Distribution of organic carbon in Ultisol soils with citronella and pine vegetation, at Gayo Highlands, Aceh

Abstract Soil organic matter is an indicator of soil fertility. The purpose of this study was to analyse various forms of soil organic carbon in citronella plantation, citronella plantation under pine tree, and soil under pine tree. Soil organic carbon in various forms was analysed from soil samples taken from each horizon and soil profile. The soil profiles observed were ultisol profiles planted with citronella, citronella under pine tree, and under pine tree, and slopes; 0-8%, 8-15%, 15 -25%, and 25-40%, in order to obtain 12 soil profiles with a total of 39 soil samples. Ultisols planted with citronella had higher soil organic carbon than ultisols planted with citronella under pine tree and ultisols under pine trees. Based on the slope, the highest soil organic carbon was obtained in the soil with a slope of 0-8%, and decreased with increasing slope. Based on soil depth, the highest soil organic carbon was obtained in the upper horizon, compared to the horizon below. The highest total soil organic carbon was obtained at the soil surface horizon with a slope of 0-8% and citronella was planted. This pattern of total soil organic carbon is similar to that of sesquioxide bound organic carbon, but is not consistent with that of free clay bound organic carbon.

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Determining the Distribution and Interaction of Soil Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, pH and Texture in Soil Profiles: A Case Study in the Lancangjiang River Basin, Southwest China

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11050532 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 532 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wenxiang Zhou ◽

Guilin Han ◽

Man Liu ◽

Jie Zeng ◽

Bin Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

River Basin ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Soil Texture ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Soil Profiles ◽

Soil Organic Nitrogen ◽

Silty Loam

The profile distributions of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic nitrogen (SON), soil pH and soil texture were rarely investigated in the Lancangjiang River Basin. This study aims to present the vertical distributions of these soil properties and provide some insights about how they interact with each other in the two typical soil profiles. A total of 56 soil samples were collected from two soil profiles (LCJ S-1, LCJ S-2) in the Lancangjiang River Basin to analyze the profile distributions of SOC and SON and to determine the effects of soil pH and soil texture. Generally, the contents of SOC and SON decreased with increasing soil depth and SOC contents were higher than SON contents (average SOC vs. SON content: 3.87 g kg−1 vs. 1.92 g kg−1 in LCJ S-1 and 5.19 g kg−1 vs. 0.96 g kg−1 in LCJ S-2). Soil pH ranged from 4.50 to 5.74 in the two soil profiles and generally increased with increasing soil depth. According to the percentages of clay, silt, and sand, most soil samples can be categorized as silty loam. Soil pH values were negatively correlated with C/N ratios (r = −0.66, p < 0.01) and SOC contents (r = −0.52, p < 0.01). Clay contents were positively correlated with C/N ratios (r = 0.43, p < 0.05) and SOC contents (r = 0.42, p < 0.01). The results indicate that soil pH and clay are essential factors influencing the SOC spatial distributions in the two soil profiles.

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Relationship between the mass of organic matter and carbon in soil

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology ◽

10.1590/s1516-89132008000200005 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 263-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Silmara R. Bianchi ◽

Mario Miyazawa ◽

Edson L. de Oliveira ◽

Marcos Antonio Pavan

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Loss On Ignition ◽

Oxidation Degree ◽

Wide Range

The quantity of soil organic matter (SOM) was estimated through the determination of soil organic carbon (SOC) times a factor, which assumes that 58% of the SOM was formed by carbon. A number of soil samples with wide range of SOC content collected in the state of Paraná, Brazil were evaluated in the laboratory. SOC was measured by Walkley-Black method and the total SOM by loss on ignition. The SOC was positively correlated with SOM. The SOM/SOC ratio varied from 1.91 to 5.08 for the soils. It shows that Brazilian SOM has greater oxidation degree. Although, the SOM and SOC decreased with soil depth the SOM/SOC ratio increased. It showed that SOM in the subsoil contained more oxygen but less carbon than the SOM in the upper soil surface. The CEC/SOC also increased with depth indicating that the functional groups of the SOM increased per unity of carbon.

