Women in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinyere Ukpokolo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Women’S Experiences ◽  
Women's Experiences ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
Historical Trajectory ◽  
Historical Antecedents

Writing on women in Nigeria is an ambitious venture, considering the multiplicity of ethnic groups that make up Nigeria, and the historical antecedents and cultural particularities of the various ethnic groupings. Women in Nigeria can, therefore, be studied more appropriately within the historical trajectory of the continent of Africa, by examining the different nationalities that constituted “Nigeria” in the early 20th century, and finally through the dissection of identities, power, and the experiences of diverse categories of women in postcolonial Nigeria. There is a need to avoid undue generalizations about women in Nigeria. In postcolonial Nigeria, women’s experiences are differentiated based on the extent to which the superimposition or assimilation of external cultural traits—which manifest along class lines, the rural-urban divide, ethnicity, and religion—have altered indigenous lifeways. Africa’s contact with the Arabian world in the 7th century impacted on women’s experiences in areas where the Islamic religion was introduced. Prior to the contact of Africa with the European world in the 15th century and the subsequent imposition of British rule, what became “Nigeria” in the early 20th century were disparate groups with different cultural, political, and historical configurations. The amalgamation of the northern and southern protectorates in 1914 gave birth to “Nigeria.” These historical events redefined and reshaped the place and participation of women in society. In precolonial Nigeria, women enjoyed certain privileges, prestige, and recognition, which colonialism and emerging Western economic rationality later undermined. Women-led protests against the colonial administration were prevalent and led to policy changes intended to take women into account in government policies. In postcolonial Nigeria, women confront the forces of tradition, modernity, and the neo-patriarchy, forces that contend with their drive for self-definition, while they struggle, against all odds, to remain afloat.

Writing Women into the Russian Revolution of 1917

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-231
Author(s):  
Adele Lindenmeyr
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Women's History ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Women’S Experiences ◽  
Women's Experiences ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Women’S History ◽  
The Revolution

Abstract While scholarship on Russian women’s history has flourished in recent decades, the participation of women in the 1917 Revolution continues to be under-researched and poorly understood. This article explores various reasons for the marginalization of women in studies of the revolution. It reviews promising recent research that recovers women’s experiences and voices, including work on women in the wartime labor force and soldiers’ wives, and argues for the usefulness of a feminist and gendered approach to studying 1917.

scholarly journals Intellectual Network of Mandailing and Haramayn Muslim Scholars in the Mid-19th  and Early 20th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-281
Author(s):  
Mhd. Syahnan ◽  
Asrul Asrul ◽  
Ja'far Ja'far
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Muslim Scholars

This paper is an attempt to study the scholars’ network of Mandailing Ulama with those of Haramayn in the mid-19th  and early 20th century. Employing the content analysis method the research finds that the Mandailing scholars had made an intellectual encounter with the scholars in Haramayn, even some of the established networks with Egyptian and Indian scholars. The Mandailing scholars connote those who ethnically originated from Mandailing clan and data reveals that Mandailing scholars come from the residencies of Tapanuli and East Sumatera, both of which are parts of the modern era North Sumatera province. This not to deny that some of the Mandailing scholars were also born in Makkah. From the aspect of the duration of the study, some scholars studied religion intensively and settled in Makkah, while others only learned the Islamic religion by meeting the scholars of Makkah only during the Hajj period. The last group of scholars only studied religion intensely in Nusantara, but while performing hajj they met the scholars and learned religion in very limited time. Mandailing scholars studied Islamic sciences, especially Quranic exegeses, hadīth, and Sufism to a number of such scholars from Arab and Nusantara as Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi, ‘Abd al-Qadir b. Shabir al-Mandili (Nasution) and Hasan Masysyath. Ideologically, they studied Islamic sciences in the context of the Sunnī school of thought, especially Ash‘arīyah and Shāfi‘īyah. This study then fills the gap of the study of other researchers about the Nusantara Ulama Network with Middle Eastern scholars.

scholarly journals SIMETRISITAS SEBAGAI KOSMOLOGI RUANG JAWA PADA RUMAH KOLONIAL DI KAMPUNG BUBUTAN SURABAYA (The Symmetricity of Colonial House as Javanese Space Cosmology at Kampung Bubutan Surabaya)

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Risqi Cahyani ◽  
Lisa Dwi Wulandari ◽  
Antariksa Antariksa
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Main Principle ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The 19Th Century

