Meteorological History and Historical Climate of China

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Fei
Keyword(s):  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Precipitation Variability ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Shang Dynasty ◽  
Meteorological Observation ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Late Ming Dynasty

The Chinese meteorological records could be traced back to the oracle-bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 bc–c. 1046 bc). For the past 3,000 years, continuous meteorological records are available in official histories, chronicles, local gazetteers, diaries, and other historical materials. Ever since the Qin Dynasty (221–207 bc), precipitation reports to the central government were officially organized; however, only those of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 ad) are extant, and they have been widely used to reconstruct precipitation variability.Modern meteorological knowledge began to be introduced in China during the late Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 ad). Modern meteorological observation possibly began in the 17th century, whereas continuous meteorological observation records go back to the mid-19th century.Previous researches have reconstructed the chronologies of the temperature change in China during the past 2,000 years, and the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age were identified. With regard to precipitation variability, yearly charts of dryness/wetness in China for the past 500 years were produced. Several chronologies of dust storm, plum rain (Meiyu), and typhoon were also established. Large volcanic eruptions resulted in short scale abrupt cooling in China during the past 2,000 years. Climatic change was significantly related to the war occurrences and dynastic cycles in historical China.

scholarly journals On the Female Images in Feng Menglong's "Three Volumes of Stories"

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyue Lai
Keyword(s):  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Female Images ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Late Ming ◽  
The Common ◽  
Late Ming Dynasty ◽  
The Late Ming Dynasty ◽  
Common Destiny

Feng Menglong’s "Three Volumes of Stories" involves many female images. "Being bought and sold at arbitrarily" was the common destiny of women in that period; "cheating for love" was a new love choice made by women under the influence of the Enlightenment in the late Ming Dynasty; "getting married" can be said to be the resistance of women who were forced to fall in the past dynasties to their fate.

晚明軍士收入考——兼論明代國家財政之基本精神

明代研究 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (37) ◽  
pp. 115-166
Author(s):  
彭皓 彭皓
Keyword(s):  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Late Ming ◽  
The Government ◽  
Financial Administration ◽  
The Military

<p>以往的明代財政史研究，大都選擇以財政收入一側的嬗遞為考察對象而不離乎制度研究的範式與國家本位的視角。本文以財政支出為切入點討論晚明軍士收入的構成與水準，進而以自下而上的進路，探討明代國家財政之基本精神。本文將晚明軍士收入劃分為常規性收入與臨時性收入，前者包括月糧、布花、馬料，後者則涉及行糧、安家銀。對於衛所軍士而言，晚明財政體制的白銀化未對其生計產生實質影響，其收入仍不過與洪武時期的標準大體相持，僅能勉強維生。相形之下，並不歸屬於衛所軍戶制之中的募兵所得餉銀明顯更高。兩者的分野與明代財政奉行的「原額主義」密切相關：國家以戶籍制束縛軍戶，設計微薄的糧餉標準，以此適應同樣偏低的財政收入。此一機制雖因晚明戰爭不斷而崩解，卻為清朝繼承乃至進一步鞏固。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>Earlier studies on Ming dynasty finance have mainly focused on changes in revenue, following an institutional and state-oriented paradigm. This essay instead examines military pay, the largest expenditure of the late Ming central government, thus offering a perspective from the bottom up. This essay distinguishes late Ming military pay into regular and temporary categories. The former included monthly grain allowances, clothing, and horse fodder, while the latter included travel rations and relocation funds. For the military households, the commutation of the financial system into silver did not have a substantial impact on their livelihood. Their income had remained largely the same since the founding of the dynasty, and they could barely make ends meet. By contrast, the recruits, who were not registered with military households, received payment and rations that were significantly higher. The discrepancy between the two was closely linked to the &ldquo;quota system&rdquo; practiced in Ming financial administration. When the government established households fixed in the military category, meager rations were standardized, commensurate with the low revenue of the financial administration. Although this mechanism collapsed amidst the continuous wars of the late Ming, it was adopted and further consolidated in the Qing dynasty.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Formation and Evolution of Luyang Lake Wetland

2013 ◽  
Vol 773 ◽  
pp. 852-856
Author(s):  
Ju Hua Yang ◽  
Min Xi ◽  
Jian Min Wu
Keyword(s):  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Quaternary Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
The Late Ming Dynasty ◽  
Artificial Water

The Luyang Lake, a declined ancient lake, is located in Lubotan area in northeast of Shaanxi Guanzhong Plain. As one of the relict lakes of Sanmen Lake in early Pleistocene, Luyang Lake formed in the Pleistocene of Quaternary period dating back to about 3 million years ago, and later gradually retreat into a beach in the late Ming dynasty due to crustal tectonics and global climate change. Water area of the lakes becomes larger due to development of irrigation systems and artificial water source in the past 30 years. And now, the groundwater level is rising and Wetland trend intensifying.

scholarly journals Separating Forced from Chaotic Climate Variability over the Past Millennium

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 6954-6973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Schurer ◽  
Gabriele C. Hegerl ◽  
Michael E. Mann ◽  
Simon F. B. Tett ◽  
Steven J. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Forced Response ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
External Forcing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hemispheric Temperature ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Past Millennium