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Sequestration of Organic Carbon Influenced by the Application of Straw Residue and Farmyard Manure in Two Different Soils

International Agrophysics ◽

10.2478/intag-2014-0005 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 169-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Majid Mahmoodabadi ◽

Elina Heydarpour

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Surface Layer ◽

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Uncultivated Soil

Abstract Soil organic carbon is one of the most important soil components, which acts as a sink for atmospheric CO2. This study focuses on the effect of different methods of organic matter application on the soil organic carbon sequestration in a 4-month experiment under controlled greenhouse conditions. Three rates of straw residue and farmyard manure were added to uncultivated and cropland soils. Two treatments of straw residue and farmyard manure incorporation were used into: a soil surface layer and 0-20 cm soil depth. The result showed that the application of organic matter, especially the farmyard manure incorporation led to a significant increase in the final soil organic carbon content. Higher amounts of soil organic carbon were stored in the cropland soil than in the uncultivated soil. On average, the soil surface layer treatment caused a higher sequestration of soil organic carbon compared to the whole soil depth treatment. If higher rates of organic matter were added to the soils, lower carbon sequestration was observed and vice versa. The result indicated that the carbon sequestration ranged farmyardmanure > strawresidue and cropland soil > uncultivated soil. The findings of this research revealed the necessity of paying more attention to the role of organic residue management in carbon sequestration and prevention of increasing global warming.

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A Studying the Possibility of Estimating Soil Organic Carbon of Soils Under PINUS BRUTIA and QUERCUS AEGILOPS L. Trees in Sarke-Duhok By Using ASD FieldSpec 3 Spectroradiometer

Science Journal of University of Zakho ◽

10.25271/sjuoz.2020.8.1.651 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 34-41

Author(s):

Kamiran A.M. Gravi ◽

Salah Matii Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Pinus Brutia ◽

Analytical Technique ◽

Pine Tree ◽

Oak Trees ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Spectral Device

Visible and Near-infrared (VNIRS) spectroscopy is a very fast non-destructive and environmentally friendly analytical technique. It has been suggested as an alternative to conventional methods for assessing and monitoring soil quality. Accurate VNIRS prediction of soil organic carbon (SOC) has been reported by many researchers in different world regions. Sixteen surface soil samples (0-30cm depth) from Sarke - Duhok were collected, eight samples under Zawita Pine (Pinus brutia) and the other eight-under oak (Quercus aegilops L.) trees. Soil colour was measured in the field and soil samples were air-dried and sieved by using a 2.0 mm sieve and analyzed in the laboratory to estimate the PH, EC, CaCo3, texture, and SOC according to Walkley and Black methods. Laboratory reflectance spectra were acquired for each sample from 350 to 2500 nm by using the Analytical Spectral Device (ASD) FieldSpec 3spectroradiometer for each of the different spectrum bands (410, 570, 660, 849, 1543 and 2187nm). Results showed that the reflectivity values of soil under both Oak and Pine trees in the IR region (849, 1543, 2187nm) were almost more than that at the visible portion (410,570, 660nm). Also, the determination coefficient (R2) results indicated that the bands 570, 1543 and 2187nm showed significant relationships between soil reflectivity and SOC% under Oak trees, R2 was 58.2 %, 89.9%, and 93.9% respectively. While under the Pine tree, the only band that showed a significant relationship was band 1543nm, its R2 was 58.3%. From the current results, as the main objectives, it is obvious that the ASD FieldSpec 3 spectroradiometer is quite an efficient and un-destructive tool that can be used for SOC estimation under Oak & pine trees especially at the IR spectrum (band 1543nm). The relationship between the variables was moderately strong; R2 was 89.88 and 58.3 alternatively. The standard error was low (0.0399, 0.0185), which indicates that the predicted values are close to the real values. Besides that, under Oak trees results indicated that there was a high R2 between the variables at bands 570 & 2187 nm, the R2 values were 58.21 and 93.92, alternatively.

