7. Establishing fair procedure

2018 ◽  
pp. 78-92
Author(s):  
Michael Dunn ◽  
Tony Hope
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Thought Experiments ◽  
Extra Cost ◽  
Healthcare Resources ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Practical Support ◽  
The World ◽  
Fair Procedure ◽  
Medical Ethicist

No healthcare system in the world has sufficient money to provide the best possible treatment for all patients in all situations. When is the extra benefit of a new, better, and expensive treatment worth the extra cost? ‘Establishing fair procedure’ explains that medical ethics can provide practical support to assist policy-makers in the allocation of healthcare resources. The medical ethicist acts as the architect of a process of fair and accountable decision-making, and also facilitates discussion about, and judges between, those ethical values that have been identified for application within this process. The rule of rescue principle is discussed along with thought experiments that support or go against it.

What Is Medical Ethics Consultation?

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giles R. Scofield
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Ethics Consultation ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Law Students ◽  
Medical Ethicist ◽  
Care Decision

As everybody knows, advances in medicine and medical technology have brought enormous benefits to, and created vexing choices for, us all – choices that can, and occasionally do, test the very limits of thinking itself. As everyone also knows, we live in the age of consultants, i.e., of professional experts who are ready, willing, and able to give us advice on any and every conceivable question. One such consultant is the medical ethics consultant, or the medical ethicist who consults.Medical ethics consultants involve themselves in just about every aspect of health care decision making. They help legislators and judges determine law, hospitals formulate policies, medical schools develop curricula, etc. In addition to educating physicians, nurses, and lawyers, amongst others, including medical, nursing, and law students, they participate in clinical decision making at the bedside.

scholarly journals Information Aggregation with Delegation of Votes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita Dhillon ◽  
Grammateia Kotsialou ◽  
Dimitris Xefteris
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Information Aggregation ◽  
The State ◽  
Electronic Voting ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Liquid Democracy

Recent developments in blockchain technology have made possible greater progress on secure electronic voting, opening the way to better ways of democratic decision making. In this paper we formalise the features of ``liquid democracy'' which allows voters to delegate their votes to other voters, and we explore whether it improves information aggregation as compared to direct voting. We consider a two-alternative setup with truth-seeking voters (informed and uninformed) and partisan ones (leftists and rightists), and we show that delegation improves information aggregation in finite elections. We also propose a mechanism that further improves the information aggregation properties of delegation in private information settings, by guaranteeing that all vote transfers are from uninformed to informed truth-seeking voters. Delegation offers effective ways for truth-seeking uninformed voters to boost the vote-share of the alternative that matches the state of the world in all considered setups and hence deserves policy makers' attention.

scholarly journals A Methodological Approach for Evaluating Brownfield Redevelopment Projects

Urban Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cappai ◽  
Forgues ◽  
Glaus
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Brownfield Redevelopment ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Effective Evaluation ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

In recent decades, municipalities around the world have been developing community policies and seeking to apply them in their cities. They use methods for exchanging information and opinions on decisions, policies, plans and strategies and involve and consult with the community and stakeholders in all aspects of the decision-making process. The application of methods for thoughtful planning has become the goal of policy makers to improve the lives of citizens and stop the expansion of the city into the countryside. The aim of this article is to integrate the notion of sustainability into a methodological approach, taking into account the actors involved in the decision-making phases, the objectives, and the local indicators in an urban redevelopment project (brownfield). Our approach is based on an analysis of 21 articles and on a transversal and cross-cutting view of the interdisciplinary themes of sustainable development by inserting the main actors into decision-making in urban projects and by selecting local indicators. We put in place a methodological approach for the evaluation of urban projects that takes into account local expectations. The goal is to identify and classify the elements that are needed for decision making, including the indicators related to environmental and socio-economic components, in order to develop an effective evaluation tool. This research contributes to the knowledge of project evaluation tools in the specific context of a city.

Healthcare Decision Making

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-56
Author(s):  
Haylee Lane ◽  
Jennifer M. Martin ◽  
Terry Haines
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Allied Health ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Healthcare Decision ◽  
Healthcare Resources ◽  
Healthcare Decision Making ◽  
The World ◽  
Access And Equity ◽  
Decision Making Processes

The aim of this chapter is to explore the factors that health managers adopt when making decisions on how to allocate limited healthcare resources. The objective is to increase knowledge and understanding of decision making processes at the macro, meso, and micro levels and priority setting. An examination of current healthcare decision-making processes used for resource allocation around the world highlights the disparities in models and approaches and the often ad hoc nature of decisions made. A description of the allied health workforce highlights the size and significance of this workforce and why understanding decisions made in regards to allied health resources is of importance. Issues of access and equity are also considered in relation to notions of fairness and efficacy in relation to health outcomes.