Abstract Reconstructions of past climate show notable temperature variability over the past millennium, with relatively warm conditions during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and a relatively cold Little Ice Age (LIA). Multimodel simulations of the past millennium are used together with a wide range of reconstructions of Northern Hemispheric mean annual temperature to separate climate variability from 850 to 1950 CE into components attributable to external forcing and internal climate variability. External forcing is found to contribute significantly to long-term temperature variations irrespective of the proxy reconstruction, particularly from 1400 onward. Over the MCA alone, however, the effect of forcing is only detectable in about half of the reconstructions considered, and the response to forcing in the models cannot explain the warm conditions around 1000 CE seen in some reconstructions. The residual from the detection analysis is used to estimate internal variability independent from climate modeling, and it is found that the recent observed 50- and 100-yr hemispheric temperature trends are substantially larger than any of the internally generated trends even using the large residuals over the MCA. Variations in solar output and explosive volcanism are found to be the main drivers of climate change from 1400 to 1900, but for the first time a significant contribution from greenhouse gas variations to the cold conditions during 1600–1800 is also detected. The proxy reconstructions tend to show a smaller forced response than is simulated by the models. This discrepancy is shown, at least partly, to be likely associated with the difference in the response to large volcanic eruptions between reconstructions and model simulations.

Modulation of the relationship between summer temperatures in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and Arctic over the past millennium by external forcings

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Feng Shi ◽  
Anmin Duan ◽  
Qiuzhen Yin ◽  
John T Bruun ◽  
Cunde Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Warm Period ◽  
Temperature Correlation ◽  
The Past ◽  
External Forcings ◽  
Centennial Variation ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Past Millennium

Abstract The Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and Arctic both have an important influence on global climate, but the correlation between climate variations in these two regions remains unclear. Here we reconstructed and compared the summer temperature anomalies over the past 1,120 yr (900–2019 CE) in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and Arctic. The temperature correlation during the past millennium in these two regions has a distinct centennial variation caused by volcanic eruptions. Furthermore, the abrupt weak-to-strong transition in the temperature correlation during the sixteenth century could be analogous to this type of transition during the Modern Warm Period. The former was forced by volcanic eruptions, while the latter was controlled by changes in greenhouse gases. This implies that anthropogenic, as opposed to natural, forcing has acted to amplify the teleconnection between the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and Arctic during the Modern Warm Period.

The Political Economy of Post-Independence India—A Review Article

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhil Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Newly Industrialized Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Balance Of Forces ◽  
The Third World

Economists and political scientists have become increasingly interested in the political economy of India during the past decade and particularly during the past three or four years. The titles under review will be valuable not only to India specialists but also to comparative scholars because of the intriguing mix of conditions found in India. More like a continent than a country in its diversity, India is in some ways very similar to densely populated, predominantly rural and agricultural China, differing most perhaps in the obstinacy and depth of its poverty. In the predominant role played by the state within an essentially capitalist economy, it is closer to the model of Western social democracies than it is to either prominently ideological capitalist or socialist nation-states; like other countries in the “third world,” the state in India plays a highly interventionist developmental role. Finally, since Independence it has pursued, more successfully than most nation-states in Latin America and Asia, policies of importsubstituting industrialization and relative autarchy. In terms of its political structures, India differs from most newly industrialized countries (NICs) in that it generally continues to function as a parliamentary democracy. The federal political system creates an intriguing balance of forces between central and the regional state governments, which are often ruled by opposition parties with agendas, ideologies, and organizational structures quite different from those of the central government.

Rising smoke-charged vortices in the mid-latitude stratosphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Legras ◽  
Hugo Lestrelin ◽  
Aurélien Podglajen ◽  
Mikail Salihoglu
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Mechanics ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Radiative Heating ◽  
Dynamical Structure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
The World ◽  
Lidar Observations ◽  
Meso Scale

&lt;p&gt;The two most intense wildfires of the last decade that took place in Canada in 2017 and Australia in 2019-2020 were followed by large injections of smoke in the stratosphere due to pyroconvection. It was discovered that, after the Australian event, part of this smoke self-organized as anticyclonic confined vortices that rose against the Brewer-Dobson circulation in the mid-latitude stratosphere up to 35 km (Khaykin et al., 2020, doi: 10.1038/s43247-020-00022-5).&amp;#160; Based on CALIOP lidar observations and the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis, we analyze the Canadian case and find, similarly, that the large plume which penetrated the stratosphere on 12 August 2017 and reached 14 km got trapped thereafter within a meso-scale anticyclonic structure which travelled across the Atlantic. It then broke into three offsprings that could be followed until mid-October 2017, each performing&amp;#160; round the world journeys and rising up to 23 km for one of them. We analyze the dynamical structure of the vortices produced by these two wildfires in the ERA 5 and demonstrate how they are maintained by the assimilation of data from instruments measuring the signature of the vortices in the temperature and ozone field. We propose that these vortices can be seen as bubbles of very low potential vorticity carried vertically by their internal radiative heating across the stratosphere against the stratification. We will also present elements of a theory and first numerical simulations explaining the dynamics of such structures&amp;#160; and discuss possible occurrences after other forest fires and volcanic eruptions in the past as well as&amp;#160; future likely impacts. This new phenomenon in geophysical fluid mechanics has, to our knowledge, no reported analog (see reference: https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2020-1201/).&lt;/p&gt;

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