Human Punishment Behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erte Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Monetary Incentive ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
The Third ◽  
People’S Perception ◽  
Retributive Punishment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Punished Behavior

Punishment has been regarded as an important instrument to sustain human cooperation. A great deal of experimental research has been conducted to understand human punishment behavior, in particular, informal peer punishment. What drives individuals to incur cost to punish others? How does punishment influence human behavior? Punishment behavior has been observed when the individual does not expect to meet the wrongdoers again in the future and thus has no monetary incentive to punish. Several reasons for such retributive punishment have been proposed and studied. Punishment can be used to express certain values, attitudes, or emotions. Egalitarianism triggers punishment when the transgression leads to inequality. The norm to punish the wrongdoers may also lead people to incur costs to punish even when it is not what they intrinsically want to do. Individuals sometimes punish wrongdoers even when they are not the victim. The motivation underlying the third-party punishment can be different than the second-party punishment. In addition, restricting the punishment power to a third party can be important to mitigate antisocial punishment when unrestricted second-party peer punishment leads to antisocial punishments and escalating retaliation. It is important to note that punishment does not always promote cooperation. Imposing fines can crowd out intrinsic motivation to cooperate when it changes people’s perception of social interactions from a generous, non-market activity to a market commodity and leads to more selfish profit-maximizing behavior. To avoid the crowding-out effect, it is important to implement the punishment in a way that it sends a clear signal that the punished behavior violates social norms.

scholarly journals Dominance relationships and coalitionary aggression against conspecifics in female carrion crows

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Holtmann ◽  
Julia Buskas ◽  
Matthew Steele ◽  
Kristaps Solokovskis ◽  
Jochen B. W. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Dominant Individual ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Cooperation is a prevailing feature of many animal systems. Coalitionary aggression, where a group of individuals engages in coordinated behaviour to the detriment of conspecific targets, is a form of cooperation involving complex social interactions. To date, evidence has been dominated by studies in humans and other primates with a clear bias towards studies of male-male coalitions. We here characterize coalitionary aggression behaviour in a group of female carrion crows consisting of recruitment, coordinated chase, and attack. The individual of highest social rank liaised with the second most dominant individual to engage in coordinated chase and attack of a lower ranked crow on several occasions. Despite active intervention by the third most highly ranked individual opposing the offenders, the attack finally resulted in the death of the victim. All individuals were unrelated, of the same sex, and naïve to the behaviour excluding kinship, reproduction, and social learning as possible drivers. Instead, the coalition may reflect a strategy of the dominant individual to secure long-term social benefits. Overall, the study provides evidence that members of the crow family engage in coordinated alliances directed against conspecifics as a possible means to manipulate their social environment.

‘Nostrism’: Social Identities in Experimental Games

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Bernhard Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Team Members ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Experimental Games ◽  
The Individual

AbstractIn this paper it is argued that a) altruism is an inadequate label for human cooperative behavior, and b) an adequate account of cooperation has to depart from the standard economic model of human behavior by taking note of the agents’ capacity to see themselves and act as team-members. Contrary to what Fehr et al. seem to think, the main problem of the conceptual limitations of the standard model is not so much the assumption of selfishness but rather the atomistic conception of the individual. A much-neglected question of the theory of cooperation is how the agent's social identity is determined, i.e. how individuals come to think of themselves and act as members of a group. Considering as an example one of Fehr et al.’s third party punishment experiments, I shall argue that the agents' identities (and thus the result of the experiment) are strongly influenced by the way the experiment is presented to the participants, especially by the collectivity-related vocabulary used in the instructions.

scholarly journals KEMANG CRE.ACTIVE : WADAH EDUKASI DAN KREATIVITAS DI KEMANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 781
Author(s):  
Putri Aprillia ◽  
Nina Carina
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Image Method ◽  
Third Place ◽  
The Third ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Housing Complex ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Leisure Facilities