scholarly journals Temporal Analysis of COVID-19 Peak Outbreak

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Tewari
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Specific Class ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The World ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Intent of this research is to explore how a specific class of mathematical models namely Susceptible-Infected-Removed model can be utilized to forecast peak outbreak timelines of COVID-19 epidemic amongst a population of interest starting from the date of first reported case. Till the time of this research, there was no effective and universally accepted vaccine to control transmission and spread of this infection. COVID-19 primarily spreads in population through respiratory droplets from an infected person cough and sneeze which infects people who are in proximity. COVID-19 is spreading contagiously across the world. If health policy makers and medical experts could get early and timely insights into when peak infection rate would occur after first reported case, they could plan and optimize medical personnel, ventilators supply, and other medical resources without over-taxing the infrastructure. The predictions may also help policymakers devise strategies to control the epidemic, potentially saving many lives. Thus, it can aid in critical decision-making process by providing actionable insights into COVID-19 outbreak by leveraging available data.

scholarly journals Corrigendum to: A collaboratively derived environmental research agenda for Galápagos

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Arturo Izurieta ◽  
Byron Delgado ◽  
Nicolas Moity ◽  
Monica Calvopiña ◽  
Iván Cedeño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Invasive Alien Species ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Galápagos is one of the most pristine archipelagos in the world and its conservation relies upon research and sensible management. In recent decades both the interest in, and the needs of, the islands have increased, yet the funds and capacity for necessary research have remained limited. It has become, therefore, increasingly important to identify areas of priority research to assist decision-making in Galápagos conservation. This study identified 50 questions considered priorities for future research and management. The exercise involved the collaboration of policy makers, practitioners and researchers from more than 30 different organisations. Initially, 360 people were consulted to generate 781 questions. An established process of preworkshop voting and three rounds to reduce and reword the questions, followed by a two-day workshop, was used to produce the final 50 questions. The most common issues raised by this list of questions were human population growth, climate change and the impact of invasive alien species. These results have already been used by a range of organisations and politicians and are expected to provide the basis for future research on the islands so that its sustainability may be enhanced.

scholarly journals The Doctrine of Double Effect: An Aid in Decision-Making

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavol Dancák
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Thought Experiments ◽  
Double Effect ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Principle Of Double Effect

Human society of the modern world, which is greatly affected by technological and economic advancements, has to address moral problems with a new urgency. In many instances, the decision does not bring only positive effects. Such cases can be found in applied ethics: bio-medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics, but also in other areas of human activity, too, most recently,  in debates, concerning the use of autonomous vehicles or autonomous machines in general. This paper aims to describe and explain the principle of ‘double effect’, when solving complicated and, from the perspective of morality, profoundly dilemmatic situations. The principle of double effect was gradually developed as a means of seeking the right moral decisions. It has a firm and respected position within Catholic medical ethics, but also in secular legislation. The paper presents current thought experiments, which clarify moral decision-making in dilemmatic situations. What seems to be a shortcoming here, is that ethical thought experiments are far too abstract. On the one hand, they refine our knowledge, but on the other hand, they are very partial. The  evolution of medical imaging methods, has enabled us to take a closer look at the relationship between the deontological and utilitarian approaches to making moral judgments, but it does not relieve us of our responsibility for the decisions that we have made. The positive side of the principle of double effect, is that it protects us from the slippery slope of utilitarian consequentialism, where the admission of a lesser evil, is only a step away from committing evil in the name of the greater good.

Moving from a “Flood Our School” to an “Islands of Success” Conception in the Process of Advancing Underprivileged Children

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Baruch Offir ◽  
Niva Wengrowicz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Education System ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Processes Of Change ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
The World

Policy makers in education do not perceive the education system as a unique discipline, but rather judge it using terms appropriate for the world of economics. Methods of analysis and decision-making that exist in the world of economics are implemented in the field of education. This reality was the basis for the authors’ research on the integration of technological systems for the advancement of students which was conducted as part of their desire to understand processes of change in learning systems. It became clear that in order to succeed in the process of integrating innovative technological systems in the schools, society should not “flood the schools” with technology, but should rather use the “islands of success method.”

scholarly journals A collaboratively derived environmental research agenda for Galápagos

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Izurieta ◽  
Byron Delgado ◽  
Nicolas Moity ◽  
Monica Calvopiña ◽  
Iván Cedeño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Invasive Alien Species ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Galápagos is one of the most pristine archipelagos in the world and its conservation relies upon research and sensible management. In recent decades both the interest in, and the needs of, the islands have increased, yet the funds and capacity for necessary research have remained limited. It has become, therefore, increasingly important to identify areas of priority research to assist decision-making in Galápagos conservation. This study identified 50 questions considered priorities for future research and management. The exercise involved the collaboration of policy makers, practitioners and researchers from more than 30 different organisations. Initially, 360 people were consulted to generate 781 questions. An established process of preworkshop voting and three rounds to reduce and reword the questions, followed by a two-day workshop, was used to produce the final 50 questions. The most common issues raised by this list of questions were human population growth, climate change and the impact of invasive alien species. These results have already been used by a range of organisations and politicians and are expected to provide the basis for future research on the islands so that its sustainability may be enhanced.

Medical Diagnosis from a Clinician’s Point of View

1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
F. T. De Dombal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
The World

This paper discusses medical diagnosis from the clinicians point of view. The aim of the paper is to identify areas where computer science and information science may be of help to the practising clinician. Collection of data, analysis, and decision-making are discussed in turn. Finally, some specific recommendations are made for further joint research on the basis of experience around the world to date.

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