scholarly journals Coral reef monitoring in Panjang Island, Central Bangka

2021 ◽  
Vol 926 (1) ◽  
pp. 012099
Author(s):  
W Adi ◽  
I Akhrianti ◽  
M Hudatwi
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Visual Interpretation ◽  
Composite Band ◽  
Sentinel 2A ◽  
Color Composite

Abstract Bangka Island is the largest tin producer in Indonesia and since the granting of tin mining freedom in 2000, unconventional tin mining (TI) is increasingly prevalent. The existence of mining activities will directly or indirectly damage the environment both on land and at sea. Especially the high biodiversity of coral reef ecosystem. The purpose of this research was to analyze a map of the distribution of coral reef based on Sentinel 2A satellite imagery data. Analyze the extent of the coral reefs in shallow waters of Putri Island, and analyze of the condition coral reefs (percentage cover, mortality index and genus diversity) with using collaboration betwen the coral diving data and remote sensing data. Studies of changes in coral reef ecosystems have been ongoing since several decades ago. The combination of satellite imagery and aerial photographs is capable of making long-term and continuous observations on mapping and change detection. Remote sensing technology has several advantages overconventional sampling to monitor a large area in time almost simultaneously and continuously including the difficult to explore areas. This research was conducted with visual interpretation by using standard true color composite band (483) and false color composite band (843) of Sentinel 2A and also using lyzenga transformation. Estimation of coral reefs area based on result is 475,96 ha (2016) and decreased to 475 ha (2021). The condition of coral reefs at the research location is a good condition.

The scientific issues surrounding remote detection of submerged coral ecosystems

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Holden ◽  
Ellsworth LeDrew
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Global Status ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Remote Estimation

According to the 1993 colloquium on the ‘Global status of coral reefs', our understanding of the global role of coral reefs is inadequate. To increase our understanding, an accurate large-scale mapping and monitoring programme is necessary. Historically, coastal zones have been mapped using traditional surveying tools such as topographic maps, nautical charts, existing aerial photographs and direct observations. Although less expensive than digital imagery, exclusive use of these traditional tools may not be practical for monitoring large or remote coral reef ecosystems accurately. Researchers are attempting to develop an adequate coral reef mapping system based on digital remote sensing, but are impeded by issues such as effects of the intervening water column and spectral distinction of bottom types. The two variables discussed, which will contribute to our understanding of the global role of coral reefs, are: 1) remote sensing of submerged coral reefs in general; and 2) remote sensing of coral bleaching in particular. A summary of radiative transfer theory is presented and case studies of attempts at mapping remotely the geographic extent and health of submerged ecosystems, as well as a discussion of the remote estimation of water depth and quality. Problems in the translation and delivery of information to the end user are presented, and possible solutions suggested.

scholarly journals ANALISIS HABITAT DAN PERUBAHAN LUASAN TERUMBU KARANG DI PULAU MENJANGAN BESAR, KEPULAUAN KARIMUNJAWA MENGGUNAKAN CITRA SATELIT

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-310
Author(s):  
Rio Januardi ◽  
Agus Hartoko ◽  
Pujiono Wahyu Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Geometric Center ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Coral Reef Area ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Line Intercept

