1. What is perception?

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Brian Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Word Perception ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
The World ◽  
Perceptual Systems ◽  
Extract Information

The word ‘perception’ can be used in two different ways. It can refer to our experience of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, and smelling objects and individuals around us. It can also refer to the processes that allow us to extract information from the patterns of energy that impinge on our sense organs. Thinking about perception as a set of processes has the advantage that it includes situations where there is no subjective experience. ‘What is perception?’ explains that sometimes our perceptual systems can be fooled and we experience illusions. Is this because of past experience and our knowledge of the world, or is it that we are not extracting the information in the patterns of energy reaching our senses?

6. Perception and action

2017 ◽  
pp. 84-102
Author(s):  
Brian Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Perception And Action ◽  
Time To Contact ◽  
Strong Link ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Surrounding World ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
Perceptual Systems ◽  
Extract Information

Perceptual processes have evolved to allow us to act appropriately. ‘Perception and action’ explains that the strong link between perception and action has been revealed in a variety of relatively low-level tasks such as helping us to maintain balance; providing information about our movements within the world (self-motion); allowing us to determine our direction of travel (heading); and helping us to estimate the time before we reach objects in the surrounding world (time-to-contact). James Gibson has suggested that the purpose of our perceptual systems is not to identify objects as objects, but rather to extract information about what we might do with those objects and how we might respond to events in the world.

Numerical symbols as explanations of human perceptual experience

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Barner
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Number Words ◽  
The World ◽  
Symbolic Systems ◽  
Perceptual Systems

Why did humans develop precise systems for measuring experience, like numbers, clocks, andcalendars? I argue that precise representational systems were constructed by earlier generationsof humans because they recognized that their noisy perceptual systems were not capturingdistinctions that existed in the world. Abstract symbolic systems did not arise from perceptualrepresentations, but instead were constructed to describe and explain perceptual experience. Byanalogy, I argue that when children learn number words, they do not rely on noisy perceptualsystems, but instead acquire these words as units in a broader system of procedures, whosemeanings are ultimately defined by logical relations to one another, not perception.

Introducing Victim Impact Statement in India: Reconceptualizing Victim Status

2021 ◽  
pp. 251660692199175
Author(s):  
Devansh Dubey ◽  
Payas Jain
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Victim Status ◽  
Victim Impact Statement ◽  
The World ◽  
Due Process Of Law ◽  
The Right

The right to fair trial is inherent in the concept of due process of law, which now forms part of Article 21 of Indian Constitution after the Maneka Gandhi judgement. Pertinently attached with the same comes the responsibility of the criminal system to treat victims with increased awareness and sensitivity. However, the established convention shows that in planning and developing administration of criminal justice, proper attention is not given to the victims of crime in achieving goals of criminal justice; the major cause of it being that a victim is heard only as a witness not as a victim. A credible response to the said issue has emerged in the form of victim impact statement (VIS) in the modern legal system across the world. With that being said, the researchers through this article try to deduce the need for incorporating a VIS in India through the various jurisprudential understandings of what it means to be a victim, including the gap between the subjective experience of the sufferer and the interpretation of the same by others, and what restorative justice would mean to heal a victim. Establishing upon the same premise of victim status, the researchers try to suggest that the introduction of VIS, with the primary purpose of it being a therapeutic tool and not an instrument of changing the course of justice, will serve to make us reconsider our contours of a ‘victim’.

Indeterminate Subjects, Irreducible Worlds

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
The World

Lodged in an impasse between questions of environmental justice and modes of capitalisation in the green economy, indeterminacy is a vulnerable and porous relation. Pollution activates a potentiality in the organism to be otherwise, to generate certain kinds of tumours, mini-deaths or mutations. Toxicity has an intermediary status that launches a mobility of effects that is often fragmented through sense organs, affirming forms of non-identity in biopolitical relations. Organisms are receptive to such bodily reconfigurations precisely because they are open to the material communication of the world. In contrast to the “hidden labour” of indeterminacy in capitalist modes of capture, this article crafts an analytics of indeterminacy as an interjection in the politics of environments. Through dispersants in the Gulf of Mexico and military bees, two economies of indeterminacy are discussed. Drawing on Georges Bataille’s notion of political economy, I argue that what is required is an economy of radical inequivalence; an excessive engagement with the possibilities of indetermining forces to make fleeting marks.

scholarly journals The Strasbourg Visual Scale: A Novel Method to Assess Visual Hallucinations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Giersch ◽  
Thomas Huard ◽  
Sohee Park ◽  
Cherise Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Visual Hallucinations ◽  
Visual Scale ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Internal Experience ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Disorders Of The Self

The experience of oneself in the world is based on sensory afferences, enabling us to reach a first-perspective perception of our environment and to differentiate oneself from the world. Visual hallucinations may arise from a difficulty in differentiating one's own mental imagery from externally-induced perceptions. To specify the relationship between hallucinations and the disorders of the self, we need to understand the mechanisms of hallucinations. However, visual hallucinations are often under reported in individuals with psychosis, who sometimes appear to experience difficulties describing them. We developed the “Strasbourg Visual Scale (SVS),” a novel computerized tool that allows us to explore and capture the subjective experience of visual hallucinations by circumventing the difficulties associated with verbal descriptions. This scale reconstructs the hallucinated image of the participants by presenting distinct physical properties of visual information, step-by-step to help them communicate their internal experience. The strategy that underlies the SVS is to present a sequence of images to the participants whose choice at each step provides a feedback toward re-creating the internal image held by them. The SVS displays simple images on a computer screen that provide choices for the participants. Each step focuses on one physical property of an image, and the successive choices made by the participants help them to progressively build an image close to his/her hallucination, similar to the tools commonly used to generate facial composites. The SVS was constructed based on our knowledge of the visual pathways leading to an integrated perception of our environment. We discuss the rationale for the successive steps of the scale, and to which extent it could complement existing scales.

