Human Trafficking and Religious Movements

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne C. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Movement Ecology ◽  
Moral Authority ◽  
Moral Claim ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Cultural Resource ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Social

The prominence of religious groups, religious motifs, and religious and theological claims in the anti-trafficking movement is useful for exploring how social movements are shaped by religious actors and claims and, in turn, use religion in the process of creating social change. The anti-trafficking movement can be situated in relation to three key previous social movements: the 18th–19th-century abolition movement that sought to abolish chattel slavery, the 19th–20th-century anti-white slavery campaigns of the social purity movement that sought to eliminate prostitution, and the late 20th-century movement that sought to address Christian persecution through promoting religious freedom. By highlighting the way that the anti-trafficking movement draws on and extends the moral claim-making of each of these social movements, these earlier movements are revealed as shaping the social movement ecology out of which the contemporary anti-trafficking movement emerges and in which it functions. Further, exploring the movement to end human trafficking in relation to these social movements suggests at least three significant ways religion matters in social movements: as a source of moral legitimacy, as a source of moral clarity, and as a cultural resource. As a source of moral authority, religion provides a source of grounding that lends credibility to movements’ moral claims by situating them in something larger than immediate interests and experiences. As a source of moral clarity, religion is a source of the moral values that animates social movements and sustains them through challenges. As a cultural resource, religious sensibilities influence how social movements perceive issues and formulate responses to them.

The Body in Theory

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicity J Callard
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industrial Capitalism ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
The One ◽  
Do So

Geographers are now taking the problematic of corporeality seriously. ‘The body’ is becoming a preoccupation in the geographical literature, and is a central figure around which to base political demands, social analyses, and theoretical investigations. In this paper I describe some of the trajectories through which the body has been installed in academia and claim that this installation has necessitated the uptake of certain theoretical legacies and the disavowal or forgetting of others. In particular, I trace two related developments. First, I point to the sometimes haphazard agglomeration of disparate theoretical interventions that lie under the name of postmodernism and observe how this has led to the foregrounding of bodily tropes of fragmentation, fluidity, and ‘the cyborg‘. Second, I examine the treatment of the body as a conduit which enables political agency to be thought of in terms of transgression and resistance. I stage my argument by looking at how on the one hand Marxist and on the other queer theory have commonly conceived of the body, and propose that the legacies of materialist modes of analysis have much to offer current work focusing on how bodies are shaped by their encapsulation within the sphere of the social. I conclude by examining the presentation of corporeality that appears in the first volume of Marx's Capital. I do so to suggest that geographers working on questions of subjectivity could profit from thinking further about the relation between so-called ‘new’ and ‘fluid’ configurations of bodies, technologies, and subjectivities in the late 20th-century world, and the corporeal configurations of industrial capitalism lying behind and before them.

scholarly journals Homoseksualiteit en tydgerigtheid: ’n etiek van Bybellees?

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerrie Snyman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Reading Process ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
The Social

Homosexuality and time-orientedness: an ethic of reading the Bible? The article deals with the discourse on homosexuality within the Reformed Churches in South Africa. At stake is the exegete’s subjectivity, or presupposed arbitrariness in the hermeneutical process. The author takes issue with the view that the Biblical text on homosexuality is a matter of principle and not a cultural prescription bounded by time. The author suggests that the current thinking on homosexuality is infused by a modern concept of heterosexuality and that the use of some Biblical texts that clearly prohibit sex between members of similar gender is problematic, because very little of the social structure that once supported these laws has been honoured since the late 20th century. Adding to the problem of the use of the Bible is intersexuality, which makes any clear principled distinction between two sexes difficult. The author concludes that the Bible readers’ subjectivity (socio-political location) must be recog- nised and put on the table in order to indicate its role in the reading process.

scholarly journals Soziale Bewegungen in Lateinamerika

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (142) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
"Mónica Bruckmann ◽  
Theotonio Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Soziale Bewegungen ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Military ◽  
Latin American Countries

