Women, Gender, and Contemporary Armed Conflict

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Judith Butler ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The Many

More than twenty years ago, feminist scholars began challenging conventional approaches to the study of war that they accused of being gender blind and excluding women’s involvement and experience of conflict. This feminist critique was articulated by Cynthia Enloe in her question “Where are the women?” in reference to the study of conflicts. Since then, numerous scholars have produced works that not only include women in existing accounts of war but also offer radical alternative approaches to the study of war. This body of feminist scholarship has sought to deconstruct and challenge three foundations of mainstream scholarship on armed conflict: equating gender with women or women’s issues; conflating women and children together as victims of war; and narrowly defining war as a masculine, public activity with a clear time frame. Feminist scholars such as Judith Butler theorized the concepts of gender and sex in order to complicate feminism beyond “women’s studies.” Despite these inroads into the way conflict is conceptualized and researched, mainstream approaches to the study of war in the past decade remain resistant to systematic and comprehensive considerations of gender. Recent scholarship presents a broader picture of women’s relationship to international conflicts. Feminist scholars demonstrate women’s multiple roles within, and impacts on, war; disrupt stereotypes and gendered norms associated with “women’s place” during war; and highlight some of the many different ways that women—as soldiers, rebels, and as perpetrators of violence—perform in, and influence war.

Theory across time: the privileging of time-less theory in international relations

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 464-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Invariant Theory ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Deep Level ◽  
Theory Construction ◽  
Clock Time ◽  
Spatiotemporal Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Time Invariant

How does the understanding of time and temporality in international relations (IR) shape the study of international politics? IR is centrally concerned with the study of issues such as armed conflict, but wars are events – a series of occurrences that only come into being through their relationship across time. The concept of time at work in the understanding of this event thus plays an inextricable role in the scholarship produced. IR shares an understanding of time that pervades (traditional) social science and is based on the Western notion of clock-time. This conception of time encourages a spatiotemporal model of the past that epistemologically privileges temporal understandings that value generalizable, time-invariant theory and discount temporal fluidity and context. These temporal commitments operate at a deep level, informing and shaping theory construction in important ways and de-emphasizing alternative approaches that may more accurately reflect the contingency of international events, discontinuities in political practice, and the radical shifts in international structures, which are often most in need of scholarly analysis. This article concludes that by treating temporality as a stand-alone issue, IR can better model and predict international political practices.

scholarly journals Oude waarheden - Over de terugkeer van de klassieke oudheid in de verlichtingshistoriografie

2014 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-246
Author(s):  
Wyger R.E. Velema
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
The Many

Since the publication of Peter Gay’s The Enlightenment: An Interpretation, scholarly interest in the classical presence in Enlightenment culture has waned. Over the past decade, however, this topic has returned to center stage. This review article discusses the ways in which recent research has contributed to the rediscovery of the classical past in the Enlightenment. It starts with an evaluation of the current reinterpretation of the Querelle des anciens et des modernes, continues with an overview of recent scholarship on the various intellectual and institutional environments in which knowledge of the classical past was acquired and transmitted, and ends with a discussion of the crucial role of the ancient world in eighteenth-century historiography and political thought. In its conclusion the article draws attention to the many ways in which recent scholarship on the eighteenth-century reception of the classics has broken new ground. It also argues that the ‘classical turn in Enlightenment studies’ is still unjustifiably neglected in general interpretations of the Enlightenment.

scholarly journals Investigating the adverse consequences of armed conflict on the socio-economic status of women

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Mohammad Khalid Habibi
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Status Of Women

Conflict is an open clash between two opposing individuals, groups, organizations, ethnics and states. In conflict times, the violence against women assumes the form of savagery, soldiers, militias, or gunmen from both sides ravage women and rape them and the law comes to a standstill and there is no punishment for crime. But the important question is why women are violated and harassed during conflict time? It is estimated that millions of people around the world have lost their lives in various wars over the past century. Although men and women go through similar experiences and traumas in the midst of these conflicts, the type of death is often different. In times of war, all men and women are forced to leave their homes and livelihoods, are injured or lose their lives and find it difficult to make a living during, and even after the conflict. But during regional wars, the fate of women is often disproportionately affected by the conflict between the groups involved, and the experience of women and children in these periods is fundamentally different from that of men.

scholarly journals Towards Community Collections Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Smith ◽  
Steen Dupont ◽  
Matt Woodburn
Keyword(s):  
Business Processes ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
System Specification ◽  
Collections Management ◽  
History Museum ◽  
The Past ◽  
Organisational Capacity ◽  
Scientific Mission ◽  
The Many

Collections Management Systems (CMS) are central to the operation of many natural science collections. Over the past few decades, these have evolved from simple tables and databases recording the contents of our collections, to take on multiple roles supporting complex business processes and information management needs within our organisations. These new functional demands have often outpaced the technical development of these systems and organisational capacity to sustain them. Furthermore, their contents essentially remain institutional silos, managed and controlled by single institutions, despite servicing data and a scientific mission that is shared across the global community. The Natural History Museum, London (NHM) has recently embarked on a journey, working with peer institutions and external consultants, to develop a platform-agnostic set of requirements for a sustainable, scalable and interoperable CMS. The vision of a highly efficient, more flexible and connected solution that can engage with other collections-based organisations and stakeholders is not unique to the NHM, and working with others, including the developers of other CMS, we seek to generate a better understanding of shared collection management business processes, data and data models. To achieve these goals, a dedicated year-long programme has been formed to address the many facets of a collections management system specification (requirements, processes, standards, models and compliance), and to engage the landscape of internal and external peers, stakeholders and CMS providers. In this presentation, we will provide some background to explain how the NHM has arrived in its current position and discuss our vision for building on the discussion around existing standards, interoperability and data access. We will summarise the programme’s structure and plans, report on the progress of the first few months, and highlight any challenges encountered and solutions delivered.

