The Institute of Geology of Mexico and Its Precedents: History and Legacy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucero Morelos Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Scientific Legacy ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Geological Institute ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
National University ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
Industry And Commerce ◽  
Geological Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century

In 2019, the Institute of Geology celebrated its ninetieth anniversary as part of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). The main establishment in Mexico for the teaching, research, and dissemination of the geological sciences, it is an institution with a long history and a great scientific legacy. It dates back to the 19th century, since it is the heir to the Geological Institute of Mexico (1888), the first institute in the Mexican republic to carry out research in the geological sciences and to study the country’s territory from three points of view: scientific, technical, and industrial. It was conceived by the mining engineer Antonio del Castillo (1820–1895) to meet the need to scientifically explore the country’s latent mineral wealth, for which reason its functions included: mapping regions whose lithology and resources were unknown, providing specialized services to the public—the analysis and classification of water, rocks, land, fossils, minerals, and oil—and creating a geological and paleontological museum for the nation. From 1888 to 1917, the institution was part of the Ministry of Development, Colonization, Industry, and Commerce (Ministerio de Fomento, Colonización, Industria y Comercio). In 1917, the Venustiano Carranza administration promulgated a new constitution, reformed governmental administration, and created the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Labor (Secretaría de Industria, Comercio y Trabajo), which was responsible for all questions related to industries such as mining and oil. Although it lapsed somewhat between 1917 and 1929, during the armed conflict of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), the Institute of Geology of Mexico was assigned to the Department of Geological Studies and Explorations, with the task of carrying out applied science through the study of new and old mining areas and the location of aquifers. A new scenario emerged in 1929 when the administration of President Emilio Portes Gil enacted the Organic Law of the National University, granting the latter university autonomy, which also allowed institutions of a scientific nature such as the National Astronomical Observatory, the National Library, the Department of Biological Studies, and the National Geological Institute to carry out research as one of their substantive activities. On November 16, 1929, the former Department of Geological Studies and Explorations was incorporated in the most important scholarly institution of Mexico under the name of the Institute of Geology.

scholarly journals Revolucionarios y bandidos: la trayectoria villista en la Revolución mexicana

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Aparecida de S. Borges
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Mexican Society ◽  
The 19Th Century

As últimas décadas do século XIX no México podem ser caracterizadas por três aspectos: estabilidade política, desenvolvimento econômico, e, conseqüentemente, de relativa tranqüilidade social. No contexto revolucionário, em contraste, se assiste ao rompimento desse status quo. Neste artigo, a partir dos relatos de alguns personagens comprometidos com o movimento armado, traçarei um panorama a respeito dos problemas da violência e da criminalidade, entre os anos 1910 e 1920, no norte do país. Abstract In the last decades of the 19th century the Mexican society went through a period of political and economical stability, and relative social tranquility. On contrast, during the revolutionary context various armed movements promoted the disruption of this status quo. In this article, by the analysis of several testimonies, I intend to show some aspects regarding criminality and violence phenomena, during the 1910 and 1920 years on the Northern Mexico. Palavras-chave: Revolução mexicana. Banditismo. Criminalidade. Key words: Mexican Revolution. Banditry. Criminality.

Industrialisierung und Gewerbe. Die allmähliche Durchsetzung von „nützlichem Wissen“

2021 ◽  
pp. 673-712
Author(s):  
Andreas Resch
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
Gradual Rise ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
Metal Processing ◽  
Industry And Commerce ◽  
Rural Industries ◽  
The 19Th Century

IIndustrialization and Crafts. The Gradual Rise of Useful Knowledge. This chapter provides an analytical overview of the development of industry and crafts in Lower Austria in the 19th century. It is written from the perspective of Joel Mokyr’s industrial enlightenment approach and takes into account specific regional developments. The text first describes the institutional framework and quantitative developments. This is followed by histories of the large-scale industries (cotton and mechanical engineering, including electrical engineering) and rural industries (iron and metal processing, pottery production, the paper industry). Finally, the chapter discusses the diverse networks of value creation that developed between industry and commerce in sectors with a large proportion of small businesses.

scholarly journals New concrete: Medium strength self-compacting concrete in colombia- invention patent (march 2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
Claudia Jenny De La Cruz Morales
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cost ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Self Compacting Concrete ◽  
Sustainable Technologies ◽  
The World ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
National University ◽  
Invention Patent ◽  
Industry And Commerce

In civil construction, the need to seek greater durability in structures with a denser and more compact material, resistant to the attack of the environment and that demands a lower cost of maintenance and protection has promoted the development of Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) in the world. The results obtained with the use of SCC have been convincing for its use ratifying them as a new alternative that generates security, efficiency, speed, with ostensible improvements in the work environment and providing a significant economy in different ways, in the construction process. Hence the civil construction in Colombia requires the implementation of new efficient and sustainable technologies being the Medium-Low Resistance SCCs (SCC-MR) strength between 30 MPa-45 MPa) the first tool that guarantees a fluid concrete no problems of segregation or exudation in fresh condition. These properties are determined in the laboratory and in situ. This material in Colombia, has been developed in the Laboratory of Structures of the Faculty of Mines of the National University of Colombia- Medellin following the methodology proposed for HAC-RMs, with excellent results, as presented in this Article,  for the firm ACCIONA of Spain, Expo-Camacol in Colombia, among others and whose conclusions allowed to patent for the Superintendence of Industry and Commerce, a new alternative of concrete in the world.

