Exploring the seasonal drivers of varicella zoster transmission and reactivation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M Bakker ◽  
Marisa C Eisenberg ◽  
Robert Woods ◽  
Micaela E Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viral Reactivation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and shingles. The biological mechanisms underpinning the multi-decadal latency of VZV in the body and subsequent viral reactivation—which occurs in approximately 30% of individuals—are largely unknown. Because chickenpox and shingles are endemic worldwide, understanding the relationship between VZV transmission and reactivation is important for informing disease treatment and control. While chickenpox is a vaccine-preventable childhood disease with a rich legacy of research, shingles is not a notifiable disease in most countries. To date, population-level studies of shingles have had to rely on small-scale hospital or community-level datasets. Here, we examined chickenpox and shingles notifications from Thailand and found strong seasonal incidence in both diseases, with a 3-month lag between peak chickenpox transmission season and peak shingles reactivation. We tested and fit 14 mathematical models examining the biological driversof chickenpox and shingles over an 8-year period to estimate rates of VZV transmission, reactivation, and immunity boosting, wherein re-exposure to VZV boosts VZV-specific immunity to reinforce protection against shingles. The models suggested the seasonal cycles of chickenpox and shingles have different underlying mechanisms, with ultraviolet radiation (UV) being correlated with shingles reactivation.

scholarly journals Echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular septal defect haemodynamics

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 541-546
Author(s):  
Vesna Miranovic
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Septal Defect ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an opening in the interventricular septum. 30-50% of patients with congenital heart disease have VSD. Objective The aim of the study was to determine the dependence of the left ventricular diastolic dimension (LVD), left ventricular systolic dimension (LVS), shortening fraction (SF), left atrium (LA), pulmonary artery truncus (TPA) on the body surface and compare their values among experimental, control and a group of healthy children. Values of maximal systolic gradient pressure (Pvsd) of VSD were compared with children from one experimental and control group. Method Children were divided into three groups: experimental (32 children with VSD that were to go to surgery), control (20 children with VSD who did not require surgery) and 40 healthy children. Measurements of LVD, LVS, SF, LA, TPA were performed in accordance to recommendations of the American Echocardiographic Association. The value of Pvsd was calculated from the maximal flow velocity (V) in VSD using the following formula: Pvsd=4xV? (mm Hg). Results For children from the experimental group, the relationship between the body surface and the variability of the LVD was explained with 56.85%, LVS with 66.15%, SF with 4.9%, TPA with 58.92%. For children from the control group, the relationship between the body surface and the variability of LVD was explained with 88.8%, LVS with 72.5%, SF with 0.42%, PA with 58.92%. For healthy children, the relationship between the body surface and the variabilitiy of the LVD was explained with 88.8%, LVS with 88.78%, SF with 5.25% and PA with 84.75%. There was a significant statistical difference between average values of Pvsd in the experimental and control group (p<0.02). Conclusion The presence of the large VSD has an influence on the enlargement of LVD, LVS, SF, TPA. The enlargement of the size of the pulmonary artery depends on the presence of VSD and there is a direct variation in the magnitude of the shunt. There is a relationship and significant dependence of the LVS and LVD on the body surface. There is no statistically significant dependence between SF and body surface.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Mind-Body Dualism and Personal Values

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Gunne Grankvist ◽  
Petri Kajonius ◽  
Bjorn Persson
Keyword(s):  
Personal Values ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Beliefs And Values ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Dualists view the mind and the body as two fundamental different “things”, equally real and independent of each other. Cartesian thought, or substance dualism, maintains that the mind and body are two different substances, the non-physical and the physical, and a causal relationship is assumed to exist between them. Physicalism, on the other hand, is the idea that everything that exists is either physical or totally dependent of and determined by physical items. Hence, all mental states are fundamentally physical states. In the current study we investigated to what degree Swedish university students’ beliefs in mind-body dualism is explained by the importance they attach to personal values. A self-report inventory was used to measure their beliefs and values. Students who held stronger dualistic beliefs attach less importance to the power value (i.e., the effort to achieve social status, prestige, and control or dominance over people and resources). This finding shows that the strength in laypeople’s beliefs in dualism is partially explained by the importance they attach to personal values.</p>

scholarly journals Choice of a Lifetime: Disability, Feminism, and Reproductive Rights

