scholarly journals A survey and assessment of grasshoppers’ population in various sugarcane growing areas of Harion municipality in Sarlahi district, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-320
Author(s):  
Kapil Paudel ◽  
Naresh Dangi ◽  
Anisur Rahman Ansari ◽  
Rashmi Regmi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
First Year ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Weather Parameters ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Relationship

A small-scale study of grasshopper populations was undertaken in Harion municipality of Sarlahi district to ascertain whether grasshopper population in sugarcane growing areas is changing in consecutive years 2014 and 2015. The regular sugarcane growing areas were randomly selected and the survey was conducted to estimate the population in those consecutive years in 14 different locations where outbreak of Hieroglyphus banian (Fabricius) has occurred. The per square meter population was estimated using a ‘T’ shape which was made by tying 1m long two sticks to estimate one square meter area. The population of two consecutive years was compared to study the relationship between two years populations. The grasshopper infestation by risk category indicated that infestation warranted rating of severe in ward seven, eight and nine for 2015 from the population of 2014 AD. For 2016 AD, the risk was found low as most of the areas was categorized as moderate to light category as the population was found low in 2015 AD. Grasshopper population densities were found higher in some areas of Sarlahi district in the first year as compared to the second year. The population level in the first year was not found to induce population in next year as the population decreased in the second year. The trend of grasshopper population was not so threatening as the population was not found increasing in these years so was risk for next year. This might be due to the management of grasshoppers in nymphal stage in previous year, weather parameters, location, inter-cultural operations, decreasing of the rationing crops or presence of natural enemies. These findings provide guidance for the farmers in relation to grasshopper management and for future survey programs in relation to targeting regions of the district at risk from grasshoppers.

scholarly journals Hatay İli Yonca Üretim Alanlarında Bulunan Böcek Faunasının Tespiti ve Bazı Türlerin Popülasyon Yoğunlukları

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamuran Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
First Year ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Lygus Rugulipennis ◽  
Beneficial Insect ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Sweep Net

The current study was conducted to determine insect fauna and population densities of some phytophagous and beneficial insect species at two different alfalfa fields in Narlıca district of Hatay province, Turkey in 2009-2010. In the first year biweekly, and in the second year weekly samplings were carried out by 25 sweep-net samplings taken by walking in diagonal directions. Aphids, thrips and gallery flies were also sampled by counting of 30 alfalfa stalks in every 8-10 steps in each of the sampling fields. As a result, 53 phytophagous species belonging to 14 families of five orders and 30 natural enemy species including 20 predators and 10 parasitoids belonging to nine families of six orders were obtained. With 19 species, Cicadellidae has been the largest number of species-containing family and Asymmetrasca descedens and Empoasca decipiens were the most intensively species in this family. In addition, Lygus rugulipennis was the most dominant species among all phytophagous species obtained. It has been found that populations of all pests species were affected by mowing the alfalfa, and show a decline. Predators were predominant among detected natural enemies, and their populations were persistent in the alfalfa fields despite approximately 7-8 mowing per year.

Integrating prescribed burning and clopyralid for the management of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. DiTomaso ◽  
Guy B. Kyser ◽  
Jessica R. Miller ◽  
Sergio Garcia ◽  
Richard F. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
First Year ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Yellow Starthistle ◽  
Final Treatment ◽  
Second Year

Prescribed burning and the herbicide clopyralid are very effective tools for the management of yellow starthistle. However, repeated use of either can be impractical or can present other problems. The potential solution is the development of an effective integrated weed management strategy using a combination of the two approaches. In small plot studies (0.2 ha), we tested one of five possible treatments: (1) untreated control, (2) 2 consecutive yr of clopyralid (0.105 kg ha−1), (3) 2 consecutive yr of prescribed summer burning, (4) first-year clopyralid followed by second-year prescribed burning, and (5) first-year prescribed burning followed by second-year clopyralid. Treatments were made in 1999 and 2000 at three study sites in California (San Benito, Yuba, and Siskiyou counties). In 2001, the year following the final treatment, 2 consecutive yr of clopyralid or first-year burning followed by second-year clopyralid consistently reduced yellow starthistle cover in the following year by 92 to 100%. However, at the Yuba site, clopyralid alone increased medusahead and ripgut brome cover. Although 2 consecutive yr of burning was effective in Yuba, very high levels of starthistle infestation in San Benito were not completely burned in the second year because of the lack of available consumable fuel. Clopyralid treatment the first year followed by prescribed burning in the second year stimulated yellow starthistle germination and did not reduce the infestation. In a large-scale study conducted at two sites (13 and 81 ha) in southern Monterey County, we used a first-year burn followed by either 2 yr of clopyralid (0.158 kg ha−1) or a single year of clopyralid (0.210 kg ha−1) and a subsequent burn. Results were in close agreement with those found in the small-scale studies. In the year following the final treatment, control of yellow starthistle was greater than 99% when the burn was followed by 2 yr of clopyralid. In contrast, when a prescribed burn was used in the last year of the program, the level of control was not as good, probably because of the increased germination of the remaining soil seedbank. These results indicate that a first-year prescribed burn followed by a second-year clopyralid treatment can provide consistently good control of yellow starthistle, as well as reduced levels of noxious annual grasses, including medusahead and ripgut brome.