The routine which is carried out between home and the workplace, school or campus every day could trigger stress which caused by the burden of thoughts and workloads. This could also make the individual traits get higher and reduce social interactions because of their respective activities. Therefore, the third place is present as a neutral public space to be able to accommodate the need for social interaction to exchange ideas, release the burden of thoughts and also emphasize the tightness of activities in schools, campus, workplace, etc without feeling awkward for doing interaction among people who have different backgrounds. These problems will be answered through architectural product as a space for education and creativity which is equipped with playing facilities, gatherings, and also leisure facilities to maintain the quality of individual’s life. Kemang, South Jakarta, is selected as the area for designing a third place because Kemang is close to housing complex, office buildings, and schools. In addition, Kemang is also a trajectory for many people who travel from home to workplace, school or campus and vice versa. The program will raise art and sports as the design theme which will be supported by some supporting programs which are still related to the design theme as the answer of the problems and to strengthen the identity of Kemang. Moreover, art and sports are close to third place. This project will be designed by John Zeisel’s re-image method and will be supported by Erica M. Bartels’s transparency theory by giving priority to the permeable as part of the design concept and also paying attention to the existing factors of authenticity. AbstrakRutinitas yang dilakukan antara rumah dan tempat kerja, sekolah atau kampus hampir setiap hari dapat memicu stres dan penat akibat beban pikiran dan juga beban kerja. Hal ini juga dapat menjadikan sifat individualisme semakin tinggi dan berkurangnya interaksi sosial antar individu dikarenakan kesibukan masing – masing. Oleh karena itu, ruang ketiga hadir sebagai ruang publik yang bersifat netral agar mampu mewadahi dan menjawab kebutuhan akan interaksi sosial untuk bertukar pikiran, melepas beban pikiran dan juga stres akibat padatnya aktivitas di sekolah, kampus, tempat kerja, dan lain-lain tanpa merasa canggung untuk berinteraksi meskipun berbeda latar belakang. Permasalahan ini akan dijawab melalui produk arsitektur berupa penciptaan wadah untuk edukasi dan kreativitas yang dilengkapi dengan sarana bermain, berkumpul, dan juga bersantai guna menjaga kualitas hidup individu. Kawasan Kemang, Jakarta Selatan, dipilih sebagai kawasan untuk perancangan ruang ketiga karena Kemang merupakan kawasan yang dekat dengan perumahan, perkantoran, dan sekolah. Selain itu, Kemang juga menjadi lintasan banyak orang bepergian dari rumah ke tempat kerja, sekolah, atau kampus dan sebaliknya. Program akan mengangkat tema seputar seni dan olahraga yang kemudian akan didukung dengan beberapa program penunjang yang masih berkaitan dengan tema tersebut sebagai bentuk jawaban dari permasalahan dan pengangkatan identitas kawasan Kemang. Selain karena hal tersebut, seni dan olahraga juga memiliki keterkaitan yang cukup erat dengan ruang ketiga. Proyek ini akan dirancangan menggunakan metode re-image oleh John Zeisel yang kemudian akan didukung dengan teori transparency oleh Erica M.Bartels dengan mengutamakan sifat mudah ditembus sebagai bagian dari konsep perancangan dan juga memperhatikan faktor kesejaman yang ada.

25. Third Parties

Contract Law ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewan McKendrick
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
The Third ◽  
Simple Mechanism ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Privity Of Contract ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the impact of a contract on third parties. It addresses two main questions: whether or not a third party can acquire any rights under the contract, and whether or not the contract can impose upon him obligations or liabilities. The general rule adopted by English law is that the contract creates rights and imposes obligations only between the parties to the contract: the third party thus neither acquires rights under the contract nor is he subject to liabilities. This general rule is known as the doctrine of privity of contract. The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, however, provides a relatively simple mechanism by which contracting parties can confer upon a third party a right to enforce a term of their contract. The dominant philosophy that underpins the 1999 Act is one of freedom of contract and, this being the case, the success of the Act in practice will depend upon contracting parties themselves. The chapter examines the individual sections of the 1999 Act, the exceptions to the doctrine of privity that existed at common law and under various statutes prior to the enactment of the 1999 Act. The chapter concludes by considering the extent to which a third party can be subject to an obligation by a contract to which he is not a party.

scholarly journals Challenges in Cyber Crime and Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1279-1283
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Computer Crime ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Cyber Crime ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Crucial Information ◽  
Internet Phone ◽  
The Individual

Definition: - Computer crime is an offence or an attack done by the third party or the individual or group of people. It may be done in terms of many possible reasons like to steal some crucial information or data or money and all that possible things that may affect the victim mentally, financially or physically. Resources: - Internet, phone, hardware devices. Effects: - The coders may pollute some sort of codes which termed as viruses in the computers of the country men and may affect the security of the people at a very nominal grade but this is not all, it may also affects the norms and the rules of the organizational companies and may steal their crucial information. These types of people are termed as HACKER in the context of Cyber Security They also have an adverse effect on the economy of the country as the country may not have the proper rules and the cyber experts for securing of data and in that type of country no businessman may invest . Securing yourself: - Actually the computer polluters are the well-known people who have good enough knowledge of their work but we can still get out the attack held on us by using some precaution and using the proper paid and genuine antivirus as an survey has declared that in 58% of pc’s people have viruses due to their unpaid and local antivirus.

scholarly journals PERCEPTIONS OF ALGORITHMIC PROFILING ON FACEBOOK AND THEIR SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelia Tamò Larrieux ◽  
Eduard Fosch Villaronga ◽  
Shruthi Velidi ◽  
Salome Viljoen ◽  
Christoph Lutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
User Perceptions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Internet Firms ◽  
The Social ◽  
People’S Perception

