scholarly journals Dominance relationships and coalitionary aggression against conspecifics in female carrion crows

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Holtmann ◽  
Julia Buskas ◽  
Matthew Steele ◽  
Kristaps Solokovskis ◽  
Jochen B. W. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Dominant Individual ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Cooperation is a prevailing feature of many animal systems. Coalitionary aggression, where a group of individuals engages in coordinated behaviour to the detriment of conspecific targets, is a form of cooperation involving complex social interactions. To date, evidence has been dominated by studies in humans and other primates with a clear bias towards studies of male-male coalitions. We here characterize coalitionary aggression behaviour in a group of female carrion crows consisting of recruitment, coordinated chase, and attack. The individual of highest social rank liaised with the second most dominant individual to engage in coordinated chase and attack of a lower ranked crow on several occasions. Despite active intervention by the third most highly ranked individual opposing the offenders, the attack finally resulted in the death of the victim. All individuals were unrelated, of the same sex, and naïve to the behaviour excluding kinship, reproduction, and social learning as possible drivers. Instead, the coalition may reflect a strategy of the dominant individual to secure long-term social benefits. Overall, the study provides evidence that members of the crow family engage in coordinated alliances directed against conspecifics as a possible means to manipulate their social environment.

scholarly journals LMT USV Toolbox, a Novel Methodological Approach to Place Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Their Behavioral Contexts—A Study in Female and Male C57BL/6J Mice and in Shank3 Mutant Females

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice de Chaumont ◽  
Nathalie Lemière ◽  
Sabrina Coqueran ◽  
Thomas Bourgeron ◽  
Elodie Ey
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Ultrasonic Vocalizations ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Phenotypic Marker ◽  
Require Time ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
High Level

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are used as a phenotypic marker in mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, current methodologies still require time-consuming manual input or sound recordings clean of any background noise. We developed a method to overcome these two restraints to boost knowledge on mouse USVs. The methods are freely available and the USV analysis runs online at https://usv.pasteur.cloud. As little is currently known about usage and structure of ultrasonic vocalizations during social interactions over the long-term and in unconstrained context, we investigated mouse spontaneous communication by coupling the analysis of USVs with automatic labeling of behaviors. We continuously recorded during 3 days undisturbed interactions of same-sex pairs of C57BL/6J sexually naive males and females at 5 weeks and 3 and 7 months of age. In same-sex interactions, we observed robust differences between males and females in the amount of USVs produced, in the acoustic structure and in the contexts of emission. The context-specific acoustic variations emerged with increasing age. The emission of USVs also reflected a high level of excitement during social interactions. We finally highlighted the importance of studying long-term spontaneous communication by investigating female mice lacking Shank3, a synaptic protein associated with autism. While the previous short-time constrained investigations could not detect USV emission abnormalities, our analysis revealed robust differences in the usage and structure of the USVs emitted by mutant mice compared to wild-type female pairs.

scholarly journals KEMANG CRE.ACTIVE : WADAH EDUKASI DAN KREATIVITAS DI KEMANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 781
Author(s):  
Putri Aprillia ◽  
Nina Carina
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Image Method ◽  
Third Place ◽  
The Third ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Housing Complex ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Leisure Facilities