Exploring the seasonal drivers of varicella zoster transmission and reactivation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M Bakker ◽  
Marisa C Eisenberg ◽  
Robert Woods ◽  
Micaela E Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viral Reactivation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and shingles. The biological mechanisms underpinning the multi-decadal latency of VZV in the body and subsequent viral reactivation—which occurs in approximately 30% of individuals—are largely unknown. Because chickenpox and shingles are endemic worldwide, understanding the relationship between VZV transmission and reactivation is important for informing disease treatment and control. While chickenpox is a vaccine-preventable childhood disease with a rich legacy of research, shingles is not a notifiable disease in most countries. To date, population-level studies of shingles have had to rely on small-scale hospital or community-level datasets. Here, we examined chickenpox and shingles notifications from Thailand and found strong seasonal incidence in both diseases, with a 3-month lag between peak chickenpox transmission season and peak shingles reactivation. We tested and fit 14 mathematical models examining the biological driversof chickenpox and shingles over an 8-year period to estimate rates of VZV transmission, reactivation, and immunity boosting, wherein re-exposure to VZV boosts VZV-specific immunity to reinforce protection against shingles. The models suggested the seasonal cycles of chickenpox and shingles have different underlying mechanisms, with ultraviolet radiation (UV) being correlated with shingles reactivation.

scholarly journals Relationship between Learning Motivation and Reflection in Undergraduate Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Tikhomirova ◽  
N.V. Kochetkov
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Motivation For Learning ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship

This article aims to study the relationship between personal reflection and the intensity of motivation for learning in a university.In order to achieve this goal, the following techniques were employed: A.V.Karpov and V.V.Ponomaryova’s technique for identifying the individual level of reflectivity, and T.I.Ilyina’s technique for assessing learning motivation in university students.The empirical study involved 143 subjects.The obtained data indicate that for the first-year students the meaning of the ‘mastering the profession’ motive is directly connected with their reflections on the present and future activities, while the meaning of the ‘getting a diploma’ motive is inversely correlated with the reflection of communication.In the second year, the intensity of the ‘gaining knowledge’ motive correlates with the reflection of communication, and the meaning of the ‘mastering the profession’ motive has an inverse relationship with the reflection of future activity.In the third year, the values of the motive for acquiring knowledge correlate with the integral indicator of reflection, whereas in the fourth year none of the reflection components are interconnected with the components of the motivation for learning in the university.

scholarly journals Intoduction of palak (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Ernakulam district of Kerala through front line demonstration and on farm testing

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijendra Kumar Meena ◽  
Shinoj Subramanian ◽  
N. V. Dipti ◽  
K. Simta
Keyword(s):  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
First Year ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Second Year ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Extension Gap ◽  
Technical Guidance ◽  
Leaf Vegetable

On Farm Testing (OFT) of <italic>palak</italic> were conducted in Ernakulam Krishi Vigyan Kendra during 2012-13. Highest green leaf vegetable yield (18.00.q/ha) was recorded in variety Harit Shobha and All Green in first year with farmers practice. Programme was continued in 2<sup>nd</sup> year under Front Line Demonstration (FLD). It was observed that Harit Shobha cultivar gave 20.0 q/ha<sup>−1</sup> green leaf yields which was higher over All Green and farmers practice. An average yield of two cultivar Harit Shobha and All green was 15.5 q/ ha<sup>−1</sup> and 17.7 q ha<sup>−1</sup> in OFT and FLD, respectively. The average technology gap, extension gap and technology index of 2.9 q ha<sup>−1</sup>, 9.5 q ha<sup>−1</sup> and 38 per cent and 1.8q ha<sup>−1</sup>, 7.5qha<sup>−1</sup> and 30 per cent during first and second year, respectively. Technology index reduced from 38 to 30 per cent during the study period means technology was accepted by the farmers. As a result, 500 farmers initiated the small scale farming of <italic>palak</italic> in the district with the technical guidance provided from KVK.

