scholarly journals Analysis of the daily consumption of potable water in the urban area of the Ambato city in the Province of Tungurahua-Ecuador

2021 ◽  
Vol 958 (1) ◽  
pp. 012008
Author(s):  
M Mayacela ◽  
D Moya ◽  
F Morales ◽  
L Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Predominant Type ◽  
Daily Record ◽  
The City

Abstract The consumption of drinking water has increased over the years worldwide, therefore, the analysis of daily consumption in a certain sector is important, to know the existing demand of the population of the sector under analysis. The study of water consumption not only allows the knowledge of the amount of water consumed in a population, it also enables future projects for the design and redesign of potable water distribution networks. The main methodology for this analysis was the daily record for a period of 60 days, in each of the sectors corresponding to the urban area of Ambato city; this methodology allowed the analysis of the typical week of the sector and therefore the amount of water consumed per day in the urban sector,it was concluded that the San Francisco parish presents the highest demand for water consumption per capita with a requirement of 256.48 L/inhab/day, the predominant type of residence in the urban area of the city of Ambato is type B, which is characterized by having a typical structural system in which reinforced concrete predominates.

Developing Resource Consumption Insights From Campus-Scale Water Monitoring Infrastructures

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Lyon ◽  
Amip Shah ◽  
Alan McReynolds
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
End Point ◽  
Engineering Changes

Water consumption at many commercial campuses is a significant portion of resource expenditure, often with limited or no visibility into the individual branch or point of use locations, all of which summate to provide utility based reporting and invoicing, mostly on a monthly basis. In this paper, we present a case study where a commercial campus’ water distribution system is being instrumented to obtain a more granular measure of water usage. Measurement granularity is improved both in the time domain, transitioning from monthly to hourly or more frequent reporting, and in the spatial domain with all major end loads and significant branch loads being classified or monitored. Specifically, additional instrumentation is deployed in two distinct phases. The first phase added wireless transducers to the existing utility installed mechanical meters, enabling them to transmit consumption data every quarter hour. The second phase will instrument existing branch flow meters and also insert new flow meters to certain end-point loads and sub-branches. This will enable point or clustered data polling on the order of every few seconds. We also obtain additional information by polling an existing HVAC building management system for water related points of interest. We find that the collection and storage of granular water consumption information has the potential to create a detailed demand-side mapping of water usage on campus; providing data with significantly shortened time periods compared to the use of utility billing alone. We use this information to obtain hourly and daily consumption summaries at the site level and for specific end-load devices. From these results, we have created a hybrid consumption estimation of water consumption at the campus level, which contains a mixture of surveyed estimations and dynamic readings. This model provides improved accuracy and insights when compared to static site survey estimations. Due to the age and complexity of the site, primarily a result of numerous engineering changes over the site’s 60 year lifespan and a lack of detailed historical documentation, further work is ongoing to determine which additional endpoint loads or branched sub-sections we will instrument. We plan to use these additional data points to refine our water distribution model; hoping to accurately map individual buildings, floors and functional areas over time. At present, our site level instrumentation has been beneficial in revealing a number of insights regarding unexpected consumption events, most of which were attributed to scheduled maintenance activities. The ongoing monitoring of individual end-point loads has also highlighted areas of significant demand, which could be prioritized for conservation initiatives, and has shown where systemic adjustments could reduce demand peaking and flatten the flow requirements our campus places on the supplying utility.

scholarly journals Water Loss Reduction in Water Distribution Networks. Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Anca Hoțupan ◽  
Roxana Mare ◽  
Adriana Hădărean
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Supply Pipe ◽  
Looped Network

