Dr. Raymond L. Johnson: A Mathematical Journey and Some Reflections on African Americans in Graduate Mathematical Sciences Programs in the US

Abstract BACKGROUND While there are reports of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, the overall incidence of AIS and clinical characteristics of large vessel occlusion (LVO) remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To attempt to establish incidence of AIS in COVID-19 patients in an international cohort. METHODS A cross-sectional retrospective, multicenter study of consecutive patients admitted with AIS and COVID-19 was undertaken from March 1 to May 1, 2020 at 12 stroke centers from 4 countries. Out of those 12 centers, 9 centers admitted all types of strokes and data from those were used to calculate the incidence rate of AIS. Three centers exclusively transferred LVO stroke (LVOs) patients and were excluded only for the purposes of calculating the incidence of AIS. Detailed data were collected on consecutive LVOs in hospitalized patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy (MT) across all 12 centers. RESULTS Out of 6698 COVID-19 patients admitted to 9 stroke centers, the incidence of stroke was found to be 1.3% (interquartile range [IQR] 0.75%-1.7%). The median age of LVOs patients was 51 yr (IQR 50-75 yr), and in the US centers, African Americans comprised 28% of patients. Out of 66 LVOs, 10 patients (16%) were less than 50 yr of age. Among the LVOs eligible for MT, the average time from symptom onset to presentation was 558 min (IQR 82-695 min). A total of 21 (50%) patients were either discharged to home or discharged to acute rehabilitation facilities. CONCLUSION LVO was predominant in patients with AIS and COVID-19 across 2 continents, occurring at a significantly younger age and affecting African Americans disproportionately in the USA.

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“The Negro's Peculiar Work”: Jim Crow and Black Discourses on US Empire, Race, and the African Question, 1877–1900

Journal of American Studies ◽

10.1017/s0021875817001931 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 330-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

JEANNETTE EILEEN JONES

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

South Carolina ◽

African Americans ◽

Jim Crow ◽

West Indians ◽

Present Generation ◽

Take Back ◽

The Us ◽

Emancipation Proclamation ◽

Keynote Speech

In 1887, T. Thomas Fortune published an editorial, “The Negro's Peculiar Work,” in the black newspaper theNew York Freeman, wherein he reflected on a recent keynote speech delivered by Reverend J. C. Price on 3 January in Columbia, South Carolina, to commemorate Emancipation Day. Price, a member of the Zion Wesley Institute of the AME Zion Church, hailed from North Carolina and his denomination considered him to be “the most popular and eloquent Negro of the present generation.” On the occasion meant to reflect on the meaning of the Emancipation Proclamation (which went into effect on 1 January 1863) for present-day African Americans, Price turned his gaze away from the US towards Africa. In his speech “The American Negro, His Future, and His Peculiar Work” Price declared that African Americans had a duty to redeem Africans and help them take back their continent from the Europeans who had partitioned it in 1884–85. He railed,The whites found gold, diamonds, and other riches in Africa. Why should not the Negro? Africa is their country. They should claim it: they should go to Africa, civilize those Negroes, raise them morally, and by education show them how to obtain wealth which is in their own country, and take the grand continent as their own.Price's “Black Man's Burden” projected American blacks as agents of capitalism, civilization, and Christianity in Africa. Moreover, Price suggested that African American suffering under slavery, failed Reconstruction, and Jim Crow placed them in a unique position to combat imperialism. He was not alone in seeing parallels between the conditions of “Negroes” on both sides of the Atlantic. Many African Americans, Afro-Canadians, and West Indians saw imperialism in Africa as operating according to Jim Crow logic: white Europeans would subordinate and segregate Africans, while economically exploiting their labor to bring wealth to Europe.