scholarly journals Resolution Of International Conflicts Through The United Nations: The Corfu Channel Case

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Bujar Ahmedi ◽  
Shefik Shehu
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Many ◽  
First World ◽  
State Case

States have been and are still the most essential actors in international relations. The primary aim of each state is the maximal realization of its interests vis a vis other actors in the international scene. This could potentially result in a disagreement or even conflict. It is precisely the job of the international law to peacefully resolve these issues through the many mechanisms that it has under its disposition. Apart from the disagreements that could arise between/among states, such disagreement could as well arise between a state and another type of international actors e.g. in an organization or even between two or more organizations. Even in the resolution of these types of disagreements, one could apply one of the many mechanisms that are applied in the state vs. state case. When we talk of international disagreements, it is noteworthy to mention that they could be of a political nature and of a legal nature. This division is very often debated since each conflict is invariably linked with some political considerations. This is the reason why it is so difficult to define some of the criteria which would determine the very nature of the conflict and/or disagreement. There are several instruments to solve international disagreements. In the past, many of the disagreements between states were solved through war. However, since the end of the First World War, war has been considered as a forbidden means of solving disagreements between states.

The History of the Roman Empire 1911–1960

1960 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester G. Starr
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Present Position ◽  
Great Volume ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

Within the past five decades a great volume of work has advanced our knowledge of the Roman Empire. No single essay can hope to describe this mass in detail or even to consider fully the many cross-currents of opinion. If there is a common tide in recent scholarship, it flows less clearly than did the course of investigation in the nineteenth century. Here I shall try first to single out some of the main forces which have shaped the views of the present and past generations; then shall comment on developments in the utilization of evidence and on shifts in the areas of our principal concern; and finally shall suggest an assessment of the present position of research on the Roman Empire.

Dead Wrong?: Battle Deaths, Military Medicine, and Exaggerated Reports of War's Demise

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanisha M. Fazal
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Military Medicine ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Battle Deaths ◽  
The Military

Is war in decline? Recent scholarship suggests that it is. The empirical basis for this argument is a decline in battle deaths over the past several centuries, a standard metric for counting wars and armed conflicts. Dramatic improvements in medical care in conflict zones—in preventive medicine, battlefield medicine, evacuation, and protective equipment—have raised the likelihood of surviving battle wounds today compared with past eras. Thus the fact that war has become less fatal does not necessarily mean that it has become less frequent. Original data on wounded-to-killed ratios, supplemented by medical research and interviews with physicians from the military and nongovernmental communities, is used to advance this claim. The results show that the decline in war is likely not as dramatic as some scholars have argued. These findings question the foundation of existing datasets on war and armed conflict. They also highlight the growing need for policy focused on the battle wounded.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

A 200-Year History of the Study of Childhood Language Disorders of Unknown Origin: Changes in Terminology

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence B. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Developmental Language Disorder ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

Purpose The current “specific language impairment” and “developmental language disorder” discussion might lead to important changes in how we refer to children with language disorders of unknown origin. The field has seen other changes in terminology. This article reviews many of these changes. Method A literature review of previous clinical labels was conducted, and possible reasons for the changes in labels were identified. Results References to children with significant yet unexplained deficits in language ability have been part of the scientific literature since, at least, the early 1800s. Terms have changed from those with a neurological emphasis to those that do not imply a cause for the language disorder. Diagnostic criteria have become more explicit but have become, at certain points, too narrow to represent the wider range of children with language disorders of unknown origin. Conclusions The field was not well served by the many changes in terminology that have transpired in the past. A new label at this point must be accompanied by strong efforts to recruit its adoption by clinical speech-language pathologists and the general public.

The Many Pasts of Detective Fiction

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Thomas Leitch
Keyword(s):  
Detective Fiction ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Public History ◽  
Detective Novel ◽  
Sherlock Holmes ◽  
Detective Story ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Detective Novels ◽  
The Many

Building on Tzvetan Todorov's observation that the detective novel ‘contains not one but two stories: the story of the crime and the story of the investigation’, this essay argues that detective novels display a remarkably wide range of attitudes toward the several pasts they represent: the pasts of the crime, the community, the criminal, the detective, and public history. It traces a series of defining shifts in these attitudes through the evolution of five distinct subgenres of detective fiction: exploits of a Great Detective like Sherlock Holmes, Golden Age whodunits that pose as intellectual puzzles to be solved, hardboiled stories that invoke a distant past that the present both breaks with and echoes, police procedurals that unfold in an indefinitely extended present, and historical mysteries that nostalgically fetishize the past. It concludes with a brief consideration of genre readers’ own ambivalent phenomenological investment in the past, present, and future each detective story projects.

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