Peacemaking, Peacekeeping, and Peacebuilding

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Reychler
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Conflict Prevention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Official Discourse ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Made In

Peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding have generated considerable interest in the areas of education, research, and politics. This can be attributed in part to the growing recognition that there are limits to violence and that proactive violence prevention is more cost-effective than reactive conflict prevention. Peacebuilding became part of the official discourse when the United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali introduced the concept of post-conflict peacebuilding in the Agenda for Peace. The agenda specified four areas of action relating to preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding. Two important documents have helped bring peacebuilding to the mainstream: the 2000 Brahimi Report, a response to the failures of complex UN peacekeeping in the 1990s, and In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights, which led to the establishment of the Peacebuilding Commission. Conflict prevention and peacebuilding have also been mainstreamed in the European Union and in most of the foreign offices of the member states. A central focus of studies on peacebuilding is the interrelationships between peacemaking, political change, development, peacekeeping, and reconciliation. Despite the progress made in terms of research, there are a number of gaps and challenges that still need to be addressed. Many analysts, for example, leave the end state vague and implicit and make no systematic differentiation between different types of peace. With respect to context, two salient issues require more attention: the qualities of a peacebuilder and the role of integrative power. The widest research gap is found in the planning of the peacebuilding process.

The promotion of security sector reform strategies: Comparing the roles of the European Union and Canada

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Vandemoorteele
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Security Sector Reform ◽  
Security Sector ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Common Policy

This article analyzes the role of the European Union (EU) and Canada in the promotion of Security Sector Reforms (SSR) activities in two regional organizations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The concept of SSR seeks to address the effective governance of security in post-conflict environment by transforming the security institutions within a country in order for them to have more efficient, legitimate and democratic role in implementing security. Recent debates within the EU have led to the adoption of an SSR concept from the Council and a new strategy from the European Commission on the SSR activities. Within the framework of the ESDP, the EU has positioned itself as a leading actor, in this domain, including in its crisis management operations. On the other hand, Canada, through its whole-of government and human security programs has also been an important actor in the promotion of SSR activities. Yet, even though several international organizations (including the United Nations, the OSCE and NATO) are effectively doing SSR activities on the ground, there does not exist a common framework within any of these organizations despite the role of the EU and Canada. As such, it is surprising to found no global common policy for SSR while this approach is precisely holistic in its foundations. Taking these elements into consideration, this paper analyzes two specific aspects : a) the absence of a common policy framework within international organizations and b) the major differences between the approaches of the OSCE and NATO in the domain of SSR and the implications for the EU and Canada’ roles.   Full extt available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v3i2.186

Narratives of Queer Migration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gray ◽  
Mike Baynham
Keyword(s):  
The European Union ◽  
Spatial Mobility ◽  
Class Politics ◽  
Depth Migration ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Global North ◽  
Economic Necessity ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

This chapter considers the phenomenon of queer migration from a linguistic perspective, paying particular attention to the constitutive role of spatial mobility in narrative and its role in the construction of queer migrant identities. The chapter begins by looking at the way in which queer migration has been discussed in the literature and then moves on to address three different types of queer migration in greater depth: migration within national borders from the village/countryside to the city; migration between cities in member states within the context of the European Union; and finally, asylum-seeking within the context of migration from the Global South to the Global North. The chapter concludes by suggesting that queer migration is a complex phenomenon in which the intersection of sexuality, gender identity, desire, affect, abjection, economic necessity, class, politics, and fear for one’s life combine in ways that are unique in the lives of individual migrants.

Navigating the Complexity of HIV/AIDS in African Peacekeeping Missions: Challenges and Prospects

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 361-384
Author(s):  
Ayodele Akenroye
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Peacekeeping Missions ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Hiv Aids