ABSTRAK Perairan Indonesia menyimpan keanekaragaman hayati laut karang tertinggi, diperkirakan luas ekosistem terumbu karang Indonesia mencapai 50.000 km2 yaitu 25 persen dari luas terumbu karang dunia. Penggunaan teknologi penginderaan jauh merupakan salah satu alternatif yang tepat untuk mendeteksi terumbu karang bagi negara yang mempunyai wilayah yang sangat luas dan memerlukan waktu yang relatif singkat serta biaya murah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis, kondisi, perubahan luasan dan tingkat akurasi monitoring terumbu karang di Pulau Menjangan Besar menggunakan citra satelit Landsat 8. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada November 2015-Januari 2016 di Pulau Menjangan Besar dan di Laboratorium Marine Geometric Center, Jurusan Perikanan UNDIP. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode eksploratif untuk mengetahui jenis dan kondisi terumbu karang menggunakan metode Line Intersept Transect dan metode koreksi kolom air atau Lyzenga. Hasil penelitian  menemukan kondisi terumbu karang di Pulau Menjangan Besar masih dalam kondisi baik dengan persentase penutupan karang sebesar 51,6 persen. Jenis terumbu karang yang terdapat di Pulau Menjangan Besar yaitu Acropora sp, Stylopora sp, Porites sp, Favia sp, Heliopora sp, Euphylia sp, Pocilopora sp, Goniopora sp dan Favites sp dengan nilai keaneragaman sebesar 1.28 tergolong sedang/moderat dan nilai dominasi sebesar 0.58. Terumbu karang mengalami penurunan luasan sebesar 7,92 Ha dari tahun 2013-2015. Tingkat akurasi penggunaan citra satelit Landsat 8 yaitu 81,25 persen. Kata kunci :Persentase penutupan karang; Luasan habitat; Menjangan Besar; Penginderaan jauh ABSTRACTThe ocean of Indonesia has the highest biodiversity of Coral Reef, the extent of Indonesian’s coral reefs widely predicted 50.000 km2 which is about 25% of the world’s. The use of remote sensing technology is one the alternatives that is appropriate for the detection of coral reefs for a country that has a very wide area and requires a relatively short time and reasonable cost. This study aimed to determine the type; condition; changes in the area; and the level of monitoring coral reefs accuracy in Menjangan Besar Island used Landsat 8 satellite. The study was conducted on November 2015 until January 2016 in Menjangan Besar Island and the Marine Geometric Center, Fisheries Department at Diponegoro University. This research uses an explorative method to determine the type and condition of coral reefs using line intercept transect method and correction on water column method or Lyzenga. The result of this research is the condition of coral reefs in Menjangan Besar in the good condition with the cover percentage of coral at 51.6%. The species of Coral reefs in Menjangan Besar are identified as Acropora sp, Stylopora sp, Porites sp, Favia sp, Heliopora sp, Euphylia sp, Pocilopora sp, Goniopora sp and Favites sp with the value of diversity about 1.28 classified as moderate and the value of dominance of 0.58. The coral reef area decreased by 7.92 ha of the year 2013 to 2015. The accuracy level used Landsat 8 imagery satellite is 81.25%. This level of accuracy using Landsat 8 satellite imagery is 81.25%. Keywords :Percentages of coral reef cover; Extents habitat; Menjangan Besar; Remote sensing.

scholarly journals Community Structure Of Coral Reefs In Saebus Island, Sumenep District, East Java

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 08013
Author(s):  
Mada Rizmaadi ◽  
Johannes Riter ◽  
Siti Fatimah ◽  
Riyan Rifaldi ◽  
Arditho Yoga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystem ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Reef Ecosystem

Increasing degradation coral reefs ecosystem has created many concerns. Reduction of this damage can only be done with good and proper management of coral reef ecosystem based on existing condition. The condition of coral reef ecosystem can be determined by assessing its community structure. This study investigates community structure of coral reef ecosystems around Saebus Island, Sumenep District, East Java, by using satellite imagery analysis and field observations. Satellite imagery analysis by Lyzenga methods was used to determine the observation stations and substrate distribution. Field observations were done by using Line Intercept Transect method at 4 stations, at the depth of 3 and 10 meters. The results showed that the percentage of coral reef coverage at the depth of 3 and 10 meters were 64.36% and 59.29%, respectively, and included in fine coverage category. This study found in total 25 genera from 13 families of corals at all stations. The most common species found were Acropora, Porites, and Pocillopora, while the least common species were Favites and Montastrea. Average value of Diversity, Uniformity and Dominancy indices were 2.94, 0.8 and 0.18 which include as medium, high, and low category, respectively. These results suggest that coral reef ecosystems around Saebus Island is in a good condition.

Estimations for Percentage of Impervious Area by the Use of Satellite Remote Sensing Imagery

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Deguchi ◽  
S. Sugio
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Satellite Remote Sensing ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Estimation Errors ◽  
Remote Sensing Imagery ◽  
Impervious Area ◽  
Urbanized Areas

This study aims to evaluate the applicability of satellite imagery in estimating the percentage of impervious area in urbanized areas. Two methods of estimation are proposed and applied to a small urbanized watershed in Japan. The area is considered under two different cases of subdivision; i.e., 14 zones and 17 zones. The satellite imageries of LANDSAT-MSS (Multi-Spectral Scanner) in 1984, MOS-MESSR(Multi-spectral Electronic Self-Scanning Radiometer) in 1988 and SPOT-HRV(High Resolution Visible) in 1988 are classified. The percentage of imperviousness in 17 zones is estimated by using these classification results. These values are compared with the ones obtained from the aerial photographs. The percent imperviousness derived from the imagery agrees well with those derived from aerial photographs. The estimation errors evaluated are less than 10%, the same as those obtained from aerial photographs.