The routine which is carried out between home and the workplace, school or campus every day could trigger stress which caused by the burden of thoughts and workloads. This could also make the individual traits get higher and reduce social interactions because of their respective activities. Therefore, the third place is present as a neutral public space to be able to accommodate the need for social interaction to exchange ideas, release the burden of thoughts and also emphasize the tightness of activities in schools, campus, workplace, etc without feeling awkward for doing interaction among people who have different backgrounds. These problems will be answered through architectural product as a space for education and creativity which is equipped with playing facilities, gatherings, and also leisure facilities to maintain the quality of individual’s life. Kemang, South Jakarta, is selected as the area for designing a third place because Kemang is close to housing complex, office buildings, and schools. In addition, Kemang is also a trajectory for many people who travel from home to workplace, school or campus and vice versa. The program will raise art and sports as the design theme which will be supported by some supporting programs which are still related to the design theme as the answer of the problems and to strengthen the identity of Kemang. Moreover, art and sports are close to third place. This project will be designed by John Zeisel’s re-image method and will be supported by Erica M. Bartels’s transparency theory by giving priority to the permeable as part of the design concept and also paying attention to the existing factors of authenticity. AbstrakRutinitas yang dilakukan antara rumah dan tempat kerja, sekolah atau kampus hampir setiap hari dapat memicu stres dan penat akibat beban pikiran dan juga beban kerja. Hal ini juga dapat menjadikan sifat individualisme semakin tinggi dan berkurangnya interaksi sosial antar individu dikarenakan kesibukan masing – masing. Oleh karena itu, ruang ketiga hadir sebagai ruang publik yang bersifat netral agar mampu mewadahi dan menjawab kebutuhan akan interaksi sosial untuk bertukar pikiran, melepas beban pikiran dan juga stres akibat padatnya aktivitas di sekolah, kampus, tempat kerja, dan lain-lain tanpa merasa canggung untuk berinteraksi meskipun berbeda latar belakang. Permasalahan ini akan dijawab melalui produk arsitektur berupa penciptaan wadah untuk edukasi dan kreativitas yang dilengkapi dengan sarana bermain, berkumpul, dan juga bersantai guna menjaga kualitas hidup individu. Kawasan Kemang, Jakarta Selatan, dipilih sebagai kawasan untuk perancangan ruang ketiga karena Kemang merupakan kawasan yang dekat dengan perumahan, perkantoran, dan sekolah. Selain itu, Kemang juga menjadi lintasan banyak orang bepergian dari rumah ke tempat kerja, sekolah, atau kampus dan sebaliknya. Program akan mengangkat tema seputar seni dan olahraga yang kemudian akan didukung dengan beberapa program penunjang yang masih berkaitan dengan tema tersebut sebagai bentuk jawaban dari permasalahan dan pengangkatan identitas kawasan Kemang. Selain karena hal tersebut, seni dan olahraga juga memiliki keterkaitan yang cukup erat dengan ruang ketiga. Proyek ini akan dirancangan menggunakan metode re-image oleh John Zeisel yang kemudian akan didukung dengan teori transparency oleh Erica M.Bartels dengan mengutamakan sifat mudah ditembus sebagai bagian dari konsep perancangan dan juga memperhatikan faktor kesejaman yang ada.

scholarly journals River as a flow of commodities: The reasoning behind the third Danube regulation in Bratislava by Enea Grazioso Lanfranconi

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Monika Bočková
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract The channel of most of the rivers is the result of long-term human endeavour to modify their shape. This paper focuses on the flow of commodities juxtaposed with the physical water flow of the river that has served over centuries as one of the main means of goods transport. The topic is closely observed on the example of the Danube regulation in Bratislava at the end of the nineteenth century and the transformation of the river into a canal. The reasons for the individual interventions in the natural riverbed differed. The third regulation (1886 - 1896) was meant to add the missing part of the canal on the route between the North and Black Seas, which would be fully adapted for freight transport by steamer. The 19th century has introduced a new paradigm to city planning. In the belief in technical innovation, the planning process was undertaken by engineers. The paper places in confrontation the oeuvre of two engineers, Charles-Joseph Minard and Enea Grazioso Lanfranconi. While the former, a French civil engineer, brought a unique way of visualizing the flow of goods between territories based on statistical data, the latter, a Hungarian hydraulic engineer, is the author of the third regulation of the Danube in the section between Devín (Theben) and Gönyű (Gönyö). For the purpose of the paper, the original theoretical work of Enea Grazioso Lanfranconi was translated and analysed. Selected data from Lanfranconi’s work was interpreted visually.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Peter O. Dunn ◽  
Anders Pape Møller
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
The Individual

Climate change is considered the largest environmental problem of this century, and birds have been a bellwether of the impacts of climate change on animals because their behaviour and population changes have been documented for decades. Since the first edition of this book the increase in studies of the effects of climate change on birds has been exponential, making it difficult for researchers to stay abreast of developments in the field. In this second edition we enlisted leaders in the field to provide up-to-date summaries of the latest advances in their field. The book consists of four sections. In the first section, there is a general introduction to climate and climate change. In the second section, five chapters provide an introduction to methods and data sources for studying climate change and its effects. In the third section, we have chapters that focus on the individual and population consequences of climate change, ranging from changes in physiology and behaviour to shifts in distribution and abundance and long-term evolutionary changes. In the fourth and last section, the chapters focus on interspecific effects of climate change, some of the conservation challenges we face, and a review of how the effects on birds are linked to other taxa. We end with a chapter reviewing future research trends and challenges.