The end of the Cold War witnessed the resurgence of ethnic conflicts in Africa, which necessitated the deployment of peacekeeping missions in many crisis contexts. The risk of HIV transmission increases in post-conflict environments where peacekeepers are at risk of contracting and spreading HIV/AIDS. In response, UN Security Council Resolution 1308 (2000) stressed the need for the UN to incorporate HIV/AIDS prevention awareness skills and advice in its training for peacekeepers. However, troops in peacekeeping missions remain under national command, thus limiting the UN prerogatives. This article discusses the risk of peacekeepers contracting or transmitting HIV/AIDS, as well as the role of peacekeeping missions in controlling the spread of the disease, and offers an account of the steps taken within UN peacekeeping missions and African regional peacekeeping initiatives to tackle the challenges of HIV/AIDS. While HIV/AIDS remains a scourge that could weaken peacekeeping in Africa, it seems that inertia has set in, making it even more difficult to tackle the complexity of this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Hybridizing UN Peace Operations: The Role of the European Union and Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine St-Pierre
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Peace Operations ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
Peacekeeping Missions

The prevalence of hybrid peacekeeping missions on the international stage underscores the increasing flexibility with which the UN can meet the peacekeeping demand. This flexibility results from the growing number of actors that the UN can rely on, allowing in turn for more diverse responses to conflict. However, current confusion surrounding hybrid missions points to the need to further clarify the role of regional actors in hybrid missions and elaborate on the implication of these missions for UN peacekeeping. This paper thus discusses the importance of hybrid missions in peace operations by examining the current nature of European Union (EU) and Canadian contributions to peace operations, and by analysing the implications of these contributions for hybrid missions and UN peacekeeping in general.

Made in Sweden: The translation of a European evaluation approach

Evaluation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-206
Author(s):  
Kettil Nordesjö
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Participatory Evaluation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Institutional Entrepreneurs ◽  
Evaluation Approach ◽  
Evaluation Approaches ◽  
Ongoing Evaluation ◽  
Made In

To understand how evaluation approaches change between contexts, they need to be studied in relation to their social, cultural, organizational and political contexts. The aim of the article is to describe and analyse how the European Union evaluation approach, ongoing evaluation, was translated in Swedish public administration. A case study shows how institutional entrepreneurs promote their evaluation norms of participatory evaluation and attach evaluation to a less dominant governance logic in the Swedish evaluation field. This raises questions about the role of the evaluator, evaluation terminology, and the unclear and weak borders of the evaluation field where evaluation approaches can be launched and translated with relative ease.

Role of Microorganisms in Bioremediation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-176
Author(s):  
Komal Aslam ◽  
Hafiza Iqra Saeed ◽  
Jessica Alyas ◽  
Aysha Saeed ◽  
Tanveer Majeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Contaminants ◽  
Optimal Functioning ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Living Organisms

Bioremediation involves the use of natural microorganisms for the purpose ofdegrading numerous types of industrial and environmental waste. Microorganismsrequire carbon, nutrients, and energy to live and multiply as all living organisms do. Inorder to obtain energy, such microorganisms break down organic pollutants into simplerorganic compounds like carbon, salts, water, and similar harmless products. Thisapproach of degrading contaminants using microorganisms has proved much beneficialand has been proven to be cost-effective and efficient. There are a lot of naturally occurringmicroorganisms that have been reported essential in the degradation of organic pollutants.Different industries use different types of bioremediation methods. Specificenvironmental conditions may be required for optimal functioning of microbes e.g., pH,temperature, humidity, etc. Bioremediation has been proven as an environment-friendlyand cost-effective approach to deal with industrial contaminants. Descriptive informationof microbes involved in bioremediation has been explained in this review.

How Conditional Amnesties Can Assist Transitional Societies in Delivering on the Right to the Truth

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Julian Sarkin
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Transitional Justice ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Transitional Societies ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Right ◽  
Legal Consequences ◽  
Made In

This article explores how conditional amnesties can assist post-conflict societies to recover truth. It examines how such amnesties can be used optimally to achieve the best results as part of transitional justice mechanisms. Thus, a central question is to see how amnesties can be used for truth recovery purposes. For that reason, the status and role of amnesties, and whether such amnesties can be used to learn more about the past and assist in truth recovery is explored. The article explores what amnesties are, how prevalent they are and how amnesties can be used optimally to achieve the best results. An issue that is also explored is whether amnesties are needed for perpetrators to participate in transitional justice mechanisms. The argument that is made, in this regard, is that amnesty is absolutely necessary to persuade perpetrators to testify. If they do not have such legal protection, perpetrators fear the legal consequences that may result if they admit to crimes for which they have not been charged. Another question that is examined concerns whether amnesties, and specifically conditional amnesties, pass international law muster. This article therefore investigates the continual and extensive use of amnesty to determine whether a conditional amnesty violates international law. The article suggests how a conditional amnesty process could be structured and what difficulties such a process should avoid if perpetrators are to enter such a process.

