Age Discrimination in Law and Policy: How the Equal Treatment Directive Affects National Welfare States

2010 ◽  
pp. 198-215
Author(s):  
Deborah Mabbett
Keyword(s):  
Welfare States ◽  
Age Discrimination ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
National Welfare

Ethics

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-38
Author(s):  
Stuart White
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Political Context ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
The Core ◽  
National Welfare ◽  
Normative Issues ◽  
The Welfare State

This chapter seeks to clarify some of the core ethical arguments surrounding welfare states. The analysis focuses on three key values. First, we will consider the concept of need. What are basic needs? How do we conceptualize and measure them? Do citizens have rights to what they need? Second, we focus on principles of equality and, third, we look at arguments surrounding the implications of the welfare state for liberty. A final section concludes by noting some normative issues moving increasingly to the forefront of debate. A changing global political context raises new issues about the international salience of these issues, questions which national welfare states have found it difficult to address.

Equality over Time

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-49
Author(s):  
Juliana Uhuru Bidadanure
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Discrimination ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Basic Fact ◽  
Intergenerational Justice ◽  
Time Segment ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Over Time

Age is nothing like merit and effort. We have no more control over our age than over our ethnicity, and yet others may fail to treat us as equals on that basis. At the same time, we tend to tolerate differential treatment by age more than we do for other suspect grounds. After an analysis of age discrimination compared to other cases of discrimination, this chapter proposes that this is because age is “special” in at least one morally significant way: we can expect to pass through all the categories as we age, and so inequalities between age groups can be compatible with equal treatment of persons over time. This basic fact gives traction to a dominant view on equality through time: complete lives egalitarianism. This chapter critically examines the intuitive position that we should look for evidence of inequalities over time, rather than at each time segment, to establish whether a society is fair. It also discusses the implications of complete lives egalitarianism for intergenerational justice.

scholarly journals A MACRO-COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF WELFARE STATE CONVERGENCE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Ágnes OROSZ ◽  
◽  
Norbert SZIJÁRTÓ ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Welfare ◽  
State Regime

In this paper, we provide a macro-comparative assessment of welfare state convergence. Using the welfare state regime approach, the paper analyses the development of main welfare state indicators within in the enlarged European Union. In this study we capitalize on descriptive statistics and a single convergence analysis based on standard deviation in order to capture alterations in national welfare models of 26 European countries and among acknowledged welfare regimes. Our fundamental aim is to seize on long-term processes (convergence, divergence, or persistence), so we cover almost a two-decade period starting at 2000. Our results, in general, suggest that convergence among welfare states (different indicator of social spending) of European countries is particularly weak, however convergence inside welfare regimes is significantly stronger apart from the Anglo-Saxon group. The pre-crisis period was characterized by a stronger convergence among European countries as a consequence of economic prosperity and intense EU intervention.

11. Social Policy Left to the Judges and the Markets?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Leibfried
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
National Welfare ◽  
Regulatory Mandates ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the European Union’s social policy. In the 1980s and 1990s, the EU accumulated significant regulatory mandates in social policy, reaching out more recently to anti-discrimination politics. Yet due to pressures from integrated markets, member governments have lost more control over national welfare policies than the EU has gained in transferred authority, although this development may have stopped, affected by the EU’s responses to the economic crises since 2008. The chapter first considers the limited success of activist social policy before discussing European integration and market compatibility requirements, focusing on the freedom of movement for workers and freedom to provide services and their implications for European competition policy. It also explores how European integration affects national welfare states and concludes with an assessment of Europe’s multi-tiered social policy.

Assessing Welfare State Change: The German Social Insurance State between Reciprocity and Solidarity

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid Leitner ◽  
Stephan Lessenich
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Welfare Regime ◽  
State Change ◽  
Analytic Framework ◽  
Social Policy Reform ◽  
National Welfare ◽  
Different Dimensions

The analytic framework used here to study welfare state change builds upon the distinction of two fundamentally opposed logics of social exchange: the logic of reciprocity and of solidarity. The approach enables to assess the complexity and ambivalence of policy change in advanced welfare states. Using recent social policy reform in Germany as an illustration of the analytical capacity of our approach, it is shown that change can be detected in two different dimensions. One type of change is in the overall mix between reciprocity-based insurance and solidarity-based assistance programmes which makes up the specific profile of a national welfare regime. Another type is in the balance between elements of reciprocity and solidarity within social insurance schemes. This approach can be replicated with any of the developed welfare states of the OECD world.

Managing Diversity

2019 ◽  
pp. 266-289
Author(s):  
Irene Bloemraad ◽  
Doris Marie Provine
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
The Political ◽  
Managing Diversity ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The U.S

Comparing the United States (U.S.) and Canadian responses to immigration in the context of each country’s civil rights struggles underscores the importance of history, geography, demography, and institutional structures in determining law and policy. Civil rights in the U.S. required a civil war over slavery and created an important role for courts to interpret constitutional mandates of equal treatment. Constitutionally enshrined individual rights came late to Canada and change occurred often through piecemeal legislative and bureaucratic action rather than litigation. Such differences in the trajectory of rights influence differences in immigration policy: active support and management of entry and integration in Canada versus an ambiguous welcome and laissez-faire incorporation in the U.S. Looking to the future, the political system and contentious views on immigration make policymaking difficult in the U.S., while Canadian policymakers enjoy more public support and flexibility as they take on the challenges and opportunities of immigration.

The Social Question Then and Now

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-64
Author(s):  
Thomas Faist
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Dominant Strategy ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Social Closure ◽  
Social Question ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
National Welfare

Chapter 2 examines the question whether exit has replaced voice as a dominant strategy to deal with the unequal distribution of life chances between the late nineteenth century and the early 2000s. Instead of exit and voice being exclusive options, there are distinctive combinations of exit and voice across time. Four differences between the nineteenth and twenty-first centuries can be discerned: first, the development of national welfare states in response to political struggles around social inequalities and the implications for social closure towards non-citizens; second, the gradual emergence of sophisticated state migration control; third, the growing political relevance of cultural heterogeneities going beyond class; and fourth, a lack of a coherent theory around the social question which would be able to mobilize politically and intellectually.

From Worlds to Cases: Case Selection and ‘Other Worlds’ in the Welfare Modelling Business

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki-tae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Welfare States ◽  
Welfare Regime ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Case Selection ◽  
National Welfare ◽  
The Common ◽  
Business Needs ◽  
Cross National ◽  
Selection Practices

The case selection issue has long been neglected in cross-national welfare regime studies, despite its importance in securing validity and reliability. This article reviews thirty-three studies that produced their own welfare regime typology, and analyses their case selection practices. They can be divided into five groups in terms of their case sizes: from Esping-Andersen's (1990) original eighteen nations to ‘all’ nations. Three peculiar patterns can be observed in the approaches. First, more than two-thirds of studies still focus on the old set of eighteen nations, arguably ignoring emerging welfare states. Second, theoretical tension exists between ‘isolationists’ and ‘expansionists’ on the exportability of the welfare regime concept to wider cases. Lastly only a few studies have clarified and justified their case selections. It is concluded that the welfare modelling business needs to rectify the common practice of ignoring case selection issues.

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