Human Punishment Behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erte Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Monetary Incentive ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
The Third ◽  
People’S Perception ◽  
Retributive Punishment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Punished Behavior

Punishment has been regarded as an important instrument to sustain human cooperation. A great deal of experimental research has been conducted to understand human punishment behavior, in particular, informal peer punishment. What drives individuals to incur cost to punish others? How does punishment influence human behavior? Punishment behavior has been observed when the individual does not expect to meet the wrongdoers again in the future and thus has no monetary incentive to punish. Several reasons for such retributive punishment have been proposed and studied. Punishment can be used to express certain values, attitudes, or emotions. Egalitarianism triggers punishment when the transgression leads to inequality. The norm to punish the wrongdoers may also lead people to incur costs to punish even when it is not what they intrinsically want to do. Individuals sometimes punish wrongdoers even when they are not the victim. The motivation underlying the third-party punishment can be different than the second-party punishment. In addition, restricting the punishment power to a third party can be important to mitigate antisocial punishment when unrestricted second-party peer punishment leads to antisocial punishments and escalating retaliation. It is important to note that punishment does not always promote cooperation. Imposing fines can crowd out intrinsic motivation to cooperate when it changes people’s perception of social interactions from a generous, non-market activity to a market commodity and leads to more selfish profit-maximizing behavior. To avoid the crowding-out effect, it is important to implement the punishment in a way that it sends a clear signal that the punished behavior violates social norms.

Affiliation, dominance and friendship among companion dogs

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 693-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca K. Trisko ◽  
Aaron A. Sandel ◽  
Barbara Smuts
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Dyadic Relationships ◽  
Dominance Relationship ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Companion Dogs ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Over Time

Dog social behaviour has been well studied, but little is known about affiliative relationships between dogs. We report a yearlong study of dominance and affiliation in 24 dogs at a dog daycare facility and provide additional details on dog relationships through long-term observations of pairs of dogs who lived together in the same household or met frequently for years. Companion dogs formed highly differentiated relationships with one another. At daycare, some dyads affiliated and displayed one-way submission (formal dominance), others affiliated without a dominance relationship (egalitarian), and the majority of dyads did not affiliate at all (agonistic or non-interactive). The dogs in household environments showed formal and egalitarian relationships, and two dyads exchanged two-way agonism without submission (unresolved). Sex influenced the types of relationships dogs formed, with mixed sex dyads more likely to affiliate and less likely to exhibit dominance than same-sex pairs. Dominance influenced the nature of affiliation in relationships; egalitarian dyads were more likely to play and showed more equitable gentle affiliation. Gentle affiliation was reciprocal in the group as a whole, but it was highly skewed in many dyads, especially those with dominance relationships. Gentle affiliation was usually, but not always, directed up the hierarchy. Certain dyads affiliated at much higher rates than others, indicating that the dogs formed friendships. Most friends were mixed sex and/or egalitarian pairs, but friendships occurred in all of the sex class/dominance combinations. Long-term observations demonstrated how dyadic relationships can change over time. Such highly differentiated relationships suggest significant social complexity in dogs.

scholarly journals The effect of spatial configuration on social interaction: a syntactic evaluation of a faculty building

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
Suheyla Buyuksahin Siramkaya ◽  
Dicle Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Human Needs

The properties of physical environment affect the psychological processes of the individuals and groups using that environment and their socialization with their environment. Every physical environment includes the existence of a social environment and every social environment includes the existence of a physical environment; because socialization is one of the basic human needs. The fulfillment of this basic requirement is possible when the spaces are designed in a way to have properties giving opportunities to social interaction. Among education spaces faculty buildings are social environments giving opportunity to young people to socialize, share interests, have relation with each other, develop the relationship within groups and belonging feelings. Social behaviors, social interactions and gathering areas of students in faculty buildings are important issues from the point of architectural programming and architectural design performance. This study is depended on the evaluation of social environments in faculty buildings considering the students’ social interactions upon the selected faculty building. In the scope of this evaluation long term observations directed at the determination of students social interactions and gathering areas will be done, the plan of the building will be analyzed through Syntax 2D and as a result the effect of the spatial configuration on social interaction will be evaluated. Keywords: Space syntax, environment-human behaviour, spatial configuration, social interaction, faculty buildings.    

