Men and Modernity in Porfirian Mexico

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Buffington
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
New Era ◽  
Self Help ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Male Honor ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Porfirian era (1876–1911) marked a watershed in social understandings of manhood. New ideas about what it meant to be a man had appeared in Mexico by the middle of the 19th century in the form of self-help manuals intended primarily for middle-class and bourgeois men who sought to distinguish themselves in a post-independence society that had done away with legal distinctions, including aristocratic titles. Marks of distinction included cleanliness, good grooming, moderation, affability, respectability, love of country, and careful attentiveness to the needs and opinions of others, including women, children, and social “inferiors”—an approach that artfully combined longstanding notions of masculine responsibility and authority with modern ideas about self-mastery and citizenship, especially the sublimation of volatile “passions” in all domains of social life. Modern qualities also mapped onto traditional concerns about male honor predicated on the fulfillment of patriarchal duties, especially the control of female dependents. The socially validated, “hegemonic” masculinity produced by this amalgamation of modern and traditional ideas proved burdensome for many middle-class men, who struggled to maintain an always precarious sense of honor or who rejected the constraints it sought to impose on their behavior. For men from less privileged classes, it represented an impossible ideal that they sometimes rejected through the adoption of antisocial “protest” masculinities and often satirized as delusional or unmanly, even as they too came to define their masculinity in relation to a modern/traditional binary. The modern/traditional binary that characterized ideas about masculinity for all sectors of Porfirian society has persisted until the present day, despite the epochal 1910 social revolution that inaugurated a new era in Mexican social relations.

scholarly journals Some Characteristics of the Mentality of the Russian Kalmyks at the end of the 19th Century (According to the Testimony of Government Officials)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-62
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Komandzhaev ◽  
Evgeny A. Komandzhaev
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The 19Th Century

The significance of studying the socio-cultural character of the Kalmyks is caused by the fact that the issue is poorly researched. The problems of mentality of this ethnic group have been considered mainly in the works of philosophers, cultural scientists and ethnologists, while in historical works, mainly in pre-revolutionary ones, we find only fragmentary notes about it. At the same time, new methodological approaches that have been established in historical science in recent decades allow us to take a fresh look at this problem. The aim of this article is to analyze some mental characteristics of the Kalmyks in the last quarter of the 19th century. The geographical scope of the study is the territory of the Kalmyk Steppe, a special administrative unit of the Astrakhan Province, where the nomadic Kalmyk population with a traditional way of life lived. The work is based on archival sources of administrative character, which are introduced into academic circulation for the first time. These are documents from the annual reports of the Astrakhan Governor on the condition of the Kalmyk Steppe, containing a small section on the morals of the Kalmyks in the 1870s. The work is based on the application of a complex of general academic and specific historical methods. The principle of historicism allowed the authors to avoid modernization of the phenomena of Kalmyk life more than a century ago, the interdisciplinary approach and system analysis allowed to present the mental image of Kalmyks as an important element of the integral picture. The analysis of specific material on the problem showed the stability of Kalmyks' mental traits conditioned by the economic way of life, social relations and collectivism of social life, as well as spiritual and moral principles of Buddhism.

scholarly journals En bristet drøm - til forståelse af Karl Emil Franzos' forfatterskab

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Riis
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
German Culture ◽  
New Era ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The 19Th Century

In a wide fictional and cultural historical authorship the Jewish Galizier Karl Emil Franzos (1848-1904) presented arguments for Jewish emancipation under the influence of the Haskalah movement. His chief work, Der Pojaz, is about a young East-Galizien Jew’s fight against the narrow limits of Hasidism and the aspirations about German culture. Der Pojaz was finished in 1893, but Franzos held it back, and it was first published posthumously in 1905. In his article Carsten Riis points out that the background for this must be found in the growing anti-Semitism during the second half of the 19th century – being the Germany that Franzos had seen as the new native country of the emancipated Jews. The anti-Semitism of the 19th century was the old traditional one, but the modern racist anti-Semitism had appeared, and this ruined Franzos’ hope and dreams of a new era for the Jews. In disappointment and powerlessness he withheld Der Pojaz and turned his authorship in other directions.

