue 19 ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The degradation of anthraquinone dye Reactive Blue 19 by using O3 and O3 / S2O8 2- in the advanced oxidation processes is studied to investigate the performance of these two systems. The response surface method with a Box-behnken Design was successfully applied to identify the relationship between operating variables such as initial concentration, S2O8 2- dosage and contact time in order to determine the optimum operating condition. The quadratic model for the percentage COD removal (response) proved to be significant for the degradation of the dye. The COD removal efficiency under Box-behnken Design and experimental test were found to be 96.2% and 83.9% under the optimum conditions. Furthermore, the result obtained showed that the O3 / S2O8 2- system is more effective than the O3 only in treating the Reactive Blue 19.

Optimization and Quality by Design Approach for Piroxicam Fast Dissolving Tablet Formulations Using Box-Behnken Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-165
Author(s):  
Harekrishna Roy ◽  
Sisir Nandi ◽  
Ungarala Pavani ◽  
Uppuluri Lakshmi ◽  
Tamma Saicharan Reddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality By Design ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Contour Plot ◽  
Compression Technique ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The present study deals with the formulation and optimization of piroxicam fast dissolving tablets and analyzes the impact of an independent variable while selecting the optimized formulation utilizing Quality by Design (QbD) and Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Methods: Seventeen formulations were prepared by direct compression technique by altering the proportion of cross carmellose sodium, spray dried lactose and hydro propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M). The BBD statistical technique was used to optimize formulations and correlate the relationship among all the variables. Also, the powder mixture characteristics and tablet physiochemical properties such as hardness, friability, drug content, Disintegration Time (DT) and dissolution test were determined using 900 ml of 0.1N HCl (pH-1.2) at 37 ± 0.5°C. Results: Significant quadratic model and second order polynomial equations were established using BBD. To find out the relationship between variables and responses, 3D response surface and 2D contour plot was plotted. A perturbation graph was also plotted to identify the deviation of the variables from the mean point. An optimized formula was prepared based on the predicted response and the resulting responses were observed to be close with the predicted value. Conclusion: The optimized formulation with the desired parameter and formulation with variables and responses can be obtained by BBD and could be used in the large experiment with the involvement of a large number of variables and responses.

scholarly journals Use of Reactivated Spent FCC Catalyst as Adsorbent for Lead (II) Ions from Refinery-based Simulated Wastewater

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-116
Author(s):  
Abdulkareem Abubakar ◽  
Ijai Ezekiel Waba ◽  
Suleiman Yunusa ◽  
Zaharaddeen Sani Gano
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Adsorptive Capacity ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Spent Fcc Catalyst ◽  
Fcc Catalyst ◽  
Simulated Wastewater ◽  
Contrast Response

Improper handling of wastewater from various industries causes environmental pollution. Hence, this study involved using a reactivated spent FCC catalyst, a cheap and reliable adsorbent for Pb2+ removal from refinery-based simulated wastewater. In contrast, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum operating condition. The adsorptive capacity of the reactivated spent FCC catalyst was observed using different parameters such as temperature, pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. At the end of the study, it was found that the optimum condition for removing Pb2+ was at pH of 7, adsorbent dose of 1.75 g, contact time of 75 mins, and temperature of 117 oC. At this condition, the maximum removal efficiency of Pb2+ was found to be 100 %. A quadratic model equation via central composite design under the RSM was developed to predict the Pb2+ removal from all the input parameters. Based on the F-statistic values, the temperature had the greatest influence on the removal of Pb2+ while adsorbent dosage and contact time were also significant.  

Development of Box Behnken Design to Predict the Optimum Operating Condition of Rectangular Sheet Membrane to Increase Permeate Flux

2020 ◽  
pp. 399-413
Author(s):  
Anirban Banik ◽  
Sushant Kumar Biswal ◽  
Tarun Kanti Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Pareto Analysis ◽  
Feed Velocity ◽  
Sheet Membrane

The chapter focuses on the implementation of Box Behnken Design (BBD) to increase permeate flux of rectangular sheet membrane. Box Behnken Design (BBD) was used to optimize the membrane operation by predicting the optimum conditions. The factors such as operating pressure, feed velocity, and pore size were selected as the input of the model. The study illustrates the optimum conditions of operating pressure, feed velocity, and pore size, which was found to be 14.5Pa, 0.179 m/s, and 0.59µm respectively. Analysis of variance was used to identify the significant terms in the model equation. The effect of input parameters on the model output evaluated using Pareto analysis. It shows that operating pressure is the most significant parameter in the developed model. The BBD predicted results follow the actual results with high accuracy.