Abstract Water losses on the potable water distribution networks represent an important issue; on the one hand, water loss does not bring money and on the other hand, they modify water flow and pressure distribution on the entire system and this can lead to a cut-off of the water supply. A stringent monitoring of the water distribution network reduces considerably the water losses. The appearance of a leakage inside the distribution network is inevitable in time. But very important is its location and repair time – that are recommended to be as short as possible. The present paper analyses the hydraulic parameters of the water flow inside a supply pipe of a looped network that provides potable water for an entire neighbourhood. The main goals are to optimize these parameters, to reduce water losses by rigorous monitoring and control of the service pressure on the supply pipe and to create a balance between pressure and water flow. The presented method is valid for any type of distribution network, but the obtained values refer strictly to the analysed potable water distribution looped network.

scholarly journals An investigation of the possible scenarios for the optimal locating of quality sensors in the water distribution networks with uncertain contamination

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 704-721
Author(s):  
Hamideh Jafari ◽  
Taher Rajaee ◽  
Sara Nazif
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Contamination Event ◽  
Population Ratio

Abstract One of the ways to reduce the risk of contaminated water consumption is to optimally locate the quality sensors. These sensors warn users in the case of contamination detection. Analyzing the actual conditions of the contamination which enters the network is faced with many uncertainties. These uncertainties include the dose of contamination, time and location of its entry which have received less attention. Also, the uncertainty in the nodes' water demand causes changes in the distribution and contamination diffusion within the network. The main impetus of the present study is to determine the optimal quality sensor locations in the water distribution network in order to reduce the damage caused by contaminated water consumption prior to the contamination event detection. For this purpose, a parameter is defined as the maximum possible damage for calculating which the vulnerability and importance of the nodes have been considered in addition to the uncertainties in the location and time of the contamination entry. The importance of each node differs from that of other ones. Ranking the importance of the nodes is influenced by both land use and covered population ratio. In this study, six scenarios are defined for the contamination event in the water distribution network. These scenarios consider the effects of varying pollutant dose and the contamination input from nodes which are prone to its entry. Also, the NSGA-II has been utilized in order to minimize the damage with minimum number of sensors. The proposed model is evaluated on a real network in Iran. The results indicate that adding only one or two contamination warning sensors to the proposed locations can lead to the decreasing damage caused by the contaminated water consumption from 54 to 82%. According to the proposed method, the best answer for scenarios 1–6 was obtained for 7, 6, 6, 2, 2 and 2 sensors, respectively. The results showed that the slope of the pollution rate diagram does not change much from 6 sensors upwards in the first three scenarios, and from 4 sensors upwards in the second three scenarios. In scenarios 1–3, with 7, 6 and 6 sensors, respectively, in different nodes, the best placement is for 203–224 equivalent attack population, and in scenarios 4–6, with sensors in nodes 4 and 43, the best placement is for 225–279 equivalent attack population.

Aggressive flushing for discolouration event mitigation in water distribution networks

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Boxall ◽  
P.J. Skipworth ◽  
A.J. Saul
Keyword(s):  
Exponential Decay ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Customer Complaint ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Factor Governing ◽  
Pipe Materials

Discolouration is one of the biggest causes of customer complaint associated with potable water. The flushing of systems has been widely identified as an appropriate pro-active means of removing material from distribution networks and hence controlling discolouration. Such flushing involves creating aggressive hydraulic forces within the network such that the materials that contribute to discolouration are mobilised and removed. Understanding of the causes and mechanisms leading to discolouration are poor. Previous work has been presented on the characterisation of material and particles collected at hydrants during flushing trials in the UK. From this data it was hypothesised that the materials causing discolouration originated from cohesive layers on pipe walls, and that once disturbed the material is maintained as a permanent suspension even under the most quiescent of networks conditions. The work presented in this paper attempts to validate the hypothesis that the discolouration materials originate from cohesive layers, and investigate the nature and variability of such layers within live distribution systems. The study involved the aggressive flushing of a long discrete length of cast iron pipe with known discolouration problems. The results showed a progressive generation of material over the length of the pipe, confirming that the material originated from a uniformly distributed cohesive source. This was followed by a sequence of flushing operations for the systematic cleaning of a complex network area, encompassing a mixture of pipe materials and ages. All measured turbidity traces showed exponential decay with time. Such exponential decay may be predicted by a model based on a change in layer strength with degree of erosion. Hydraulic forces appear to be a key factor governing the availability and mobilisation of material. Iron is the dominant material mobilised from all the pipes. There is no direct trend between the amount or the composition of the material mobilised from the different pipes.