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Repercussions of Stereotyping and Cultural Bigotry in John Updike’s 9/11 Fiction

SCHOLARS: Journal of Arts & Humanities ◽

10.3126/sjah.v3i1.35375 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 64-73

Author(s):

Saleem Dhobi

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Social Exclusion ◽

Western Culture ◽

Cultural Integration ◽

The Novel ◽

Cultural Groups ◽

Religious Minorities ◽

The Us ◽

American Society

This article analyzes Updike’s 9/11 novel, Terrorist to explore the implications of stereotyping and cultural bigotry in US society in the aftermath. The novelist demonstrates the problematic in the cultural integration of minorities particularly Muslims and Jews as represented by Ahmad and Jack Levy. The primary motto of the article is to analyze the novel from the perspective of the protagonists Ahmad and Jack who suffer the cultural and social exclusion in American society. Ahmad is the victim of cultural bigotry and Jack Levy faces discriminatory practices at school. The isolation and marginalization of Ahmad and Jack respectively imply the ethnic crevices prevalent in the US society. The author demonstrates that the dominant cultural groups: European and African Americans do not accept the religious minorities: Muslims and Jews. Consequently, Muslims who are overtly the targets of cultural hatred and marginalization in the aftermath of the 9/11 as portrayed in the novel become hostile toward the Western culture. The efforts for integration of religious minorities are cosmetic as exemplified in the cases of Ahmad and Jack in the text. The writer makes a balance in representing both dominant and Muslim cultures to demonstrate the problems pertaining to ethnic groups at their failure in accommodating differences. The cultural separation and hatred prevalent in US society become obstacles even for those like Jack who seek to integrate. The paper eventually demonstrates the possibility of integration of religious minorities when both mainstream Americans and people of religious minorities conform to accepting the differences.

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Abstract WP292: Temporal Trends in the Use of Ems Service as a Mode of Arrival by Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.wp292 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Syed F Ali ◽

Lee H Schwamm ◽

Sanjeeva Onteddu ◽

Krishna Nalleballe ◽

Kelly-Ann Patrice ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Altered Level ◽

Stroke Registry ◽

Stroke Risk Factors ◽

The Us ◽

Ems Education ◽

Iv Tpa

Intro: Utilization of emergency medical services (EMS) can increase the likelihood of appropriate therapy with IV tPA or endovascular intervention. We investigate the use of EMS services in three large states across the US during the past decade. Methods: Using GWTG stroke registry data from three large comprehensive stroke centers in the Northeast, South and West, we analyzed 9,251 stroke admissions from 01/2010 - 12/2018. Overall rates of EMS use and temporal trends were computed. Factors associated with EMS use were evaluated with univariate analysis. Results: Of the 9,251 patients, 29.2 % (2,697/9,251) presented via EMS service. Overtime use of EMS service increased from 29% in 2010-11 to 34% in 2018. Use of EMS increased among severe stroke patients but decreased among mild stroke patients. Patients presenting via EMS were older, more often females while less often African Americans. They had more stroke risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation and previous stroke/TIA. Smokers less often use EMS services. Median NIHSS was higher among patients presenting via EMS, and those with altered level of consciousness used EMS more often. In-hospital intervention rates (IV tPA/endovascular) were higher among patients presenting via EMS. Conclusion: Our results showed that after extensive EMS education in most parts of the study states, stroke presentation has increased via EMS overtime. Disparity in the use of EMS still exists with African Americans using the service less often. Patients should be encouraged to use EMS services and decrease delay in presentation which can results in higher rates of intervention.

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A White Man’s War?

10.5149/northcarolina/9781469659770.003.0003 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 39-68

Author(s):

Brian Taylor

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Civil War ◽

African Americans ◽

Black Men ◽

The United States ◽

Us Army ◽

Us Military ◽

The Us ◽

Founding Principle ◽

Proper Response

This chapter looks at the first two years of the Civil War, when black men were barred from serving in the US Army. It follows the debate that black Northerners conducted about the proper response to the call to serve in the US military, which they were sure would come at some point. Immediate enlistment advocates sparred with those who counseled withholding enlistment until African Americans’ demands had been met. Black Northerners began to articulate the terms under which they would serve the Union, among which citizenship emerged as central, as well as the changes necessary to bring lived reality in the United States in line with the founding principle of equality.