scholarly journals Further Experiments on the Fertilization of a Sea Loch (Loch Craiglin). The Effect of Different Plant Nutrients on the Phytoplankton

1948 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Marshall ◽  
A. P. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
First Year ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Bottom Mud ◽  
Normal Quantity ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Special Points ◽  
Very High ◽  
Great Growth

Loch Craiglin cannot be considered as merely an isolated basin of Loch Sween. Its shallowness, the great growth of vegetation round the shore and the fluctuations in salinity make it atypical. On the more complete isolation of the loch with the making of the dam, these conditions led to a lack of circulation, a consequent development of hydrogen sulphide in the deep water and very high pH values near the surface. One could not therefore expect the plankton to be very similar to that in the outside loch (see, however, Marshall, 1947). Unfortunately there are no records of seasonal variation before fertilization was begun. In spite of these drawbacks Loch Craiglin was a convenient and manageable area for small-scale experiments on fertilization.The experiments may be divided into two groups, those which were not followed up in detail and those in which the plankton and hydrographic results were followed from day to day. The former, made during the earlier stages of the work, are mainly described in the previous papers and led to the conclusion that the richness in phytoplankton of Loch Craiglin in 1943 was probably caused to a large extent by fertilization. Those of the second group, described above, were made to test special points and different fertilizers. Two experiments made during the summer of 1944 had apparently no effect on the phytoplankton but a third in which a very large excess of fertilizer (ten times the normal quantity) was added, gave a good increase after an initial lag. At that time the attached algae were abundant and their needs apparently had to be satisfied before any nutrients could be used by the phytoplankton.The remaining experiments, which were therefore made during the winter, showed that commercial ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and monoammonium phosphate could replace the sodium nitrate and superphosphate used hitherto. Two further experiments in the following spring using ammonium chloride and urea did not, however, prove effective. All the salts used had been found in laboratory tests by Miss F. A. Stanbury to be suitable for diatom growth, and the reason for the failure of these two in the loch is unknown.The utilization of the nutrients was extremely rapid even in winter but it is probable that their disappearance is not entirely caused by the phytoplankton or bottom-living algae but partly by adsorption on the bottom mud or by suspended matter. On one occasion it may have been caused by a serious fall in loch level.The zooplankton which during the first year of fertilizations was richer in Loch Craiglin than in the outside loch diminished in the second year and remained poor thereafter in spite of, or perhaps because of, the intensive fertilizations. The dense phytoplankton and other vegetation raised the pH at times to levels dangerous to animal life.

Premature weaning in East Bhutan: only if mother is pregnant again

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Bohler ◽  
Staffan Bergström
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Subsequent Pregnancy ◽  
First Year ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Supplementary Foods ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe relationship between breast-feeding and subsequent pregnancy in East Bhutan is examined, against the background of local attitudes to family planning. Ninety-eight mothers who had given birth 30–36 months earlier were interviewed. Semisolid supplementary feeding was introduced at a median age of 3 months. Median total duration of breast-feeding was 28 months, and day and night breast-feeding on demand was continued throughout. Median duration of postpartum amenorrhoea was 12 months, and was associated with the timing of the introduction of supplementary foods.There was a significant association between the occurrence of a subsequent pregnancy and early termination of breast-feeding. The relationships between breast-feeding pattern and pregnancy interval are complex, and their relative influence changes with time. During the first year postpartum, infertility during lactational amenorrhoea is important. During the second year there is a strong negative effect on lactation from the next pregnancy. The only important reason for ceasing to breast-feed within 2 years seems to be a new pregnancy.