scholarly journals Reduction of Potable Water Consumption and Sewage Generation on a City Scale: A Case Study in Brazil

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cureau ◽  
Ghisi
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
The Public ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
The City ◽  
Greywater Reuse

This article aims to estimate the reduction of potable water consumption and sewage generation in the city of Joinville, southern Brazil. Four strategies were considered to promote potable water savings: replacement of conventional toilets with dual-flush ones, greywater reuse, rainwater harvesting, and the combination of these three strategies. Residential, public, and commercial sectors were assessed. The potential for potable water savings ranged from 1.7% to 50.5%, and the potential for sewage generation reduction ranged from 2.1% to 52.1%. The single-family residential sector was the most representative for water savings and sewage generation reduction. The public sector would be the least contributor to such reductions. It was found that in the city of Joinville, for low non-potable water demands, greywater reuse was the most viable strategy to save water. When non-potable demand is high and there is a large catchment area, it is recommended to install rainwater harvesting systems. It was concluded that there is a high potential for potable water savings and reduction of sewage generation if measures were adopted in Joinville, but it is necessary to evaluate which strategy is the most appropriate for each building.

Evaluation of statistical sampling for the assessment of residential consumption totals in water distribution networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fortunato ◽  
C. Arena ◽  
M. R. Mazzola
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Sampling Plan ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Consumption Data

The paper provides insights into stratified sampling, a standard statistical technique that may be employed to assess domestic water use in water distribution networks. The basic idea is to use only a few meters to provide inference on the total water consumption of a network or of a district metered area through the knowledge of some additional stratification variables, such as household typology, size and occupants number. Since any sampling procedure assumes that the variance of the variable at stake is known, either a suitable amount of past consumption data is necessary, or a specific preliminary survey must be carried out, in order to define the sampling plan. An application with real consumption data from a small municipality in Sicily (Italy) shows that number of occupants for each household is sufficient to design an effective sampling plan and that the methodology can be successfully applied in the technical practice, thus allowing a dramatic reduction of the number of customer meters to be read in order to quantify total water consumption compared to standard practice based on the reading of all meters.

scholarly journals Daily water demand

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Lombardi ◽  
Guglielmo Silvagni ◽  
Piero Sirini ◽  
Riccardo Spagnuolo ◽  
Fabio Volpi
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Reservoir Flow ◽  
Domestic Water Consumption ◽  
Recorded Data

This paper develops a model to characterize the demand for domestic water based on its end users' usage habits. The use of individual residential appliances (bathroom sink, toilet, shower, bath, etc.) is interpreted using a probabilistic approach. The paper also applies the model to the distribution network of the municipality of Sparanise, a small city in the province of Caserta, Italy. The results of this application are compared to the real output of the city's actual water reservoir. Flow variability during the day was successfully modelled. A comparison of the simulated and recorded data on a daily level indicates the proper adjustment of the volume distribution; the peak flow rates were also comparable. The model could be a useful tool for analyzing domestic water consumption, especially in the design and management of water distribution networks. Use of the model would particularly aid the Integrated Urban Water Management Operator both in optimizing the operating pressures in the various districts’ networks and in predicting domestic water consumption when drafting its water balance documents.

scholarly journals Probabilistic Minimum Night Flow Estimation in Water Distribution Networks and Comparison with the Water Balance Approach: Large-Scale Application to the City Center of Patras in Western Greece

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Athanasios V. Serafeim ◽  
George Kokosalakis ◽  
Roberto Deidda ◽  
Irene Karathanasi ◽  
Andreas Langousis
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
City Center ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Minimum Night Flow ◽  
Flow Pressure ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