Al-Tahtawi, Rifa’a (1801–1873)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Educational Innovations ◽  
Upper Egypt ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
The 19Th Century

Rifa’a Rafi’ al-Tahtawi was an Egyptian reformer and thinker who is widely recognised as the pioneer of the Egyptian ‘Awakening’ (nahda) in the 19th century. He stands at the cultural heart of the intellectual awakening of Egypt’s modernisation movement that sought to import and implement military, scientific, technical, and educational innovations from the West. His thought influenced many later scholars including prominent sheikhs such as Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida. Al-Tahtawi was born in Tahta in Upper Egypt into a family of prominent scholars. In 1817 he moved to Cairo to join the renowned al-Azhar University. His professor sheikh Hasan al-`Attar (1766–1834) had the greatest influence on him. In 1824, Rifa`a was appointed as an imam.

scholarly journals Historical Method in Bibliography Science by E.K. Bespalova

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-407
Author(s):  
Elena Y. Azheeva
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scientific Legacy ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The scientific legacy of Emilia Konstantinovna Bespalova, well-known Russian bibliographer, theorist and historian of bibliography, includes more than 200 works. She laid her own line in theoretical and methodological understanding of bibliography science and activity. “Formation of Bibliographic Thought in Russia (Up to the 60s of the 19th century)” is the last fundamental work of E.K. Bespalova; it describes the philosophical and methodological explication of bibliography as a naturally occurring phenomenon of information nature. There was formed unique method of analysis that considered historical and bibliographic facts in the context of professionalization of bibliographic activity. The analysis of bibliographic phenomena applied by E.K. Bespalova can be generally described as combination of modern theoretical knowledge on bibliography, methodology of system-activity approach and philosophy of historical process. The historical-theoretical method of studying bibliographic activity at different stages of its development allows a modern researcher to see the institutional significance of bibliographic processes as one of the full-fledged components of the global information picture.Analyzing the initial, original object of bibliographic activity — a book, the scientist proves that it was the process of replication and therefore the need to create the secondary structure of a book in a form of title page, which made a book to be the “book”. Through the concept of “book” E.K. Bespalova also traces interaction and sequential connection of three systems — “knowledge”, “book” (“document”) and “bibliographic document”. From the point of view of cognitive potential of the history of bibliography, bibliographical guide is of historical and theoretical interest being the result of activity and the object of desobjectivation in it of the conceptual theoretical-methodological and historical representations of authors, composers and doers of the history of bibliography. As the main differentiation of bibliographic products, Bespalova puts forward the division into timer bibliographic subsystems (reflection of current, retrospective, prospective primary flow) and chorographic subsystems that restrict documentary flows by the territorial and linguistic principle. The historical method by E.K. Bespalova reveals a wide range of theoretical foundations that enrich modern bibliography science.

scholarly journals Migracje z ziem polskich w XIX wieku we współczesnych podręcznikach do historii dla szkoły podstawowej

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1 (179)) ◽  
pp. 225-238
Author(s):  
Joanna Wojdon ◽  
Małgorzata Skotnicka-Palka
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Core Curriculum ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
School Students ◽  
School History ◽  
Forced Migrations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
National University ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The 19Th Century

19th century migrations from the Polish lands in contemporary primary school history textbooks The article presents the problem of political, economic and forced migrations of people from Polish lands in the 19th century, discussed in recently published history textbooks for elementary school students. Textbooks based on the old and the new core curriculum were compared. The analysis of textbooks was based on the model developed by Raymond Nkwenti Fru of the National University of Lesotho. This model allows us to see explicit and implicit content and take into account different types of textbook narratives. Artykuł prezentuje problem migracji politycznych, ekonomicznych oraz przymusowych przesiedleń ludności z ziem polskich w XIX wieku przedstawiony we współczesnych podręcznikach do historii dla uczniów szkoły podstawowej. Porównano podręczniki napisane w oparciu o „starą” i „nową” podstawę programową. Podręczniki przeanalizowano w oparciu o model wypracowany przez Raymonda Nkwenti Fru z Narodowego Uniwersytetu Lesotho (National University of Lesotho). Model ten pozwala dostrzec treści jawne i ukryte, uwzględnić różne typy narracji podręcznikowych.