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Matching legacy estimation of soil organic carbon changes from non-paired data with measured values in paired soil samples after two decades: a case study

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10639 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Calogero Schillaci ◽

Sergio Saia ◽

Aldo Lipani ◽

Alessia Perego ◽

Claudio Zaccone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Reliable Estimate ◽

Model Errors ◽

Paired Data ◽

Concentration Changes ◽

Legacy Data

Legacy data are frequently unique sources of data for the estimation of past soil properties. With the rising concerns about greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and soil degradation due to intensive agriculture and climate change effects, soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration might change heavily over time.When SOC changes is estimated with legacy data, the use of soil samples collected in different plots (i.e., non-aligned data) may lead to biased results. The sampling schemes adopted to capture SOC variation usually involve the resampling of the original sample using a so called paired-site approach.In the present work, a regional (Sicily, south of Italy) soil database, consisting of N=302 georeferenced soil samples from arable land collected in 1993 [1], was used to select coinciding sites to test a former temporal variation (1993-2008) obtained by a comparison of models built with data sampled in non-coinciding locations [2]. A specific sampling strategy was developed to spot SOC concentration changes from 1994 to 2017 in the same plots at the 0-30 cm soil depth and tested.To spot SOC changes the minimum number of samples needed to have a reliable estimate of SOC variation after 23 years has been estimated. By applying an effect size based methodology, 30 out of 302 sites were resampled in 2017 to achieve a power of 80%, and an a=0.05.After the collection of the 30 samples, SOC concentration in the newly collected samples was determined in lab using the same methodA Wilcoxon test applied to the variation of SOC from 1994 to 2017 suggested that there was not a statistical difference in SOC concentration after 23 years (Z = -0.556; 2-tailed asymptotic significance = 0.578). In particular, only 40% of resampled sites showed a higher (not always significant) SOC concentration than in 2017.This finding contrasts with a previous SOC concentration increase that was found in 2008 (75.8% increase when estimated as differences of 2 models built with non-aligned data) [2], when compared to 1994 observed data (Z = -9.119; 2-tailed asymptotic significance < 0.001).Such a result implies that the use of legacy data to estimate SOC concentration changes need soil resampling in the same locations to overcome the stochastic model errors. Further experiment is needed to identify the percentage of the sites to resample in order to align two legacy datasets in the same area.Bibliography[1]Schillaci C, et al.,2019. A simple pipeline for the assessment of legacy soil datasets: An example and test with soil organic carbon from a highly variable area. CATENA.[2]Schillaci C, et al., 2017. Spatio-temporal topsoil organic carbon mapping of a semi-arid Mediterranean region: The role of land use, soil texture, topographic indices and the influence of remote sensing data to modelling. Sci Total Environ.&#160;

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The chemical and physical stability soil organic carbon in the top 1 m of the soil profile under different land uses in the UK

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-514 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dedy Antony ◽