At the beginning of the 20th century, social movements in Latin America were heavily influenced by anarchist immigrants from Europe and then by the ideological struggles around the Russian revolution. Beginning in the 1930s, many social movements started to incorporate into leftwing and populist parties and governments, such as the Cardenismo in Mexico. Facing the shift of many governments towards the left and the 'threat' of socialist Cuba, ultrarightwing groups and the military, supported by the US, responded in many countries with brutal repression and opened the neoliberal era. Today, after 30 years of repression and neoliberal hegemony, the social movements are gaining strength again in many Latin American countries. With the anti-globalization movement, new insurrections like the Zapatismo in Mexico, and some leftwing governments coming into power in Venezuela, Brasil and other countries, there appears to be a new turn in Latin America's road to the future.

Social Movements in Late 20th-Century Ecuador and Bolivia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Becker
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Social Movement Organizations ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
Movement Organizations

Both Ecuador and Bolivia have gained a reputation for powerful social movements that have repeatedly challenged entrenched political and economic interests that have controlled the countries since their independence from Spain almost two hundred years ago. A wealthy and powerful minority of European descendant landowners ruled the countries to the exclusion of the majority population of impoverished Indigenous farm workers. Repeated well-organized challenges to exclusionary rule in the late 20th century shifted policies and opened political spaces for previously marginalized people. Social movement organizations also altered their language to meet new realities, including incorporating identities as ethnic groups and Indigenous nationalities to advance their agenda. Their efforts contributed to a significant leftward shift in political discourse that led to the election of presidents Evo Morales and Rafael Correa.

How scientific research instruments change: A century of Nobel Prize physics instrumentation

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-374
Author(s):  
Anne Marcovich ◽  
Terry Shinn
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Instrument Function ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Systematic Information ◽  
Cognitive Operation ◽  
Nobel Prizes ◽  
The Social

This article explores structures of intellectual, operational and institutional transformations of scientific research instrumentation in the 20th century. The study of 26 Nobel Prizes in physics instrumentation between 1901 and the present yields abundant and systematic information related to change and stability of instrument function, instrument trajectory and the social organization of instrument-related work. This yields three configurations: ‘bounded’, ‘extensionist’ and ‘linked’. One can observe for the late 20th century the emergence of an unprecedented form of instrumented-related cognitive operation that we dub ‘instrument knowledge’.

scholarly journals Lord Ram’s Own Sethu: Adam’s Bridge envisaged as an aquapelago

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arup Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Religious Controversy ◽  
Contemporary Media

Taking the current geological, environmental and religious controversy around the iconic Adam’s Bridge or Ram Sethu (as it is referred to in Hindu sacred mythography) and the proposed Sethusamudram canal project—which has been delayed since the late-20th century over several administrative terms, due to litigious procedures and protests by religious groups—this paper examines the Ram Sethu as an aquapelago. The Ram Sethu is an aquapelagic zone, not merely in geo-historical terms but also in psychological ways, that is largely experienced in the Indian consciousness through the evolution of ancient folkloric motifs in contemporary media-loric polemic. As an aquapelagic imaginary, or indeed a performed aquapelago, the Ram Sethu is sustained by accumulating epistemic plurality from multiple geological, secularist, sacred and environmentalist interpretations. This epistemological plurality or transcendence of (geo-)logocentric meanings is an inevitable function of aquapelagic imaginaries, even more so of the Ram Sethu, which is reproduced by multiple determinate negations of religion (negating ambitions of economic development), developmentalism (negating themes of environmental sustainability), and environmentalism (negating majoritarian discourses of what constitutes the sacred).

scholarly journals A Study on the Social Movements in Contemporary Islamic Thought

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-129
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossain Mokhtari
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
The Social ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
The Face ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
The Waves