scholarly journals Contribution of Abu Isa Tirmidhi to the Science of Hadith

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 593-599
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
The West ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Scientific Legacy ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Indeed, the hadiths are one of the topics that have been causing extensive discussions in the West since the 19th century. Many western scholars believe that the hadiths were fabricated and they have no historical significance. At the same time, there are many researchers who totally reject these views. Most researchers, in particular, Ignaz Goldziher, Schacht denied most hadiths and they claimed that hadiths have no historical significance. According to them, rulers and jurists all fabricated ḥadiths to reinforce their legal views or to validate already-existing practices. Other groups of scholars, such as John Burton, Motzki, and N.Abbot, admit the hadiths as reliable sources after the Qur'an. The superficial conclusions of Western scholars have been denied by Muslim researchers by F.Sezgin, Abu Shuhba, al-Marsafi, al-A’zami, Maloush on the basis of historical facts. However, scholars on both sides have not seriously objected to “al-Kitab as-Sitta” which translates as “The Authentic Six”. The six major hadith collections (“Sahih Bukhari”, collected by Imam Bukhari , “Sahih Muslim, collected by Muslim b. al-Hajjaj, “Sunan Abu Dawood”, collected by Abu Dawood , “Jami al-Tirmidhi”, collected by al-Tirmidhi, Sunan al-Sughra, collected by al-Nasa'i, Sunan ibn Majah, collected by Ibn Majah have been considered as valuable source on the history of Islam. “Jami al-Tirmidhi” plays an important role among them. Some researchers think this work second or third vital source after “Sahih Bukhari”. In the article, the life of hadith scholars, his scientific legacy, structure and importance of “Jami al-Tirmidhi”, special style of Abu Isa Tirmidhi in hadith methodology, opinions of other scholars on this work, differences between Imam Bukhari and Imam Tirmidhi on writing and selecting hadiths and legal issues of them will be discussed.

The University of Mexico and the Revolution, 1910-1940

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
The Past ◽  
National University ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
Popular Image ◽  
The Revolution

Conflict between revolution and academia, between the activist and the scholar, is probably inevitable. At times when urgent demands for radical change threaten the very fabric of a society, when popular violence and ideological bitterness question all traditions, a university becomes especially vulnerable. As an institution dedicated to preserving the cultural inheritance of the past, a haven for the calm, deliberate pursuit of truth, the university in the midst of revolution must choose whether to adhere to its traditional role, or to become an active partner of social change, promulgating new ideologies and providing practical training for revolutionary leaders. During the Mexican Revolution of 1910, the popular image of a university as a refuge for the privileged and wealthy added to a long history of the conscious use of education to promote a prescribed set of values to make the National University particularly controversial. Dedicated only two months before the Revolution erupted, the new institution found itself under immediate pressure to become “revolutionary” in a society that had little patience for scholarly aloofness.

Kharkiv school of international law. Establishment and traditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Okladna ◽  
Mariia Uvarova
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Domestic Science ◽  
Historical Justice ◽  
National University ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Great Damage ◽  
Scientific Achievements

Problem setting. Without knowledge of previous achievements, scientific achievements and conclusions of international scientists, it would be impossible to master the modern realities of the science of international law. Forgetting the names of researchers and their ideas on the ideological principle, which we encountered in Soviet times, caused great damage to domestic science. The process of restoring historical justice is gradually underway, and the works of past centuries are returning to scientific circulation. This also applies to the history of domestic science of international law. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The problem of formation and development of schools of Ukrainian international law was studied by scientists N. Ulyanov, Y. Baskin, D. Feldman, V. Semenov, K. Savchuk, A. Dmitriev, U. Butler. Fundamental research in the area of Kharkiv school of international law was conducted by V.A. Yastrzhembsky, M.P. Chubinsky, D.I. Bagatiy, O. V. Butkevich, M. V. Buromensky, O. V. Tarasov. Target of research. To analyze the history of formation and development of the Kharkiv School of International Law, to study the activities of its representatives and process their scientific works, to generalize and systematize the knowledge about the science of international law as one of the most important branches of law taught in Ukrainian universities during XIX-early XX centuries. Article’s main body. In the article, the author analyzes certain periods of the existence of the Kharkiv School of International Law, examines in detail both the Faculty of Law as a whole and the Department of International Law. It is also shown how the Department of International Law developed, what positions existed, who were the first teachers of the department, what were their main works on the topic of international law. Also the article provides a comprehensive study about the activities and merits of the main representatives of the Kharkiv school of international law, their main scientific works were briefly described. Conclusions. The science of international law began to develop in Ukrainian universities in the first half of the 19th century. In Kharkiv, the Faculty of Law and the Department of International Law were first formed at the Kharkiv National University of V. N. Karazin. Representatives of the Kharkiv School of International Law made a contribution to the development of the doctrine of international law in Ukraine, especially V.P. Danevsky, D.I. Kachenovskogo, T.F. Stepanova, V.A. Yastrzhembsky, who broke up the original and advanced ideas for the master of international law and laid the foundation for the modern legal science.

German-Brazilian Relations in the Field of Geological Sciences During the 19th Century

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia de Mendonça Figueirôa
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Mineral Extraction ◽  
Geological Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper analyses the German presence in the development of geological sciences in Brazil during the 19th century, taking into account the local situation - for Brazil was Portugal's colony until 1822 - as well as the importance of mineral extraction activities which played an embryonic role in that process. The German-Brazilian geoscientific relations may be classified as follows: Brazilians sent to visit and to study in German institutions, especially in the Bergakademie Frieberg; German functionaries invited by the Portuguese government to work in mining activities in Brazil; German travelers in Brazil; exchange of geological and mineralogical samples; Brazilian geological problems studied by German scientists.

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