Jo Clark ◽

Chris Collins ◽

Tom Sizmur

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Physical Stability ◽

Silty Clay ◽

Land Uses ◽

Total N

Soils are the largest terrestrial pool of organic carbon and it is now known that as much as 50% of soil organic carbon (SOC) can be stored below 30 cm. Therefore, knowledge of the mechanisms by which soil organic carbon is stabilised at depth and how land use affects this is important.This study aimed to characterise topsoil and subsoil SOC and other soil properties under different land uses to determine the SOC stabilisation mechanisms and the degree to which SOC is vulnerable to decomposition. Samples were collected under three different land uses: arable, grassland and deciduous woodland on a silty-clay loam soil and analysed for TOC, pH, C/N ratio and texture down the first one metre of the soil profile. Soil organic matter (SOM) physical fractionation and the extent of fresh mineral surfaces were also analysed to elucidate SOM stabilisation processes.Results showed that soil texture was similar among land uses and tended to become more fine down the soil profile, but pH did not significantly change with soil depth. Total C, total N and C/N ratio decreased down the soil profile and were affected by land use in the order woodland > grassland > arable. SOM fractionation revealed that the free particulate organic matter (fPOM) fraction was significantly greater in both the topsoil and subsoil under woodland than under grassland or arable. The mineral associated OC (MinOC) fraction was proportionally greater in the subsoil compared to topsoil under all land uses: arable > grassland > woodland. Clay, Fe and Mn availability play a significant role (R2=0.87) in organic carbon storage in the top 1 m of the soil profile.It is evidently clear from the findings that land use change has a significant effect on the dynamics of the SOC pool at depth, related to litter inputs to the system.

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Estimates of soil organic carbon stocks in central Canada using three different approaches

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x01-122 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 805-812 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

J S Bhatti ◽

M J Apps ◽

C Tarnocai

Keyword(s):

Surface Layer ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Carbon ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Peat Soil ◽

Regression Line ◽

Organic C ◽

Soil C ◽

Total Soil

This study compared three estimates of carbon (C) contained both in the surface layer (030 cm) and the total soil pools at polygon and regional scales and the spatial distribution in the three prairie provinces of western Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). The soil C estimates were based on data from (i) analysis of pedon data from both the Boreal Forest Transect Case Study (BFTCS) area and from a national-scale soil profile database; (ii) the Canadian Soil Organic Carbon Database (CSOCD), which uses expert estimation based on soil characteristics; and (iii) model simulations with the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS2). At the polygon scale, good agreement was found between the CSOCD and pedon (the first method) total soil carbon values. Slightly higher total soil carbon values obtained from BFTCS averaged pedon data (the first method), as indicated by the slope of the regression line, may be related to micro- and meso-scale geomorphic and microclimate influences that are not accounted for in the CSOCD. Regional estimates of organic C from these three approaches for upland forest soils ranged from 1.4 to 7.7 kg C·m2 for the surface layer and 6.2 to 27.4 kg C·m2 for the total soil. In general, the CBM-CFS2 simulated higher soil C content compared with the field observed and CSOCD soil C estimates, but showed similar patterns in the total soil C content for the different regions. The higher soil C content simulated with CBM-CFS2 arises in part because the modelled results include forest floor detritus pool components (such as coarse woody debris, which account for 412% of the total soil pool in the region) that are not included in the other estimates. The comparison between the simulated values (the third method) and the values obtained from the two empirical approaches (the first two methods) provided an independent test of CBM-CFS2 soil simulations for upland forests soils. The CSOCD yielded significantly higher C content for peatland soils than for upland soils, ranging from 14.6 to 28 kg C·m2 for the surface layer and 60 to 181 kg C·m2 for the total peat soil depth. All three approaches indicated higher soil carbon content in the boreal zone than in other regions (subarctic, grassland).

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Age distribution, extractability, and stability of mineral-bound organic carbon in central European soils

10.5194/bg-2020-212 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Marion Schrumpf ◽