scholarly journals Rathaus – Bahnhof – Museum. Auswirkungen ausgewählter kommunaler und privater Einrichtungen auf das soziale Leben der Bevölkerung in Czernowitz zur Zeit der Habsburgermonarchie

2017 ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Michaela Seewald
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Town Hall ◽  
Railway Station ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

The 19th century is - as regards urban planning - characterized by the development of infrastructure, such as schools or hospitals. These changes can also be observed in the eastern parts of the monarchy. The regional focus of this thesis lies on Czernowitz, the capital city of the Bukovina since 1849. Three institutions - the town hall, the railway station and the museum - serve as an example to show how the construction of these buildings had an impact on the social life of the residents of Czernowitz. The article shows that identity is the central connective element.

scholarly journals From exoticism to diversity: the production of difference in a globalized and fragmented world

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-36
Author(s):  
Michel Nicolau Netto
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
External Space ◽  
Dominant Discourse ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
The 19Th Century

Difference is a social construction, and as such it needs a discourse to produce meaning and be socially effective. As a discourse is always socially and historically grounded, so it is the meaning of difference. This article proposes that the difference in the contemporary world is dominantly articulated in the discourse of diversity, as the discourse of exoticism was the dominant discourse of difference in the 19th Century. This proposal will be proved as I show that, as diversity becomes the appreciated discourse in the present, the exoticism loses its value. Stating that, I will try to understand the conditions of existence of each discourse. I will argue that the exoticism was founded in the 19th century upon three fundaments: imperialism, the idea of progress and nation. They provided the condition for a discourse that based the production of difference on the stable separation of an internal and an external space. After examining the fundaments and their relations with the discourse of exoticism, I will show that the production of difference is no longer based on stable notions of internal and external spaces. Currently, difference is produced on the basis of fragmented and globalized social relations, which requires a discourse flexible enough to cope with these material conditions. The discourse of diversity is this discourse.

Moral Order in the Post-Socialist Chinese City

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Fulong Wu ◽  
Zheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Chicago School ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Rural Migrants ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Urban Neighbourhoods ◽  
The Social ◽  
Chicago School Of Sociology

The seminal works by Park and the Chicago school of sociology are of great value for studying a rapidly urbanising China characterised by the decline of the formerly socialist structure and the increasing commodification of services and housing. Their assertion that the industrial organisation of cities has substituted primary and neighbourhood relations with secondary relations characterised by anonymity and utilitarianism also resonates with the rising middle-class population in China. However, our chapter contends that certain population groups have not followed the trajectory of change described by Park but instead continue to rely on primary and local social relations due to interventions of the Chinese state. Our argument is supported by a discussion on the varying social relations in Chinese urban neighbourhoods and specifically on the social life of rural migrants in the urban Chinese society.

Iranian Millenarianism and Demorcratic Thought in the 19th Century

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan R. I. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
English Revolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Constitutional Revolution ◽  
The Revolution

Between 1905 and 1911, Iranians were engaged in a protracted struggle over whether a constitutionalist regime would replace royal absolutism.1 Little in Iran's political culture before 1905 had hinted at this conflict before it broke out, and for the past thirty years historians have been seeking this genealogy for it. Most have searched among the papers of officials and diplomats, often examining unpublished or posthumously published manuscripts with little or no contemporary circulation, at least before the revolution,2 but we might get closer to its context if we look at what was going on outside the governmental elite. Here I will explore the growth of belief in representative government within an Iranian millenarian movement, the Bahai faith, in the last third of the 19th century, as an example of how the new ideas circulated that led to the conflict.3 Historians have noted a link between millenarianism and democratic or populist thought elsewhere, after all; for instance they have long recognized the importance of chiliastic ideas in e English Revolution of the 17th century. The republicanism of American dissidents and revolutionaries was also sometimes tinged with a civil millennialism. The Bahais of Iran, too, combined democratic rhetoric with millenarian imagery in the generation before the Constitutional Revolution.4

The role of Seminary in the Tambov Governorate social life (1867-1884s)