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Caeton
Keyword(s):  
Disability Studies ◽  
Reproductive Rights ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reciprocal Arrangement ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

<p>The prevailing understanding is that feminism, both as activism and theory, harmoniously overlaps with disability studies. This article, however, seeks to more closely scrutinize the relationship between the two fields. Through an examination of reproductive rights — a particularly divisive issue — this article argues that technocultural arrangements of the body reveal a potential disjuncture between feminism and disability. The rhetoric surrounding reproductive rights frequently focuses on choice, health, and control. Such terms function according to different valences when thought through from the vantage of disability. Moreover, it becomes difficult to understand how a generalized form of abortion can allow for the specific protection of fetuses that exhibit forms of disability. While not fatalistic about the possibility of a reciprocal arrangement between disability and feminism, this article does caution that disability must be understood on its own terms before it can form beneficial relationships with other fields.</p>

scholarly journals The Digital Heritage of Covid-19 's Governance: How to Upgrade and Use the "Health Code" in the Post-Epidemic Era

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
Wu Siqi ◽  
Wu Yi
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Digital Heritage ◽  
Full State ◽  
The Media ◽  
Digital Projection ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

The outbreak of Covid-19 accelerated the practice of digital survival, and the "health code" launched based on the needs of epidemic prevention and control has become the representative of digital survival media, which is jointly built by science and technology enterprises and government departments. it has realized the full-state use in China, and accumulated long-term digital survival experience for the country, enterprises and individuals. At the same time, there are some media ethical problems in the use of Health Code, such as distinguishing users, leaking information, imprisoning the body and leading to the lack of subjects. In order to resolve the risk, we should re-examine the relationship between people and the media from the perspective of the subject, treat "health code" as a digital projection of personal health, and regain the service principle of digital technology. Humanize the "health code" and other digital media.

scholarly journals Hubungan Antara Profil Protein Populasi Vektor Wereng Hijau Nephotettix virescens dan Gejala Penularan Tungro pada Tanaman Padi

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Wasis Senoaji ◽  
Bambang Tri Rahardjo ◽  
Hagus Tarno
Keyword(s):  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Profiles ◽  
Nephotettix Virescens ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Transmission Process ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Nephotettix virescens is the most effective vector for transmitting tungro disease to rice plants. Two different viral particles cause Tungro transmission. Disease control was often not anticipated in the field, especially when planting is asynchronous, that cause been detected lately. At the cellular level, vector interactions with viruses indicate vector proteins response to viral in the body of vector insects which involved in virus transmission in plants. This study aims to describe the relationship between the differentiation of N. virescens vector protein profiles on the types of tungro symptoms resulting from the transmission to develop techniques for early detection and control of the transmission process. The workflow of this study is screening on vector insects to obtain protein candidates thought to have a role in tungro transmission that had never been previously reported. The results of this study suggested that proteins with estimated molecular weights of 132, 73, and 49 kDa are candidates for proteins that can be used for screening purposes or virulent vector tracing as an early warning alternative to control tungro disease in endemic areas.

Effect of water consumption over the immune system response given during Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 040-044
Author(s):  
İsmail Özkaya ◽  
Melike Yıldız
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
The Body ◽  
System Response ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
System A ◽  
Immune System Response ◽  
And Control

Immune system, is the reactions initiated by the body to detect components, called antigens, with a different structure from its own genetic and to destroy those components. To have a strong and healthy immune system, a healthy diet is needed. Immune system also needs water to work properly and effectively. When the contents of diet suggestions published are observed during the COVID-19 pandemia FAO (2020) informs that regular plenty of water consumption will help our immune system. Water is also very important for hygiene in the context of the spread and control of COVID-19. Adequate water supply must be provided for meeting the basic water need, prevention from diseases, successful disease treatment during the illness and general health. Clean water usage, access to clean and adequate water are one of the most significant steps in the world in improving child-adult health.