scholarly journals Planktonic and Parasitic Sea Lice Abundance on Three Commercial Salmon Farms in Norway Throughout a Production Cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lone S. Jevne ◽  
Maria Guttu ◽  
Anna S. Båtnes ◽  
Yngvar Olsen ◽  
Kjell I. Reitan
Keyword(s):  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Sea Lice ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
First Year ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Successful Reduction

The present article reports the densities of planktonic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus) in three Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) localities, and the relationship between the abundance of adult sea lice on the salmon and the densities of planktonic sea lice stages, during a complete production cycle followed by a fallowing period. Samples were taken downstream inside and immediately outside of cages, at one locality with lice skirts and two localities without lice skirts. There were no differences in densities of planktonic sea lice in samples taken from the inside or the outside of cages for any of the localities. However, the proportion-non-zero of planktonic sea lice samples taken from inside the cage was higher during months with a temperature above 9°C (mean abundance: 0.40–2.5 individuals m–3) than months with temperature below 9°C (mean abundance: 0.02–0.21 individuals m–3, odds ratio of the proportion-non-zero: p &lt; 0.01). Densities of planktonic sea lice correlated most strongly with temperature in the first year (τ = 0.44–0.57, p &lt; 0.05). A significant correlation between the number of adult female lice on salmon and average density of plankton sea lice was found in the locality with lice skirts during the second year (τ = 0.43 inside cages, τ = 0.58 outside cages, both p values &lt; 0.05). Background levels of planktonic sea lice in the succeeding fallowing period showed neither L. salmonis nor C. elongatus planktonic sea lice, suggesting that there was successful reduction of the densities of planktonic sea lice for this area during the fallowing period.

scholarly journals Academic Advising and Maintaining Major: Is There a Relation?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maram S. Jaradat ◽  
Mohammad B. Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Academic Advising ◽  
Major Change ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Advancement Opportunities ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of academic advising on changing or maintaining majors in university degrees. It is also a goal of the study to determine which semester of the course study is most likely or less likely witness the change of major and whether advising contributes to that change. Through this correlational study, the researchers explored students&rsquo; perceptions about the academic advising they received and the relationship of its absence on students&rsquo; major change. The participants were 1725 undergraduate students from all year levels. One survey is used to collect the data for this study: Influences on Choice of Major Survey. Based on the findings, it is found that university advisors have a very poor effect on students' decisions to select their majors as 45.6% of the 1725 participants indicate NO influence of advising in their survey answers. Whereas career advancement opportunities, students' interests, and job opportunities indicate a strong effect on their majors&rsquo; selections as they score the highest means of 3.76, 3.73, 3.64 respectively. In addition, findings show that students are most likely changing their majors in their second year and specifically in the second semester. Second year major change scored 36.9% in the second semester and 30.9% in the first semester. More importantly, results indicate that there is a positive significant correlation between college advisor and change major in the second year (p = 0.000). It is to researchers understanding based on the findings that when students receive enough academic advising in the first year of study and continues steadily to the next year, the possibilities of students changing their majors decreases greatly.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Performance on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry In-Training and Certification Examinations

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorthea Juul ◽  
Sandra B. Sexson ◽  
Beth Ann Brooks ◽  
Eugene V. Beresin ◽  
Donald W. Bechtold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Psychiatry ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Child And Adolescent Psychiatry ◽  
Formative Feedback ◽  
First Year ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Certification Examinations ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Studies across a range of specialties have consistently yielded positive associations between performance on in-training examinations and board certification examinations, supporting the use of the in-training examination as a valuable formative feedback tool for residents and residency programs. That association to date, however, has not been tested in child and adolescent psychiatry residents. Objective This is the first study to explore the relationship between performance on the American College of Psychiatrists' Child Psychiatry Resident In-Training Examination (CHILD PRITE) and subsequent performance on the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology's (ABPN) subspecialty multiple-choice examination (Part I) in child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP). Methods Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationship between performance on the CHILD PRITE and the CAP Part I examination for 342 fellows. Results Second-year CAP fellows performed significantly better on the CHILD PRITE than did the first-year fellows. The correlation between the CHILD PRITE total score and the CAP Part I examination total score was .41 (P  =  .01) for first-year CAP fellows; it was .52 (P  =  .01) for second-year CAP fellows. Conclusions The significant correlations between scores on the 2 tests show they assess the same achievement domain. This supports the use of the CHILD PRITE as a valid measure of medical knowledge and formative feedback tool in child and adolescent psychiatry.

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