Knowledge from the Outside

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-79
Author(s):  
Hilary Kornblith
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
The World ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Perspective ◽  
Third Person Perspective ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Perceptual Systems ◽  
Obvious Source

Knowledge may be examined from the third-person perspective, as psychologists and sociologists do, or it may be examined from the first-person perspective, as each of us does when we reflect on what we ought to believe. This chapter takes the third-person perspective. One obvious source of knowledge is perception, and some general features of how our perceptual systems are able to pick up information about the world around us are highlighted. The role of the study of visual illusions in this research is an important focus of the chapter. Our ability to draw out the consequences of things we know by way of inference is another important source of knowledge, and some general features of how inference achieves its successes are discussed. Structural similarities between the ways in which perception works and the ways in which inference works are highlighted.

scholarly journals Biodegradable Nanoparticle for Cornea Drug Delivery: Focus Review

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1232
Author(s):  
Mohammadmahdi Mobaraki ◽  
Madjid Soltani ◽  
Samaneh Zare Harofte ◽  
Elham L. Zoudani ◽  
Roshanak Daliri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Controllable Release ◽  
The World ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Different Parts

During recent decades, researchers all around the world have focused on the characteristic pros and cons of the different drug delivery systems for cornea tissue change for sense organs. The delivery of various drugs for cornea tissue is one of the most attractive and challenging activities for researchers in biomaterials, pharmacology, and ophthalmology. This method is so important for cornea wound healing because of the controllable release rate and enhancement in drug bioavailability. It should be noted that the delivery of various kinds of drugs into the different parts of the eye, especially the cornea, is so difficult because of the unique anatomy and various barriers in the eye. Nanoparticles are investigated to improve drug delivery systems for corneal disease. Biodegradable nanocarriers for repeated corneal drug delivery is one of the most attractive and challenging methods for corneal drug delivery because they have shown acceptable ability for this purpose. On the other hand, by using these kinds of nanoparticles, a drug could reside in various part of the cornea for longer. In this review, we summarized all approaches for corneal drug delivery with emphasis on the biodegradable nanoparticles, such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, niosomes, microemulsions, nanosuspensions, and hydrogels. Moreover, we discuss the anatomy of the cornea at first and gene therapy at the end.

scholarly journals Multistability in perception: binding sensory modalities, an overview

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1591) ◽  
pp. 896-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Schwartz ◽  
Nicolas Grimault ◽  
Jean-Michel Hupé ◽  
Brian C. J. Moore ◽  
Daniel Pressnitzer
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Stimulus Information ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Physical Stimulus ◽  
Ambiguous Figures ◽  
Multistable Perception ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Perceptual Systems

This special issue presents research concerning multistable perception in different sensory modalities. Multistability occurs when a single physical stimulus produces alternations between different subjective percepts. Multistability was first described for vision, where it occurs, for example, when different stimuli are presented to the two eyes or for certain ambiguous figures. It has since been described for other sensory modalities, including audition, touch and olfaction. The key features of multistability are: (i) stimuli have more than one plausible perceptual organization; (ii) these organizations are not compatible with each other. We argue here that most if not all cases of multistability are based on competition in selecting and binding stimulus information. Binding refers to the process whereby the different attributes of objects in the environment, as represented in the sensory array, are bound together within our perceptual systems, to provide a coherent interpretation of the world around us. We argue that multistability can be used as a method for studying binding processes within and across sensory modalities. We emphasize this theme while presenting an outline of the papers in this issue. We end with some thoughts about open directions and avenues for further research.

Miocene start of modern carbonate platforms

Geology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 771-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Betzler ◽  
Gregor P. Eberli
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Carbonate Platforms ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Particle Sorting ◽  
Circulation Patterns ◽  
The World ◽  
Stacking Patterns ◽  
Extract Information

Abstract The middle Miocene onset of modern ocean circulation patterns changed the growth style of isolated tropical carbonate platforms because surface and contour currents began shaping the flanks of these edifices. Since then, ocean currents have redistributed the off-bank–transported sediment, reduced sedimentation by particle sorting or winnowing, and even eroded slopes. As a result, the flanks of isolated carbonate platforms around the world after 13–10 Ma have not only been constructed by mass gravity deposits, but equally by contourites with distinct drift and moat geometries. These produce specific stacking patterns of platform flank deposits. This flank architecture, produced by combined current and gravity processes, is typical of tropical carbonate platforms growing in the Neogene icehouse world. Comparison of this architecture with geometries in older platforms also has the potential to extract information about the rigor of ocean circulation in deep time where the deep-sea record is missing.

“What Can Literature Do?”

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Simone de Beauvoir ◽  
Chris Fleming ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
The World

In this article de Beauvoir defends a conception of literature as a kind of unveiling of something that exists outside itself, a mode of action which reveals certain truths about the world. What we call “literature” is eminently capable of grasping the world—a world which de Beauvoir, following Jean-Paul Sartre, conceives of as a “detotalized totality”; one that is real and independent of us, which exists for all, but is only graspable through our own projects and our perspectives. Yet far from keeping us stranded within our unique subjectivities, literature restores to subjective experience its generality; it allows other to “taste” the world as it exists for others. We can communicate through literature because in it our world, our languages, and our projects overlap. Ultimately, for de Beauvoir, literature is what allows us to see the world as others see it—all the while remaining, irreducibly, ourselves.

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