scholarly journals The role of the agricultural sector in the legal system of national reductions of air pollution in the European Union under Directive 2016/2284 NEC

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
Justyna Goździewicz-Biechońska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Right ◽  
Nitrates Directive

The aim of the article is to define the role of the agricultural sector in the legal systems of national emissions ceilings in the European Union, and in particular the requirements of the amended legal basis in this respect – Directive No 2016/2284 of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC. This law, in addition to the Nitrates Directive, is currently one of the most important regulations of EU law on protection against environmental pollution from agricultural sources. Among the pollutants covered by the reduction obligation under Directive 2016/2284 NEC, ammonia is the most critical pollutant of agricultural origin, hence the crucial importance for agriculture of the measures aimed at reducing emissions of this substance. These measures are mainly of an optional nature and it is up to the Member States to determine how to achieve the national reduction target. It is therefore necessary to design the right mix of measures and match them with the different types of agricultural activities when developing relevant national strategies. It is also necessary to combine them with other regulations, in particular on industrial emissions and water protection, and to address the issues of nitrogen circle in a systemic manner, not only at farm level but also throughout the entire food chain.

scholarly journals Mediation Practices in Post-Conflict Situation in Nepal: The Way Forward

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-301
Author(s):  
Sambid Bilas Pant
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Conflict Situation ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Community Mediation ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Sustainable Peace ◽  
Peace Settlement ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Made In

This paper aims to critically examine the increasing role of community mediation in the post-conflict situation in Nepal. The practice of community mediation at the professional level is in a preliminary stage in Nepal. Regardingthe peace settlement process and the state of community mediation in different countries, various efforts have been made in Nepal regarding community mediation. The country is gradually advancing towards community mediation practices in ensuring access to justice. Community mediation has been practiced for resolving disputes or conflict through the judicial committees (JCs) formed under the local government. The practices of conflicts or disputes resolution through community mediation have begun in Nepal at the individual or family level, school or community level, or at workplace. It is, therefore, vital to prevent the recurrence of conflicts or disputes through community mediation to ensure sustainable peace. Various efforts have been made to build the capacity of individuals and agencies to settle disputes and to ensure mutual trust and cooperation in Nepal. In the changing context, confronting COVID 19, building awareness, providing education and training to the mediators for community mediation is vital to execute JC practice in Nepal. Community mediation as an important aspect in ensuring sustainable peace in the spirit of the local government act is, therefore, very essential in Nepal.

scholarly journals La transposición de la Directiva de Procedimientos de Asilo y la efectividad coercitiva de las decisiones de infracción de la Comisión Europea

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Borja Fernández Burgueño
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Community Law ◽  
Made In

En este trabajo se estudia el nivel de transposición de la Directiva de Procedimientos de Asilo, centrándose en el papel de la Comisión Europea como órgano supervisor de la implantación del Derecho de la Unión Europea (UE) en los Estados Miembros. En concreto, se analizará el estado de tramitación de los procedimientos de infracción a los Estados miembros incoados por la Comisión Europea por incumplir con sus obligaciones de transposición, llegando a las siguientes conclusiones: (i) los progresos en los procedimientos de infracción han sido mínimos y muchos de ellos han quedado congelados en fases intermedias; (ii) la inactividad de la Comisión Europea equivale de facto a un consentimiento implícito para que los Estados infractores continúen con sus prácticas contrarias al derecho de la UE; y (iii) resulta necesario un papel más activo de la Comisión Europea. This paper studies the record on transposition of the Asylum Procedures Directive, focusing on the role of the European Commission as the monitoring body of the implementation of the European Union (EU) Law among Member States. In particular, it will be analysed the current status of the infringement proceedings brought by the Commission to State Members for failing to comply with their transposition obligations, finding that: (i) the progress made in the infringement proceedings has been marginal and many proceedings have been put on ice at intermediate stages; (ii) the Commission’s inactivity amount to an implied consent for the infringing Member States to continue with their practices contrary to Community law; and (iii) a more active role of the European Commission is needed.

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