Klaus Kaiser ◽

Allegra Mayer ◽

Günter Hempel ◽

Susan Trumbore

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Chemical Oxidation ◽

Future Research ◽

Soil Profiles ◽

H2o2 Resistance ◽

Depth Gradients

Abstract. The largest share of total soil organic carbon (OC) is associated with minerals. The portions and turnover of stable and faster cycling mineral-associated carbon (MOC) as well as the determining factors across different soils and soil depths are still unknown. Bioavailability of MOC is supposedly regulated by desorption but instead, its stability was so far mostly tested by exposure to chemical oxidation. Therefore, we determined the extractability of MOC into a mixture of 0.1 M NaOH and 0.4 M NaF as a measure for maximal potential desorbability, and compared it with maximal potential oxidation in heated H2O2. We selected samples of three soil depth increments (0–5 cm, 10–20 cm, 30–40 cm) of five typical soils of the mid-latitudes, differing contents of clay and pedogenic oxides, and being under different land use. Extracts and residues were analyzed for OC and 14C contents, and further chemically characterized by CPMAS-13C-NMR. We hypothesized NaF-NaOH extraction to remove less and younger MOC than H2O2 oxidation, and extractable MOC to be less and relatively older in subsoils and soils with high contents of pedogenic oxides. A surprisingly constant portion of 58 ± 11 % (standard deviation) of MOC was extractable across soils, independent of depths, mineral assemblage, or land use. NMR spectra revealed strong similarities of the extracted organic matter, with more than 80 % of OC in the O/N alkyl and alkyl C region. Total MOC amounts were linked to the content of pedogenic oxides across sites, independent of variations in total clay. The uniform MOC desorption could therefore be the result of pedogenic oxides dominating the overall response of MOC to extraction. While bulk MO14C values suggested differences in OC turnover between sites, these were not linked to differences in MOC extractability. As expected, OC contents of residues had smaller 14C contents than extracts, suggesting that non-extractable OC is older. However, 14C contents of extracts and residues were strongly correlated and proportional to bulk MO14C, but not dependent on mineralogy. Also along soil profiles, where increasing MOC ages indicate slower turnover with depth, neither MOC extractability nor differences in 14C between extracts and residues changed. Increasing bonding strength with soil depths did therefore not cause the 14C depth gradients in the studied soils. Although H2O2 removed 90 ± 8 % of the MOC, the 14C content of the OC removed was similar to that of the NaF-NaOH-extracted OC, while oxidation residues were much more 14C-depleted. Different chemical treatments apparently remove OC of the same continuum, leaving increasingly older residues behind the more OC being removed. Different from the extractions, higher contents of pedogenic oxides seemingly slightly increased the oxidation-resistance of MOC, but this higher H2O2-resistance did not coincide with older MOC or oxidation residues. Our results indicate that total MOC was dominated by OC interactions with pedogenic oxides rather than clay minerals, so that no difference in MOC extraction in NaF/NaOH, and thus, bond type or strength between clay-rich and poor sites was detectable. This suggests that site-specific differences in MO14C and their depth declines are driven by the accumulation and exchange rates of OC at mineral surfaces. Accordingly, future research on M14OC should focus on soil and ecosystem properties driving dissolved organic matter formation, composition and transport along soil profiles.

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Soil organic carbon dynamics under long-term sugarcane monoculture

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/s98051 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 151 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

J. O. Skjemstad ◽

J. A. Taylor ◽

L. J. Janik ◽

S. P. Marvanek

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics

Comparisons of soil samples from virgin sites or sites recently planted to sugarcane (new) with sites that had been under cane production for many years (old) were made to investigate the potential impact of cane production on soil organic carbon (OC) levels and chemistry. The comparisons showed that very little change had occurred in total OC and in ‘light’ fraction (<1·6 Mg/m3). Increasing pyrophosphate extractability throughout the profile at some sites, as a result of cultivation, however, suggested that the organic matter generally became more ‘humified’ with long-term cane production. Evidence is presented for a redistribution of OC within profiles under cane production. Old, well-established cane sites had soils with lower OC levels in the surface horizons and higher levels in the subsoils relative to new sites. The overall chemistry of the soil organic matter, as indicated by solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, did not change significantly at each site even though between site differences were large. Some soils contained substantial amounts of charcoal which was of pre-cane origin. In some of the coarse-textured soils, smaller amounts of charcoal produced during the burning of cane appeared to accumulate below the A1 horizons in the profiles. It also appeared likely that the redistribution of carbon in the upper horizons of some soils resulted from the movement of charcoal within the profile, probably as a result of tillage.

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