Effects of selection for low backfat thickness in pigs on the sites of tissue deposition in the body

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
O. P. Whelehan ◽  
M. Ellis ◽  
W. C. Smith ◽  
R. Laird
Keyword(s):  
Selection Index ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The University ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTThe effects of selection for low backfat thickness on tissue deposition in different body sites has been investigated in pigs. Eight castrated male and eight female pigs from each of the selection and control lines maintained at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne were used. One castrated male and one female from each line was killed at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 kg live weight following ad libitum food consumption and fully dissected.There were only small effects of line on carcass composition, selected pigs having 120 g/kg more bone than controls at the mean side weight (P < 0·001) and 40 g/kg more lean (NS). At the same mean weight of subcutaneous fat, selected pigs had thinner backfat than controls (approximately 3 mm) over m. longissimus at the last rib and over the shoulder but not at the mid-rump or mid-back positions. There appears to have been a slight shift in the sites of fat deposition from above m. longissimus in the loin towards the mid-line and rump as a result of selection, even though mid-rump, C and K measurements were all included in the selection index. However, there was no difference between the lines in the weight distribution of subcutaneous fat between six regions and so these shifts must have been very localized. There was no difference between lines in the relationship between P2 fat thickness and proportion of lean in the side.The effects of selection on the sites of deposition within tissues other than subcutaneous fat were small. In particular there was no evidence that selection has caused relocation of body fat from subcutaneous to the other sites.

scholarly journals A survey and assessment of grasshoppers’ population in various sugarcane growing areas of Harion municipality in Sarlahi district, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-320
Author(s):  
Kapil Paudel ◽  
Naresh Dangi ◽  
Anisur Rahman Ansari ◽  
Rashmi Regmi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
First Year ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Weather Parameters ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Relationship

A small-scale study of grasshopper populations was undertaken in Harion municipality of Sarlahi district to ascertain whether grasshopper population in sugarcane growing areas is changing in consecutive years 2014 and 2015. The regular sugarcane growing areas were randomly selected and the survey was conducted to estimate the population in those consecutive years in 14 different locations where outbreak of Hieroglyphus banian (Fabricius) has occurred. The per square meter population was estimated using a ‘T’ shape which was made by tying 1m long two sticks to estimate one square meter area. The population of two consecutive years was compared to study the relationship between two years populations. The grasshopper infestation by risk category indicated that infestation warranted rating of severe in ward seven, eight and nine for 2015 from the population of 2014 AD. For 2016 AD, the risk was found low as most of the areas was categorized as moderate to light category as the population was found low in 2015 AD. Grasshopper population densities were found higher in some areas of Sarlahi district in the first year as compared to the second year. The population level in the first year was not found to induce population in next year as the population decreased in the second year. The trend of grasshopper population was not so threatening as the population was not found increasing in these years so was risk for next year. This might be due to the management of grasshoppers in nymphal stage in previous year, weather parameters, location, inter-cultural operations, decreasing of the rationing crops or presence of natural enemies. These findings provide guidance for the farmers in relation to grasshopper management and for future survey programs in relation to targeting regions of the district at risk from grasshoppers.

Uncertainty and Control in Russia

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob N. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Organizational Dynamics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Secret Police ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter analyzes the organization of pre-Revolutionary Russian terrorist groups in the 1880s and 1900s. Understanding these groups is useful in many ways. First, and most important, many of the organizational pathologies of terrorism are starkly illustrated by the travails of what were really the first modern terrorist organizations. Second, comparing these groups offers an opportunity to test hypotheses about the relationship between uncertainty and control. Third, the history of these groups is extremely well developed, in part because the archives of the Tsarist secret police were preserved, giving historians a rich set of investigative and interrogation reports to work with. Finally, the scale of violence in Russia was much greater than in Northern Ireland or Palestine. Examining this case thus complements the al-Qa'ida in Iraq case study in confirming that organizational dynamics described in preceding chapters are not unique to small-scale conflicts.

scholarly journals Influence of sense of power on epidemic control policy compliance

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ping Yuan ◽  
Fanghui Ju ◽  
Yuan Cheng ◽  
Yanbin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Epidemic Control ◽  
Policy Compliance ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Power Perception ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sense Of Power ◽  
Inhibition Theory

Incidences of noncompliance with COVID-19 prevention and control policies have occurred worldwide, increasing the risk to public safety and making epidemic control more difficult. We applied the approach–inhibition theory of power perception to investigate the underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions of the relationship between individuals' power perception and their prevention and control policy compliance. This study collected data from 303 participants in 45 counties (districts) spanning one province in China. Results show that individuals' sense of power was negatively related to their prevention and control policy compliance, with risk perception mediating and group policy control moderating this relationship. The findings provide a reference for assessing the effectiveness and relevance of government epidemic prevention and control. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document