Neophilology ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 214-220
Author(s):  
Theodosius (Vasnev)
Keyword(s):  
Moral Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Education Practice ◽  
The Public ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Seminary influence on the governorate social life development was an integral part of social processes in the period of 1867-1884, which formed the prototype of the modern education practice. Identification of the Seminary role in the Tambov Governorate social life of the 19th century is a research component of this study, which affects the knowledge of the spiritual and moral education of society current state. Manuscript drafting source was the archival data of Tambov eparchy clergy activities of the late 19th century, the periodical press data of the same period. We interpret the obtained sources in the logic of the general civilized approach to the study of Seminary as an institution of social life characterized by regional aspects. Studies of the role of Seminary in social life have shown the sequence of its formation and development, its further socialization in the social life of the governorate. Special importance is attached to the Tambov Seminary in the years of transformations. Spiritual and moral influence of the Seminary on contemporaries, its increasingly active participation in the public life of the city, the change of its moral appearance contributed to the increase in the authority (role) of the Seminary in the social life of the Tambov Governorate.

Space of Deprivation

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Sumit Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
English Education ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Representational Space ◽  
The 19Th Century

A much neglected section of the 19th Century imperial bhadrolok population during British rule in India was the Bengali clerk or the kerani. While his English education and caste identity likened him to the middle-class gentleman, his pattern of work, low salary, lack of opportunities for improvement, pushed him closer to the labour class. But was this neglected section of the “bhadrolok” always without his representational space? In this paper, I shall study examples from clerks’ memoirs and from contemporary literature and read them alongside the violently repressive The Clerk’s Manual published in 1889, to see if the clerk was secretly discovering a heterotopia of his own.

scholarly journals Joint Family Households and Rural Notables in 19th-Century Egypt

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Cuno
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Joint Family ◽  
Large Joint ◽  
The Family ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Egyptian History

During the past thirty years, the study of the family in European history has developed with a strong comparative emphasis. In contrast, the study of the family in Middle East history has hardly begun, even though the family is assumed to have had a major role in “the structuring of economic, political, and social relations,” as Judith Tucker has noted. This article takes up the theme of the family in the economic, political, and social context of 19th-century rural Egypt. Its purpose is, first of all, to explicate the prevailing joint household formation system in relation to the system of landholding, drawing upon fatwas and supporting evidence. Second, it argues that rural notable families in particular had a tendency to form large joint households and that this was related to the reproduction and enhancement of their economic and political status. Specifically, the maintenance of a joint household appears to have been a way of avoiding the fragmentation of land through inheritance. After the middle of the 19th century, when it appeared that the coherence and durability of the joint family household were threatened, the notables sought to strengthen it through legislation. Their involvement in the law reform process contradicts the progressive, linear model of social and legal change that is often applied in 19th-century Egyptian history.

scholarly journals The influence of the Italian vocal school on the professional formation of Ukrainian singers (the end of the XVIII – the beginning of the XIX century)

2021 ◽  
pp. 219-225
Author(s):  
Maryna Rossikhina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
New Era ◽  
Italian Opera ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Opera Singers ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of the article is to study the influences of the Italian vocal school, the traditions of Italian opera performance on the professional development of Ukrainian singers in this period. Methodology. Analysis was carried out on the basis of such methods as historical and chronological to study trends and patterns of Ukrainian music at the end of the 17th – the beginning of the 19th century, analytical – for a comprehensive consideration of the influence of Italian culture on the emergence of opera in East Slavic areas, source – for elaboration and analysis of sources, bio-bibliographic – for studying creative biographies of artists, the method of systematization – for the reduction of all found facts to a logical unity. Scientific novelty. By studying the creative biographies of prominent Ukrainian musicians (M.Berezovsky, D.Bortnyansky, M.Ivanov, S.Gulak-Artemovsky) for the first time the Italian pages of their creative biography were systematized, new facts were introduced into scientific circulation, which allow to clarify the contribution of Italian vocal culture in the development of the Ukrainian opera school at the initial stage of its formation. Conclusions. The interest of the Russian Empire in Western European, especially Italian, opera led to the rapid development of a new era in the history of musical theater in the East Slavic territories. Internships of Ukrainian musicians in Italy, invitations of Italian artists, composers, vocal teachers to the Russian Empire, joint performances on stage with foreign singers give grounds to assert the influence of the Italian vocal school on the skills of Ukrainian opera singers of the end of the 18th – the beginning of the 19th century and laying of the fundamental foundations for the development of the Ukrainian vocal school.

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