With every digital interaction, individuals are increasingly subject to algorithmic profiling, understood as the systematic and purposeful recording and classification of data related to individuals. Large Internet firms, such as Facebook and Google/Alphabet, as well as third-party data brokers collect and combine detailed personal data to create sophisticated profiles for predictive purposes. Research has started to look into people’s perception and engagement of algorithms, showing that many users are unaware of the existence of algorithms, for example those which curate news feeds, and that a majority feels uncomfortable with algorithmic profiling on Facebook. In our research, we investigate perceptions of algorithmic profiling on Facebook by addressing the following questions: What user narratives of profiling on Facebook exist? What reactions do users have when confronted with Facebook’s inferred profiles? What are the social implications of user perceptions of profiling? Drawing on rich and recent survey data from 292 US-based Facebook users, we identified four overarching themes relating to Facebook's profiling activities: uncertainty, naiveté, realism, and fatalism. While the third theme is the most prevalent, Facebook is perceived as very powerful when it comes to algorithmic profiling. However, when confronted with their own profiles through the "My interests" and "My categories" sections in the Facebook Ad preferences menu, many users indicated surprise at how imprecise or even wrong some of the inferred interests and categories were. We discuss the social implications of our findings with regards social exclusion and social justice.

scholarly journals The concept of values and its importance in the educational process and its behavioral applications from the Islamic perspective”

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahlam Atik Magly Al Selimi
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Value System ◽  
Building Society ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
The Third ◽  
Control Behavior ◽  
The Individual

The study aimed at building a cognitive perception for the values and their characteristics. The study also mentioned some behavioral applications of the value system with the citation of the Quranic verses and the honest Hadiths. The researcher used the descriptive and deductive approaches. The study manipulates the concept of values ​​and its importance in the educational process and its behavioral applications from the Islamic perspective. The study is prepared through three aspects: The first aspect is showing the meaning of values ​​from the Islamic perspective and its trends. The second aspect includes a brief summary about the value system in Islam showing its traits, characteristics and importance The researcher presents in the third aspect some behavioral applications for the value system in Islam with its Islamic rooting, then the conclusion and results The study deduced some findings as: the fact that values play a key role in building human behavior. Moreover, values are important in building society. In addtion there are several trends for values . There are some who believe that values are standards that control behavior, and some others who believe that values are preferences for the individual which he can choose by himself, but the third trend sees values as the needs and the individual motives.

Jealous Aggression: Who is the Target, the Beloved or the Rival?

1993 ◽  
Vol 72 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1071-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene W. Mathes ◽  
Christine Verstraete
Keyword(s):  
College Men ◽  
Romantic Partner ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that when an individual's romantic partner is sexually unfaithful the individual will be more angry with and aggressive toward the partner than the third party. 40 college men and women participated in this study. Each subject rated how angry and aggressive he or she would be toward him- or herself, the partner, and the third party if the partner were unfaithful. Intensity of love, degree of commitment, and mode of anger/aggression expression were also investigated. Support was found for the hypothesis.

25. Third Parties

Contract Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 929-1012
Author(s):  
Ewan McKendrick
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
The Third ◽  
Simple Mechanism ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Privity Of Contract ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the impact of a contract on third parties. It addresses two main questions: whether or not a third party can acquire any rights under the contract, and whether or not the contract can impose upon him obligations or liabilities. The general rule adopted by English law is that the contract creates rights and imposes obligations only between the parties to the contract: the third party thus neither acquires rights under the contract nor is he subject to liabilities. This general rule is known as the doctrine of privity of contract. The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, however, provides a relatively simple mechanism by which contracting parties can confer upon a third party a right to enforce a term of their contract. The dominant philosophy that underpins the 1999 Act is one of freedom of contract and, this being the case, the success of the Act in practice will depend upon contracting parties themselves. The chapter examines the individual sections of the 1999 Act, the exceptions to the doctrine of privity that existed at common law and under various statutes prior to the enactment of the 1999 Act. The chapter concludes by considering the extent to which a third party can be subject to an obligation by a contract to which he is not a party.

Combining Values

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-4, 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Common Error ◽  
The Third ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
Impairment Ratings ◽  
Upper Extremity Impairment ◽  
The Individual

Abstract To account for the effects of multiple impairments, evaluating physicians must provide a summary value that combines multiple impairments so the whole person impairment is equal to or less than the sum of all the individual impairment values. A common error is to add values that should be combined and typically results in an inflated rating. The Combined Values Chart in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Fifth Edition, includes instructions that guide physicians about combining impairment ratings. For example, impairment values within a region generally are combined and converted to a whole person permanent impairment before combination with the results from other regions (exceptions include certain impairments of the spine and extremities). When they combine three or more values, physicians should select and combine the two lowest values; this value is combined with the third value to yield the total value. Upper extremity impairment ratings are combined based on the principle that a second and each succeeding impairment applies not to the whole unit (eg, whole finger) but only to the part that remains (eg, proximal phalanx). Physicians who combine lower extremity impairments usually use only one evaluation method, but, if more than one method is used, the physician should use the Combined Values Chart.

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