The Optimization of Pb(II),Cu(II),Zn(II) and Cd(II) Ions Removal by Micro-Electrolysis Using Response Surface Methodology

2013 ◽  
Vol 800 ◽  
pp. 537-545
Author(s):  
Jian Ping Xu ◽  
Zhi Huang ◽  
Yan Ling Gao
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Mine Drainage ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Design Matrix ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Order Polynomial

In this study, the Box–Behnken design matrix and response surface methodology (RSM) have been applied in the experiments to evaluate the interactive effects of four most important operating variables: pH (2.0–4.0), temperature (30–40°C )，iron/carbon ratio（1/2–3/2）and iron carbon amounts (2-4) on the removal of Pb (II), Cu(II)，Zn (II) and Cd (II) ions in acid mine drainage with micro-electrolysis (ME) . The total 29 experiments were conducted in the present study for the construction of a quadratic model. The independent variables have significant value 0.0001, which indicates the importance of these variables in the ME process. The values of “Prob > F” less than 0.0500 indicate that model terms are significant for the removal of Cr (VI), Ni (II) and Zn (II) ions. The regression equation coefficients were calculated and the data fitted to a second-order polynomial equation for removal of Pb (II), Cu(II)，Zn (II) and Cd (II) ions with ME.

Simulation on Extrusion Comminution Model of Roller Press

2010 ◽  
Vol 156-157 ◽  
pp. 1702-1707
Author(s):  
Xiang Wen Cheng ◽  
Jinchao Liu ◽  
Qi Zhi Ding ◽  
Li Ming Song ◽  
Zhan Lin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Size Ratio ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Extrusion Force ◽  
Particle Size Ratio ◽  
Small Constant ◽  
Working Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

How to predict the relationship among particle size and among product size, to establish the relationship between the granularity and working parameters in the process of grinding and to determine the optimum operating parameters. With proposing BS squeeze crush model by L. Bass and the idea of roll surface division as the material uneven extrusion force are adopted. Based on field experiments the experimental data is analyzed, the select function and the breakage functions are fitted with MATLAB software, and obtaining their model. The comminution model is determined by the roller division. We obtain the model parameter through the experimental data. Through model analysis shows: the relationship between particle breakage and energy absorption, namely the smaller size of the same power, the lower broken; the breakage diminishes with the decrease of particle size ratio and it will be tending to a small constant when the smaller particle size ratio. The breakage functions rapidly decrease within ratio of between 0.2-0.7. This shows: the energy consumption will rapidly increase when the particle size of less than 0.2 in broken; the selection diminish with the decrease of particle size. Pressure (8-9MPa) should be the most appropriate value.

scholarly journals Optimization of Betalain Pigments Extraction Using Beetroot by-Products as a Valuable Source

Inventions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Silvia Lazăr (Mistrianu) ◽  
Oana Emilia Constantin ◽  
Nicoleta Stănciuc ◽  
Iuliana Aprodu ◽  
Constantin Croitoru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Conventional Solvent Extraction ◽  
Optimized Conditions

(1) Background: This study is designed to extract the bioactive compounds from beetroot peel for future use in the food industry. (2) Methods: Spectrophotometry techniques analyzed the effect of conventional solvent extraction on betalains and polyphenolic compounds from beetroot peels. Several treatments by varying for factors (ethanol and citric acid concentration, temperature, and time) were applied to the beetroot peel samples. A Central Composite Design (CCD) has been used to investigate the effect of the extraction parameters on the extraction steps and optimize the betalains and total polyphenols extraction from beetroot. A quadratic model was suggested for all the parameters analyzed and used. (3) Results: The maximum and minimum variables investigated in the experimental plan in the coded form are citric acid concentration (0.10–1.5%), ethanol concentration (10–50%), operating temperature (20–60 °C), and extraction time (15–50 min). The experimental design revealed variation in betalain content ranging from 0.29 to 1.44 mg/g DW, and the yield of polyphenolic varied from 1.64 to 2.74 mg/g DW. The optimized conditions for the maximum recovery of betalains and phenols were citric acid concentration 1.5%, ethanol concentration 50%, temperature 52.52 °C, and extraction time 49.9 min. (4) Conclusions: Overall, it can be noted that the extraction process can be improved by adjusting operating variables in order to maximize the model responses.