Quantification of water losses (WL) in water distribution networks (WDNs) is a crucial task towards the development of proper strategies to reduce them. Currently, WL estimation methods rely on semi-empirical assumptions and different implementation strategies that increase the uncertainty of the obtained estimates. In this work, we compare the effectiveness and robustness of two widely applied WL estimation approaches found in the international literature: (a) the water balance, or top-down, approach introduced by the International Water Association (IWA), and (b) the bottom-up or minimum night flow (MNF) approach, based on a recently proposed probabilistic MNF estimation method. In doing so, we use users’ consumption and flow-pressure data from the 4 largest pressure management areas (PMAs) of the WDN of the city of Patras (the third largest city in Greece), which consist of more than 200 km of pipeline, cover the entire city center of Patras, and serve approximately 58,000 consumers. The obtained results show that: (a) when MNF estimation is done in a rigorous statistical setting from high resolution flow-pressure timeseries, and (b) there is sufficient understanding of the consumption types and patterns during day and night hours, the two approaches effectively converge, allowing for more reliable estimation of the individual WL components. In addition, when high resolution flow-pressure timeseries are available at the inlets of PMAs, the suggested version of the bottom-up approach with probabilistic estimation of MNF should be preferred as less sensitive, while allowing for confidence interval estimation of the individual components of water losses and development of proper strategies to reduce them.

scholarly journals Levantamento do Perfil de Consumo Final de Água em Instituição de Ensino: Estudo de Caso em Londrina – PR

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Giovana Cristina Buso Weiller ◽  
Latiara Remigio Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Hydraulic Equipment ◽  
The City

O artigo faz parte de um projeto de pesquisa subsidiado pela Funadesp[1], o qual busca viabilizar a implantação de sistema de aproveitamento de água pluvial para fins não potáveis em Instituições de Ensino. O trabalho busca conhecer o perfil de consumo final de água em uma Instituição Pública de Ensino na cidade de Londrina, cujo projeto padrão foi implantado em diversas cidades paranaenses. Foram realizados levantamentos de dados junto aos usuários da instituição no ano de 2018, através de entrevistas por amostragem e observações in loco; identificação dos pontos de utilização de água; análise de histórico de faturas de consumos; e medição de vazão dos equipamentos hidráulicos existentes. Após a análise e correção dos dados se constatou um consumo de água de 6,03 litros/pessoa/dia, dos quais 66,25% são utilizados para fins não potáveis, indicando um extenso campo de atuação de projetos de reuso/reaproveitamento de água para essa finalidade. Dessa forma, espera-se contribuir para o projeto piloto em parceria com os órgãos públicos, dando continuidade ao estudo de viabilidade para implantação de sistema de aproveitamento de água pluvial para usos não potáveis, através da substituição da água destinada às descargas das bacias sanitárias dos alunos, as quais representaram 54,14% do consumo total da instituição; além de estimular campanhas de utilização consciente desse recurso hídrico na comunidade.   Palavras-chave: Consumo de Água. Perfil de Uso. Água Potável e Não-Potável.   Abstract The article is part of a research project subsidized by Funadesp, which seeks to make feasible the implementation of a rainwater harvesting system for non-potable purposes in educational institutions. The paper aims to know the final water consumption profile in a public educational institution in the city of Londrina, whose standard project was implemented in several cities of Paraná. Data were collected from institution users in the year 2018, through interviews by sampling and in loco observations; identification of points of water use; historical analysis of consumption invoices; and flow measurement of existing hydraulic equipment. After the data analysis and correction, it was found out that there were 6.03 liters / person / day water consumption, of which 66.25% is used for non-potable purposes, indicating an extensive operation field reuse / recycling projects for this purpose. Thus, it is expected to contribute to a pilot project in partnership with public bodies, continuing the feasibility study for rainwater utilization system deployment for non-potable uses, by replacing the flush water the students’ toilets, which represented 54.14% of the total consumption of the institution; besides stimulating campaigns of conscious use of this water resource in the community.   Keywords: Water Consumption. Use Profile. Potable Water and Non-Potable Water.  

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