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Descriptive Representation and Black Political Involvement

Gaining Voice ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190933562.003.0005 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 97-122

Author(s):

Christopher J. Clark ◽

Ray Block

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Study Data ◽

Representative Democracy ◽

The Political ◽

Political Involvement ◽

Congressional Election ◽

Election Study ◽

Political Empowerment ◽

Black Representation ◽

The Us

A healthy representative democracy requires that citizens be politically involved, and it is especially important to consider the political involvement of groups that are marginalized, such as African Americans. Building on the political empowerment hypothesis, the chapter argues that an increased black seat share and black representation ratio should be associated with increased black political involvement. Using 2008 Cooperative Congressional Election Study data, the chapter describes how in states with an increased black seat share in the legislature blacks are more likely to be highly interested in politics and are more likely to vote. In states with a higher black representation ratio, blacks are more inclined to persuade others to vote. Black representation in the US House does not increase black political involvement, despite being the focus of many scholarly works of political empowerment.

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Uniting for Survival

10.7591/cornell/9781501754258.003.0003 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 33-50

Author(s):

Laura Warren Hill

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Cross Section ◽

Black Community ◽

Malcolm X ◽

Nation Of Islam ◽

Justice Department ◽

Colored People ◽

The Us ◽

Broad Cross Section ◽

Significant Attention

This chapter documents several brutal clashes between African Americans and the police, which engendered a loose coalition of Black organizations and a number of sympathetic white ministers. It recounts the Rochester cases that garnered significant attention, while police clashes occurred throughout most cities in the postwar era. It also mentions a case where the US Justice Department interceded and another case where the famed Nation of Islam leader Malcolm X joined the protest efforts. The chapter argues that police brutality became a salient issue for a broad cross section of the Black community, which included ministers who cultivated and promoted a unified response. It talks about the local National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) that worked closely with Malcolm X and local Nation of Islam leaders to organize a unity rally, chastising the Rochester branch for consorting with reputed Black separatists.

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6. Hybridity

Postcolonialism: A Very Short Introduction ◽

10.1093/actrade/9780198856832.003.0007 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 77-90

Author(s):

Robert J. C. Young

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

American Music ◽

Cultural Hybridity ◽

Traumatic Experiences ◽

Algerian War ◽

War Of Independence ◽

African American Music ◽

European Culture ◽

Algerian War Of Independence ◽

The Us

‘Hybridity’ explains that cultural hybridity can be seen as an expansion of W. E. B. Du Bois’ concept of ‘double consciousness’: a painful incompatibility between how people see themselves and how society sees them only in terms of their race. Nevertheless, this has also formed the basis of the extraordinary cultural creativity of African-Americans. Drawing on cultural memory of their African roots, African-Americans have adapted and transformed aspects of European culture encountered in the US, particularly noticeable in the realm of African-American music. A comparable development of a hybridized culture is considered by tracing the emergence of raï music in 1970s Algeria, following the traumatic experiences of the Algerian War of Independence.

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Passports to Adventure: African Americans and the US Security Project

American Quarterly ◽

10.1353/aq.2016.0049 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 537-543

Author(s):

Adriane Lentz-Smith

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

The Us

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Folk Perception of African American English Regional Variation

Journal of Linguistic Geography ◽

10.1017/jlg.2017.2 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Mitchell ◽

Marivic Lesho ◽

Abby Walker

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

African Americans ◽

American English ◽

African American Vernacular English ◽

Uniform Structure ◽

Linguistic Features ◽

Map Labeling ◽

Perceptual Dialectology ◽

Vernacular English ◽

The Us

Contrary to previous “sociolinguistic folklore” that African American (Vernacular) English has a uniform structure across different parts of the US, recent studies have shown that it varies regionally, especially phonologically (Wolfram, 2007; Thomas & Wassink, 2010). However, there is little research on how Americans perceive AAE variation. Based on a map-labeling task, we investigate the folk perception of AAE variation by 55 participants, primarily African Americans in Columbus, Ohio. The analysis focuses on the dialect regions recognized by the participants, the linguistic features associated with different regions, and the attitudes associated with these beliefs. While the perceived regional boundaries mostly align with those identified by speakers in previous perceptual dialectology studies on American English, the participants consistently identified linguistic features that were specific to AAE. The participants recognized substantial phonological and lexical variation and identified “proper” dialects that do not necessarily sound “white”. This study demonstrates the value of considering African Americans’ perspectives in describing African American varieties of English.

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