scholarly journals Catalytic wet oxidation of high concentration pharmaceutical wastewater with Fe3+ as catalyst

2018 ◽  
Vol 2017 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-666
Author(s):  
Xu Zeng ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Jianfu Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Pressure ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Wet Oxidation ◽  
Catalytic Wet Oxidation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Wastewater ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Temperature Time

Abstract Catalytic wet oxidation of high concentration pharmaceutical wastewater with Fe3+ as catalyst was carried out in a batch reactor. Results showed that the degradation of pharmaceutical wastewater was enhanced significantly by Fe3+. The effects of reaction parameters, such as the catalyst dose, reaction temperature, time, and initial oxygen pressure, were discussed. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal increased with the increases of catalyst dose, temperature, time and oxygen supply. With the initial COD 34,000–35,000 mg/L, approximately 70% COD removal can be achieved under the conditions of catalyst 1.0 g and oxygen pressure 1.0 MPa at 250 °C after 60 min. The results of kinetic studies showed that two reaction steps existed in this oxidation process, which followed an apparent first-order rate law. This process provides an effective approach for the pretreatment of high concentration pharmaceutical wastewater.

Into Mesh Lubrication of Spur Gears With Arbitrary Offset Oil Jet. Part 1: For Jet Velocity Less Than or Equal to Gear Velocity

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Akin ◽  
D. P. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Gear Tooth ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Spur Gears ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
The Common ◽  
Jet Velocity ◽  
Oil Jet

An analysis was conducted for into mesh oil jet lubrication with an arbitrary offset and inclination angle from the pitch point for the case where the oil jet velocity is equal to or less than pitch line velocity. The analysis includes the case for the oil jet offset from the pitch point in the direction of the pinion and where the oil jet is inclined to intersect the common pitch point. Equations were developed for the minimum oil jet velocity required to impinge on the pinion or gear and the optimum oil jet velocity to obtain the maximum impingement depth. The optimum operating condition for best lubrication and cooling is provided when the oil jet velocity is equal to the gear pitch line velocity with both sides of the gear tooth cooled. When the jet velocity is reduced from pitch line velocity the drive side of the pinion and the unloaded side of the gear is cooled. When the jet velocity is much lower than the pitch line velocity the impingement depth is very small and may completely miss the pinion.

Thermoeconomic Approach and Optimization of a Solar Thermal Power Plant

2012 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 609-613
Author(s):  
Ali Baghernejad ◽  
Mahmood Yaghoubi
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Thermal Power Plant ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Solar Thermal Power

In the present study, a specific and simple second law based exergoeconomic model with instant access to the production costs is introduced. The model is generalized for a case study of Shiraz solar thermal power plant with parabolic collectors for nominal power supply of 500 kW. Its applications include the evaluation of utility costs such as products or supplies of production plant, the energy costs between process operations of an energy converter such as production of an industry. Also attempt is made to minimize objective function including investment cost of the equipments and cost of exergy destruction for finding optimum operating condition for such plant.

Optimization of Fermentable Sugar Production from Pineapple Leaf Waste (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr) by Enzymatic Hydrolysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Yohanita Restu Widihastuty ◽  
Sutini Sutini ◽  
Aida Nur Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
Cellulase Enzyme

Pineapple leaf waste is one agricultural waste that has high cellulose content. Pineapple leaf waste's complex structure contains a bundle of packed fiber that makes it hard to remove lignin and hemicellulose structure, so challenging to produce reducing sugar. Dried pineapple leaf waste pretreated with a grinder to break its complex structure. Delignification process using 2% w/v NaOH solution at 87oC for 60 minutes has been carried out to remove lignin and hemicellulose structure so reducing sugar could be produced. Delignified pineapple leaf waste has been enzymatic hydrolyzed using cellulase enzyme (6 mL, 7 mL, and 8 mL) to produce reducing sugar. The sample was incubated in an incubator shaker at 155 rpm at 45, 55, and 60oC for 72 hours. Determination of reducing sugar yield had been carried out using the Dubois method and HPLC. The model indicated that the optimum operating condition of enzymatic hydrolysis is 7 mL of cellulase enzyme at 55oC to produce 96,673 mg/L reducing sugar. This result indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysis operating condition improved the reducing sugar yield from pineapple leaf waste. The optimum reducing sugar yield can produce biofuel by the saccharification process.

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