Symmetricity is part of the Javanese Cosmology that describes the perfection of Javanese. Symmetricity has been the main principle in Javanese house, not only in the faade of the house but olso the hierarchy of spatial inside. Kampung Bubutan is the ancient settlement experienced two phases of Government which strongly influenced the architectural character, which at the time became the Kingdom of Mataram (15th century) and the colonialism of the Netherlands (17th century up to the 19th century). The remains of the era of colonialism in Surabaya can still be felt by many colonial buildings surounding in the settlement. This study will explore how the principles of Javanese symmetricity in Kampung Bubutan colonial house, by using descriptive qualitative methods. Can the Javanese symmetricity still become principal in colonial house and survive? The results shows that the symmetricity of fasade became decreased at the last peroide of 19th century, when the NA-Romantiek was popular. Spatial symmetricity at the colonial houses have inconsistancy since the beginning of 19th century until the early 20th century. The main hierarchy of the spatial Javanese House, which are pendopo (verandah), pringgitan (foyer), dalem (living room) and senthong (bedroom), have become inconsistence since the end of 19th century periode

The decasyllable in Portugal

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Barbara Spaggiari
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
New Classification ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Verse Form

We propose a new classification of the Portuguese decasyllable into periods, as well as an overview of the specific features which have, over the centuries, marked the variety of this verse form. We thus distinguish between: the decassílabo trovadoresco (Middle Ages); the decassílabo quatrocentista (15th century); the decassílabo clássico (16th century); the decassílabo romântico (19th century); the decassílabo decadente e simbolista (late 19th and early 20th century). Whether in medieval or modern poetry, the Portuguese decasyllable exhibits an extreme variety of forms, rhythms and scansion patterns, all equally possible and codified in the poetic idiom; so that the only constant distinctive feature of the verse appears to be the compulsory accent on the 10th syllable. Moreover, the massive recourse to hiatus and dieresis, as well as to synaloepha and syneresis, always allows the Portuguese poets to attain the required number of syllables.

scholarly journals Kerajaan Loloda: Melacak Jejak Arkeologi dan Sejarah

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Wuri Handoko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Historical Text ◽  
History Of

A few historical source mention the Kingdom of Loloda as one of the great kingdoms of North Maluku, contemporaneous with the four Islamic kingdoms that developed into sultanates, namely Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Jailolo. However, compared to these powers, the development of Islamic rule in Loloda is not well known through historical sources, and the kingdom is even said to have collapsed in the early 20th century. In this article I discuss the results of research to trace archaeological evidence about the history of the Kingdom of Loloda. Starting with literary sources, I then describe the results of archaeological surveys in the area mentioned in historical text and public information. Archaeological surveys indicate that the center of the Loloda kingdom was located in the Loloda watershed in Loloda Sub-district, Halmahera Barat District. Archaeological research results suggest the Kingdom of Loloda grew from the 15th century and experienced collapse at the time of European colonialism.Kerajaan Loloda dalam teks sumber sejarah yang terbatas, disebut-sebut sebagai salah satu kerajaan besar di Maluku Utara, sezaman dengan empat aliansi kerajaan Islam yang berkembang menjadi kesultanan yakni, Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, dan Jailolo. Namun dibanding keempat kekuasaan Islam itu, Loloda tidak diketahui perkembangannya, bahkan disebut runtuh pada awal abad 20 dan hilang dalam catatan sejarah perkembangan kekuasaan Islam. Penulisan ini berdasar pada hasil penelitian untuk melacak bukti-bukti arkeologi tentang sejarah Kerajaan Loloda. Dimulai dari pengumpulan sumber literatur, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan survei arkeologi di wilayah yang disebut dalam teks sejarah dan informasi masyarakat. Berdasarkan hasil survei arkeologi, diketahui adanya lokasi yang menjadi indikasi pusat kerajaan Loloda di DAS (daerah aliran sungai) Loloda di Kecamatan Loloda Kabupaten Halmahera Barat. Hasil penelitian arkeologi menggambarkan bahwa Kerajaan Loloda  berkembang pada abad 16 dan mengalami keruntuhan sesudahnya ketika kolonialisme bangsa Eropa berkembang di wilayah itu.

scholarly journals Egypt in the Early 20th Century in the Light of Newspaper Essays of Tadeusz Smoleński

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-28
Author(s):  
Leszek Zinkow
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Arab World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Panoramic View ◽  
Daily Newspaper ◽  
British Rule ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up

This paper brings to light the reports and analyses written by Tadeusz Smoleński, a forgotten source on the political history of the Middle East and particularly Egypt, in the first decade of the 20th century. Tadeusz Smoleński (1884–1909), the first Polish Egyptologist, was also a regular correspondent of the Lviv daily newspaper Słowo Polskie [‘The Polish Word’]. In his reports, he outlines a panoramic view of Egypt’s extraordinarily complex political situa­tion, determined by tensions between the European powers, i.e., the rivalry between Britain and France, and between Russia and Germany. Another fac­tor whose growing importance was noted by the Polish observer, is the rise of nationalist and Islamist movements in both Egypt and the Arab world as a whole. This takes place alongside the chronic political instability of the Otto­man Empire. While acknowledging all of the beneficial aspects of British rule (especially under the consulship of Sir Evelyn Baring), Smoleński does not hide his sympathies for Mus????t????afà Kāmil Bāšā, leader of the Egyptian national­ists. In his analysis, Smoleński also hints at some analogies between the situa­tion of the Egyptians and the Poles in their ambitions to set up an independ­ent nation-state.