scholarly journals Reconstructing High-Precision Coral Reef Geomorphology from Active Remote Sensing Datasets: A Robust Spatial Variability Modified Ordinary Kriging Method

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Qi Wang ◽  
Han Xiao ◽  
Wenzhou Wu ◽  
Fenzhen Su ◽  
Xiuling Zuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Ordinary Kriging ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Smoothing Effect ◽  
Geomorphological Parameters ◽  
Reef Geomorphology

Active remote sensing technology represented by multi-beam and lidar provides an important approach for the effective acquisition of underwater coral reef geomorphological information. A spatially continuous surface model of coral reef geomorphology reconstructed from active remote sensing datasets can provide important geomorphological parameters for the research of coral reef geomorphological and ecological changes. However, the surface modeling methods commonly used in previous studies, such as ordinary kriging (OK) and natural neighborhood (NN), often represent a “smoothing effect”, which causes the strong spatial variability of coral reefs to be imprecisely reflected by the reconstructed surfaces, thus affecting the accurate calculation of subsequent geomorphological parameters. In this study, a spatial variability modified OK (OK-SVM) method is proposed to reduce the impact of the “smoothing effect” on the high-precision reconstruction of the complex geomorphology of coral reefs. The OK-SVM adopts a collaborative strategy of global parameter transformation, local residual correction, and extremum correction to modify the spatial variability of the reconstructed model, while maintaining high local accuracy. The experimental results show that the OK-SVM has strong robustness to spatial variability modification. This method was applied to the geomorphological reconstruction of the northern area of a coral atoll in the Nansha Islands, South China Sea, and the performance was compared with that of OK and NN. The results show that OK-SVM has higher numerical accuracy and attribute accuracy in detailed morphological fidelity, and is more adaptable in the geomorphological reconstruction of coral reefs with strong spatial variability. This method is relatively reliable for achieving high-precision reconstruction of complex geomorphology of coral reefs from active remote sensing datasets, and has potential to be extended to other geomorphological reconstruction applications.

scholarly journals KLASIFIKASI HABITAT PERAIRAN DANGKAL MENGGUNAKAN LOGIKA FUZZY DAN MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD PADA CITRA SATELIT MULTISPEKTRAL

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-681
Author(s):  
Muhammad Siddiq Sangadji ◽  
Vincentius Paulus Siregar ◽  
Henry Munandar Manik
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Classification Algorithm ◽  
Benthic Habitat ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Algorithm ◽  
Accuracy Level ◽  
Sentinel 2A

ABSTRAKLogika fuzzy memiliki aplikasi di berbagai bidang, namun memiliki arti khusus untuk penginderaan jarak jauh. Logika fuzzy memungkinkan keanggotaan parsial, bagian yang sangat penting dibidang penginderaan jarak jauh, karena keanggotaan parsial diterjemahkan secara dekat dengan masalah piksel campuran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan algoritma klasifikasi logika fuzzy untuk memetakan habitat dasar Perairan dangkal pada Citra Satelit SPOT 7 dan Sentinel 2A, menguji tingkat akurasinya dan membandingkan algoritma klasifikasi logika fuzzy dengan maximum likelihood. Pengambilan data lapang berlokasi di gusung Karang Lebar dan Karang Congkak, Kepuluan Seribu pada tanggal 6 Desember sampai dengan 10 Desember 2017. Keseluruhan hasil uji akurasi menunjukan bahwa algoritma logika fuzzy masih memiliki tingkat akurasi yang baik dibandingkan dengan algoritma maximum likelihood. Perbedaan ukuran pixel (resolusi spasial) dari citra satelit juga mempengaruhi hasil akurasi, dimana citra satelit SPOT 7 memiliki tingkat akurasi yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan Sentinel 2A.ABSTRACTFuzzy logic has applications in various fields, but has special meaning for remote sensing. Fuzzy logic allows partial membership, a very important property in the field of remote sensing, since partial membership is translated closely to the problem of mixed pixels. The aim of this research is to apply fuzzy logic classification algorithm to map benthic habitat in SPOT 7 and Sentinel 2A satellite imagery, test its accuracy level and compare fuzzy logic classification algorithm with maximum likelihood. Field data retrieval located in Karang Lebar and Karang Congkak, Kepulauan Seribu on 6 December until 10 December 2017. The overall accuracy test results show that fuzzy logic algorithm still has a good accuracy level compared to the maximum likelihood algorithm. Differences in pixel size (spatial resolution) of satellite imagery also affect accuracy results, where SPOT 7 satellite imagery has greater accuracy then Sentinel 2A. 