Today, Islam is not restricted to the geographical borders of only a limited number of countries, but now covers the though, cultural, tribal and language borders of nations from Asia to Africa and can be counted as one of the most important and fastest growing religions in Europe and America. Whilst this spread is a means of delight, it has suffered from a type of ideological dismantling. Contemporary Islamic though can be categorized into five main groupings: 1. Anti- rational Salafism, headed by Ibn Taymiyyah and Muhammad b. Abd al-Wahab, 2. Anti –Western Religious Revivalism, headed by Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadrabadi, 3. Anti- Religious Protestantism headed by Akhund Zadeh and Taqi Zadeh, 4. Reformist Protestantism headed by Shariati and 5. the movement of forming an Islamic civilization, led by the unique architect of the 20th century, Imam Khomeini.These schools of thought, at times contain ideas that are quite similar, but at others are extremely contradictory. It is this issue that has made research concerning these schools and ideas even more essential. Elements such as irrationality, being anti-western, reactions in the face of the waves of modernity and political theories based on religion can be mentioned as being some of the most important factors in the appearance of these trends. It is the aim of this paper to explore the backgrounds and latest developments of these thoughts over the last century in a descriptive – analytical way.

Indigenismo

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estelle Tarica
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
English Word ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Las Casas ◽  
The Social ◽  
Bartolome De Las Casas ◽  
The Status ◽  
Indigenous Social Movements

Indigenismo is a term that refers to a broad grouping of discourses—in politics, the social sciences, literature, and the arts—concerned with the status of “the Indian” in Latin American societies. The term derives from the word “indígena,” often the preferred term over “indio” because of the pejorative connotations that have accrued to the latter in some contexts, and is not to be confused with the English word “indigenism.” The origins of modern indigenismo date to the 16th century and to the humanist work of Bartolomé de las Casas, dubbed “Defender of the Indians” for his efforts to expose the violence committed against native populations by Spanish colonizers. Indeed indigenismo generally connotes a stance of defense of Indians against abuse by non-Indians, such as criollos and mestizos, and although this defense can take a variety of often-contradictory forms, it stems from a recognition that indigenous peoples in colonial and modern Latin America have suffered injustice. Another important precursor to modern indigenismo is 19th-century “Indianismo.” In the wake of Independence, creole elites made the figure of “the Indian” a recurring feature of Latin American republican and nationalist thought as the region sought to secure an identity distinct from the colonial powers. The period 1910–1970 marks the heyday of modern indigenismo. Marked by Las Casas’s stance of defense toward indigenous people and by creole nationalists’ “Indianization” of national identity, the modernizing indigenismo of the 20th century contains three important additional dimensions: it places the so-called “problem of the Indian” at the center of national modernization efforts and of national revolution and renewal; it is, or seeks to become, a matter of state policy; and it draws on contemporary social theories—positivist, eugenicist, relativist, Marxist—to make its claims about how best to solve the “Indian problem.” Though its presence can be found in many Latin American countries, indigenismo reached its most substantive and influential forms in Mexico and Peru; Bolivia and Brazil also saw significant indigenista activity. Anthropologists played a central role in the development of modern indigenismo, and indigenismo flourished in literature and the performing and visual arts. In the late 20th century, indigenous social movements as well as scholars from across the disciplines criticized indigenismo for its paternalist attitude toward Indians and for promoting Indians’ cultural assimilation; the state-centric integrationist ideology of indigenismo has largely given way to pluri-culturalism.

scholarly journals Feeling like a State. The Sentiments Tide of Swiss Diplomacy through the Eye of the Algorithm

Administory ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-146
Author(s):  
André Ourednik ◽  
Guido Koller ◽  
Peter Fleer ◽  
Stefan Nellen
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Expressive Language ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
World War ◽  
Administrative Practices ◽  
World War 2 ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

Abstract Can emotions be observed throughout the years at the regional scale of continents and countries? Does variation in their intensity correlate with historical events and with the evolution of diplomatic and administrative practices? If so, who is the subject of emotion? We seek answers by a remote reading analysis of the reports of Swiss ambassadors in the first half of the 20th century. We examine the conditions under which super-individual subjects of emotion can be aggregated from large textual datasets, and propose a theoretical framework for their interpretation. In specific examples, we show how algorithmic sentiment analysis let us identify the exceptionally expressive language of the Swiss ambassador in Tokyo during World War 2, or the posture of the Swiss administration with regard to the social movements in Scandinavia. Our findings yield both methodological recommendations and theoretical bridges between various disciplines concerned with emotions and their expression in written documents.

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