scholarly journals Water level change of Lake Machang in eastern China during the past 200 years

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Fei
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Water Level Changes ◽  
Annual Water

Abstract. Lake Machang, which occupies an area of approximately 30 km2 in Jining City of eastern China, was a historical reservoir on the Grand Canal existing from early 15th century to early 20th century. The premodern monthly water level observation of Lake Machang commenced in 1814 AD and ended in 1902 AD. The available observation data from the monthly records could cover 75.6 % of the whole study period 1814–1912. Although the water level was seemingly artificially intervened by human activities, monthly and annual water level changes still correlated well with precipitation. That is, climate is still the dominant factor of water level changes on seasonal and annual scales. The flooding of the Yellow River in 1871 AD carried large amount of silt into Lake Machang, which resulted in the rise of lake bed and reclamation initiated by local residents. In particular, after the reclamation activity was officially approved in 1900 AD, Lake Machang was massively reclaimed and eventually dried up in the early 20th century.

Between Local and Colonial Perceptions: The History of Slum Clearances in Lagos (Nigeria), 1924-1960

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liora Bigon
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
British Rule ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Colonial Settlement

AbstractFollowing the establishment of the British rule in Lagos in the mid-19th century, the pre-colonial settlement became most central in West Africa, economically and administratively. Yet, scarce resources at the disposal of the colonial government and its exploitive nature prevented any serious remedy for the increasingly pressing residential needs. This article examines slum clearances in Lagos from the early 20th century until the de-colonization era in Nigeria (the 1950s), from a perspective of cultural history. This perspective reveals the width of the conceptual gaps between the colonizers and the colonized, and the chronic mutual misunderstanding regarding the nature of slums and the appropriate ways to eliminate them. Tracing the indigenous perceptions and reactions concerning slum clearance shows that the colonial situation was far from being an overwhelmingly hegemonic one.

scholarly journals Отражение личностей старообрядца М.И. Чуванова и художника Т.А. Мавриной в их коллекциях иконописи

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-75
Author(s):  
M.A. Vazhkaya
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Graphic Artist ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Private Collections

There are two collections of icons in the Department of Private Collections — the M.I. Chuvanov collection and the T.A. Mavrina collection. Despite the fact that the time of their formation is the 20th century and the subject of the collections is icon, the collections differ significantly: the personalities of the collectors — the old believer and the artist — impacted their collections in full. Mikhail I. Chuvanov was a chairman of the Preobrazhensky congregation of Old Believers, a bibliophile and a palaeographer. The collection includes icons from the middle of the 15th century to the early 20th century. The icons correspond to the canons of the Old Russian icon painting. Tatyana A. Mavrina was a painter, a graphic artist, an illustrator. The collection includes the icons of the 15th – 17th century — the icons of “northern writing”, and the icons of Novgorod and Moscow icon painting. The research includes wonderful samples of icons, which characterize the personalities of the collectors most brightly: M.I. Chuvanov found and saved prayer images for descendants of the icons; T.A. Mavrina with her love to colour collected icons-pictures, icons-tales. В собрании отдела личных коллекций Государственного музея изобразительных искусств им. А.С. Пушкина хранятся две коллекции иконописи: старообрядца М.И. Чуванова и художника Т.А. Мавриной. Несмотря на то, что время их формирования — XX век, а предметом собирания является икона, обе коллекции разные по характеру. Личности старообрядца и художника в полной мере проявились в их собраниях. Михаил Иванович Чуванов — председатель Преображенской старообрядческой общины, библиофил, палеограф. В коллекции представлены иконы середины XV – начала XX века. Татьяна Алексеевна Маврина — живописец, график, иллюстратор. В коллекции собраны иконы XV–XVII веков. В исследовании представлены образцы иконописи, наиболее ярко характеризующие личность собирателя: М.И. Чуванов нашел и сохранил для потомков иконы — молитвенные образы; Т.А. Маврина с ее любовью к цвету собрала иконы — картины, рассказы.

Convergence and Divergence in Bozal Spanish

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Lipski
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
African Languages ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Convergence And Divergence

Afro-Hispanic language is attested from the 15th century to the early 20th century in Spain, Africa, and Latin America. The speech of bozales (slaves born in Africa and speaking Spanish only imperfectly) has frequently been used as evidence for monogenetic theories of Hispanic Creole formation, based on structural parallels and possibly Afro-Portuguese roots. The present study reviews the principal Afro-Hispanic manifestations over a period of more than 300 years, and traces those structures most frequently cited in monogenetic Afro-Iberian theories. The overall conclusion is that, while such cases as Papiamentu, Colombian Palenquero, and 19th century Cuban/Puerto Rican bozal language point to common origins or mutually shared influences, most other Afro-Hispanic language forms suggest merely imperfect learning and incipient pidginiza-tion which arose spontaneously each time Spanish and African languages came into contact.

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