scholarly journals Confidence Levels, Sensitivity, and the Role of Bathymetry in Coral Reef Remote Sensing

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 496 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Goodman ◽  
Mui Lay ◽  
Luis Ramirez ◽  
Susan L. Ustin ◽  
Paul J. Haverkamp
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Benthic Habitat ◽  
Model Output ◽  
Confidence Levels

Remote sensing is playing an increasingly important role in the monitoring and management of coastal regions, coral reefs, inland lakes, waterways, and other shallow aquatic environments. Ongoing advances in algorithm development, sensor technology, computing capabilities, and data availability are continuing to improve our ability to accurately derive information on water properties, water depth, benthic habitat composition, and ecosystem health. However, given the physical complexity and inherent variability of the aquatic environment, most of the remote sensing models used to address these challenges require localized input parameters to be effective and are thereby limited in geographic scope. Additionally, since the parameters in these models are interconnected, particularly with respect to bathymetry, errors in deriving one parameter can significantly impact the accuracy of other derived parameters and products. This study utilizes hyperspectral data acquired in Hawaii in 2000–2001 and 2017–2018 using NASA’s Classic Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer to evaluate performance and sensitivity of a well-established semi-analytical inversion model used in the assessment of coral reefs. Analysis is performed at several modeled spatial resolutions to emulate characteristics of different feasible moderate resolution hyperspectral satellites, and data processing is approached with the objective of developing a generalized, scalable, automated workflow. Accuracy of derived water depth is evaluated using bathymetric lidar data, which serves to both validate model performance and underscore the importance of image quality on achieving optimal model output. Data are then used to perform a sensitivity analysis and develop confidence levels for model validity and accuracy. Analysis indicates that derived benthic reflectance is most sensitive to errors in bathymetry at shallower depths, yet remains significant at all depths. The confidence levels provide a first-order method for internal quality assessment to determine the physical extent of where and to what degree model output is considered valid. Consistent results were found across different study sites and different spatial resolutions, confirming the suitability of the model for deriving water depth in complex coral reef environments, and expanding our ability to achieve automated widespread mapping and monitoring of global coral reefs.

scholarly journals KONDISI TERUMBU KARANG PULAU MANTEHAGE KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Ardy Kase ◽  
Indri Manembu ◽  
Joshian Schaduw
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Point Count ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Reef Health ◽  
Moderate Condition

Coral reefs are coastal ecosystems with the highest level of diversity. Corals are invertebrates that are included in the Phylum Coelenterata (hollow animal) or Cnidaria. Whereas coral reefs are a collection of millions of polyps. Natural phenomena and various anthropogenic activities threaten the health and presence of Mantehage Island coral reefs and the lack of information about the health conditions of coral reefs on Mantehage Island. The purpose of this study is to determine the condition of coral reefs andto  provide baselines data on Mantehage Island. Data collection was done by using UPT  method (Underwater Photo Transect). Underwater Photo Transect carried out by underwater shooting using a digital camera that was shielded (housing). Image analysis were done using the CPCe software (Coral Point Count with Excel extensions). The results of coral reef health conditions at four stations on Mantehage Island shows, coral reef cover at each station as follows, station 1 (one) 53.00% were in good condition, station 2 (two) 25.40% were in a moderate condition, station 3 (three) 16.49% were in poor condition, and station 4 (four) 42.07% were in a moderate condition. From the four stations, the condition of Mantehage Island's coral reefs were in the moderate category with a percentage of 34.24%.Keywords:. Mantehage Island, Terumbu Karang, UPT, CPCe

scholarly journals Potensi Ekosistem Terumbu Karang Untuk Pengembangan Ekowisata di Perairan Pulau Sintok Taman Nasional Karimunjawa

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-385
Author(s):  
Maulana Cahya Widhiatmoko ◽  
Hadi Endrawati ◽  
Nur Taufiq-SPJ
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Suitability Index ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems

ABSTRAK: Ekosistem terumbu karang merupakan habitat berbagai biota laut bernilai ekonomis tinggi. Ekowisata merupakan perjalanan wisata ke wilayah alami maupun buatan dengan tujuan konservasi untuk menjamin kelestarian alam dan sosial- budaya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui potensi biofisik terumbu karang untuk pengembangan ekowisata serta mengetahui analisis strategi pengembangan ekowisata terumbu karang di Pulau Sintok Karimunjawa. Pengamatan biofisik ekosistem terumbu karang dilakukan menggunakan metode LIT atau Line Transect. Data yang didapat dianalisis menggunakan indeks kesesuaian ekowisata selam dan analisis SWOT. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa tutupan karang hidup di Pulau Sintok pada keempat titik pengambilan berkisar antara 30-82%. Berdasarkan analisis kesesuaian ekowisata, kawasan perairan Pulau Sintok memiliki nilai IKW (Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata) >50 – 83% dimana nilai 50% - < 80% termasuk kedalam kelas (S2) atau suitable dan nilai IKW 83% termasuk ke dalam kategori (S1) atau sangat sesuai untuk dijadikan sebagai ekowisata terumbu karang kategori selam. Analisis strategi pengelolaan kawasan pengembangan ekowisata di perairan Pulau Sintok adalah dengan :  pengelolaan kawasan terumbu karang sebagai ekowisata secara optimal, perlunya upaya pencegahan kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang untuk dijadikan kawasan ekowisata, pengembangan sistem informasi serta meningkatkan sarana prasarana pengelolaan ekowisata, dan Penegakkan hukum dan peraturan perundang-undangan demi penerapan pengelolaan terumbu karang secara lestari. ABSTRACT: The coral reef ecosystems are habitats for various marine biota, which have a high economic value. Coral reef ecosystems provide merits to support the marine tourism industry for foreign exchange earnings. They also provide significant employment and business opportunities. Coral reef ecosystems which have a good condition can be developed into coral reef ecotourism. Ecotourism is a tour to natural and artificial areas with the purpose of conservation to ensure the natural and socio-cultural sustainability. The purpose of this research is to find out the biophysical potential of the coral reefs for the development of ecotourism, and to perceive the analysis of the development strategy of coral reef ecotourism in Sintok Island, Karimunjawa. The biophysical observation of coral reef ecosystems is conducted with LIT or Line Transect method. The data obtained is analyzed using ecotourism suitability index and SWOT analysis. The result of this research shows that living coral cover on Sintok Island at the four taking points ranged from 30-82%. According to the analysis of ecotourism suitability, Sintok Island waters area has IKW value (Tourism Suitability Index) >50-83%. The value of 50%-<80% belongs to the class (S2) or suitable, and the IKW value of 83% belongs to the category (S1) or very suitable to be used as coral reef ecotourism category. The analysis of the management strategy of ecotourism development area in Sintok Island waters are as follows: (1) The optimal management of coral reef area as ecotourism, (2) The prevention of coral reef ecosystems from damage, (3) The development of information system, as well as the enhancement of ecotourism management infrastructure, and (4) The enforcement of laws and regulations for the sake of coral reefs’ sustainable management.

scholarly journals The Utilization of Black – White Panchromatic Aerial Photograph for Mass Movement Study in Karang Kobar Areas, Banjarnegara, Centra Java

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imam Hardjono ◽  
Karmono Mangoensoekardjo ◽  
S Sutikno
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Aerial Photograph ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Visual Interpretation ◽  
Mass Wasting ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Central Java

This is the result of applied remote sensing  for geological study the mass wasting in Karangkobar, the district of Banjarnegara, Central Java. The study on the mass wasting use the remote sensing method, by interpreting the blackwhite panhromatic aerial photographs, on the scale 1 : 50,000. The study is aimed at 1) revealing the capacity of the aerial photograph in supporting the study the mass wasting that an be identified by the aerial photographs; 2) to find out the influence of the physical environment and land-use on the mass wasting processes. The study in performed by using the visual interpretation method of the scale 1 : 50,000 black-white panchromati aerial photograph taken in 1994, using mirror stereoscope. The outcome of the aerial photograph interpretation is varis the quality of data and information. The data of interpretation of aerial photograph and the varis outcome in the spot are further tested in terms of its accuracy, particularly in its reltion with the aerial photograph interpretation. The technique of data analysis of the physical environment and the mass wasting is descriptive – comparative. The result of the study shows that the 1 : 50,000 black-white panchromatic aerial photograph can be used to identify and study both the mass wasting and influence of the physical environment on the mass wasting processes. The degree of identifying the mass wasting based on the aerial photograph interpretation is 75%. Compared to the previous studies, the present study hows that the mass wasting can be identified more easily by means of the 1 : 50,000 black – white panchromatic aerial photograph. Identifying the distribution of mass wasting are: a) the geological element (rock, geological structure, and stratigraphy); b) geomorphological elements (landform and the forming processes); the water condition (surface water and groundwater); and landuse (type and distribution). White marl – claystone type is the physical environmentsal element that has the most type is the physical environmentsal element that has the most dominant influence on the occuring of mass wasting in Karangkobar area.

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