First photographic record of albinism in Baiomys taylori (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

Mammalia ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari A. Rice ◽  
Madison T. Nadler ◽  
Isaac T. Grosner ◽  
Moed Gerveni ◽  
Logan K. Parr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Early Sign ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Photographic Record ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
The Third ◽  
Photographic Evidence ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Cases of albinism have been reported in less than 2% of living rodent species. Here, we report the first description of complete albinism in Baiomys taylori along with photographic evidence. This adult female was captured on three occasions as part of a long-term small mammal study on rangelands of extreme southern Texas. The individual was developing teats upon the third capture, an early sign of pregnancy. Despite selective pressures against albino phenotypes, this animal was able to survive to adulthood and potentially pass its albino alleles to offspring.

scholarly journals Manipulating the appearance of a badge of status causes changes in true badge expression

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1775) ◽  
pp. 20132680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody J. Dey ◽  
James Dale ◽  
James S. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Dynamic Feedback ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Status Signalling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Status Signals ◽  
Status Signal ◽  
The Individual

Signals of dominance and fighting ability (i.e. status signals) are found in a wide range of taxa and are used to settle disputes between competitive rivals. Most previous research has considered status-signal phenotype as an attribute of the individual; however, it is more likely that signal expression is an emergent property that also incorporates aspects of the social environment. Furthermore, because an individual's signal phenotype is likely to influence its social interactions, the relationships between status signals, social environment and individual quality are probably much more complex than previously appreciated. Here, we explore the dynamic relationship between social interactions and signal expression in a previously undescribed status signal, the frontal shield of the pukeko ( Porphyrio porphyrio melanotus : Aves). We demonstrate that frontal shield size is a strong predictor of dominance status within social groups, even after controlling for potentially confounding variables. Then, we evaluate the relationship between social interactions and signal expression by testing whether manipulating apparent shield size influences (i) dominance interactions and (ii) future signal expression. By showing that decreasing apparent shield size causes both an increase in the amount of aggression received and a decrease in an individual's true shield size, we provide the first evidence of dynamic feedback between signal expression and social interactions. Our study provides important insight into the role of receiver-dependent (i.e. social) costs in maintaining signal honesty and demonstrates a unique approach to studying status signalling applicable to future studies on dynamic morphological signals.

scholarly journals Death happy: adaptive ageing and its evolution by kin selection in organisms with colonial ecology

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1823) ◽  
pp. 20190730
Author(s):  
Evgeniy R. Galimov ◽  
David Gems
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Computer Modelling ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Selected Traits ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Viscous Populations

Standard evolutionary theory, supported by mathematical modelling of outbred, dispersed populations predicts that ageing is not an adaptation. We recently argued that in clonal, viscous populations, programmed organismal death could promote fitness through social benefits and has, in some organisms (e.g. Caenorhabditis elegans ), evolved to shorten lifespan. Here, we review previous adaptive death theory, including consumer sacrifice, biomass sacrifice and defensive sacrifice types of altruistic adaptive death. In addition, we discuss possible adaptive death in certain semelparous fish, coevolution of reproductive and adaptive death, and adaptive reproductive senescence in C. elegans . We also describe findings from recent tests for the existence of adaptive death in C. elegans using computer modelling. Such models have provided new insights into how trade-offs between fitness at the individual and colony levels mean that senescent changes can be selected traits. Exploring further the relationship between adaptive death and social interactions, we consider examples where adaptive death results more from action of kin than from self-destructive mechanisms and, to describe this, introduce the term adaptive killing of kin. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?’

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