scholarly journals Species-specific flowering phenology responses to experimental warming and drought alter herbaceous plant species overlap in a temperate–boreal forest community

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E Rice ◽  
Rebecca A Montgomery ◽  
Artur Stefanski ◽  
Roy L Rich ◽  
Peter B Reich
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Forest Community ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Experimental Warming ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Background and Aims Warmer temperatures and altered precipitation patterns are expected to continue to occur as the climate changes. How these changes will impact the flowering phenology of herbaceous perennials in northern forests is poorly understood but could have consequences for forest functioning and species interactions. Here, we examine the flowering phenology responses of five herbaceous perennials to experimental warming and reduced summer rainfall over 3 years. Methods This study is part of the B4WarmED experiment located at two sites in northern Minnesota, USA. Three levels of warming (ambient, +1.6 °C and +3.1 °C) were crossed with two rainfall manipulations (ambient and 27 % reduced growing season rainfall). Key Results We observed species-specific responses to the experimental treatments. Warming alone advanced flowering for four species. Most notably, the two autumn blooming species showed the strongest advance of flowering to warming. Reduced rainfall alone advanced flowering for one autumn blooming species and delayed flowering for the other, with no significant impact on the three early blooming species. Only one species, Solidago spp., showed an interactive response to warming and rainfall manipulation by advancing in +1.6 °C warming (regardless of rainfall manipulation) but not advancing in the warmest, driest treatment. Species-specific responses led to changes in temporal overlap between species. Most notably, the two autumn blooming species diverged significantly in their flowering timing. In ambient conditions, these two species flowered within the same week. In the warmest, driest treatment, flowering occurred over a month apart. Conclusions Herbaceous species may differ in how they respond to future climate conditions. Changes to phenology may lead to fewer resources for insects or a mismatch between plants and pollinators.

scholarly journals The promotion of stress tolerant Symbiodiniaceae dominance in juveniles of two coral species due to simulated future conditions of ocean warming and acidification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyx P Terrell ◽  
Emma Marangon ◽  
Nicole S Webster ◽  
Ira Cooke ◽  
Kate P Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Juvenile Corals ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Risk Metric

The symbiotic relationship between coral and its endosymbiotic algae, Symbiodiniaceae, greatly influences the hosts potential to withstand environmental stress. To date, the effects of climate change on this relationship has primarily focused on adult corals. Uncovering the effects of environmental stress on the establishment and development of this symbiosis in early life stages is critical for predicting how corals may respond to climate change. To determine the impacts of future climate projections on the establishment of symbionts in juvenile corals, ITS2 amplicon sequencing of single coral juveniles was applied to Goniastrea retiformis and Acropora millepora before and after exposure to three climate conditions of varying temperature and pCO2 levels (current and RCP8.5 in 2050 and 2100). Compared to ambient conditions, juvenile corals experienced shuffling in the relative abundance of Cladocopium (C1m, reduction) to Durusdinium (D1 and D1a, increase) over time. We calculated a novel risk metric incorporating functional redundancy and likelihood of impact on host physiology to identify the loss of D1a as a low risk to the coral compared to the loss of higher risk taxa like D1 and C1m. Although the increase in stress tolerant Durusdinium under future warming was encouraging for A. millepora, by 2100, G. retiformis communities displayed signs of symbiosis de-regulation, suggesting this acclimatory mechanism may have species-specific thresholds. These results emphasize the need for understanding of long-term effects of climate change induced stress on coral juveniles and their potential for increased acclimation to heat tolerance through changes in symbiosis.

scholarly journals Indoor Airflow Distribution in Repository Design: Experimental and Numerical Microclimate Analysis of an Archive

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Karin Kompatscher ◽  
Rick P. Kramer ◽  
Bart Ankersmit ◽  
Henk L. Schellen
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Indoor Climate ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Climate Control ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Airflow Distribution ◽  
Air Mixing ◽  
Delay Variations

The majority of cultural heritage is stored in archives, libraries and museum storage spaces. To reduce degradation risks, many archives adopt the use of archival boxes, among other means, to provide the necessary climate control and comply with strict legislation requirements regarding temperature and relative air humidity. A strict ambient indoor climate is assumed to provide adequate environmental conditions near objects. Guidelines and legislation provide requirements for ambient indoor climate parameters, but often do not consider other factors that influence the near-object environment, such as the use of archival boxes, airflow distribution and archival rack placement. This study aimed to provide more insight into the relation between the ambient indoor conditions in repositories and the hygrothermal conditions surrounding the collection. Comprehensive measurements were performed in a case study archive to collect ambient, local and near-object conditions. Both measurements and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling were used to research temperature/relative humidity gradients and airflow distribution with a changing rack orientation, climate control strategy and supply as well as exhaust set-up in a repository. The following conclusions are presented: (i) supplying air from one air handling unit to multiple repositories on different floors leads to small temperature differences between them. Differences in ambient and local climates are noticed; (ii) archival boxes mute and delay variations in ambient conditions as expected—however, thermal radiation from the building envelope may have a large influence on the climate conditions in a box; (iii) adopting night reduction for energy conservation results in an increased influence of the external climate, with adequate insulation, this effect should be mitigated; and (iv) the specific locations of the supply air and extraction of air resulted in a vertical gradient of temperature and insufficient mixing of air, and adequate ventilation strategies should enhance sufficient air mixing in combination with the insulation of external walls, and gradient forming should be reduced.

scholarly journals Flowering phenology in alpine grassland strongly responds to shifts in snowmelt but weakly to summer drought

Alpine Botany ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vorkauf ◽  
Ansgar Kahmen ◽  
Christian Körner ◽  
Erika Hiltbrunner
Keyword(s):  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Alpine Plants ◽  
Alpine Grassland ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Phenological Cycle ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractAlpine plants complete their seasonal phenological cycle during two to three snow-free months. Under climate change, snowmelt advances and the risk of summer droughts increases. Yet, photoperiodism may prevent alpine plants from benefiting from an earlier start of the growing season. To identify the drivers of flowering phenology in the seven main species of an alpine grassland, we experimentally shifted the snowmelt date through snow manipulations, and excluded precipitation during summer. With “time-to-event” models, we analysed the beginning of main flowering with respect to temperature sums, time after snowmelt, and calendar day (photoperiod). We identified two phenology types: four species tracking snowmelt dates directly or with a certain lag set by temperature sums, including the dominant sedge Carex curvula, Anthoxanthum alpinum Helictotrichon versicolor, and Trifolium alpinum, and three species tracking photoperiod: Geum montanum, Leontodon helveticus and Potentilla aurea. Photoperiodism did not act as daylength threshold but rather modulated the thermal sums at flowering. Hence, photoperiod delayed flowering after earlier snowmelt. The grass A. alpinum was the only one of seven species that clearly responded to drought by earlier and longer flowering. The remarkably high importance of snowmelt dates for both phenology types suggests an earlier onset of flowering in a warmer climate, particularly for non-photoperiod-sensitive species, with an increasing risk for freezing damages and potential disruptions of biotic interactions in the most frequent type of alpine grassland across the Alps. Consequentially, the distinct microclimate and species-specific responses to photoperiod challenge temperature-only based projections of climate warming effects on alpine plant species.

Altering species interactions outweighs the effects of experimental warming in structuring a rocky shore community

2017 ◽  
Vol 496 ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin A. Lathlean ◽  
Russell A. McWilliam ◽  
Jonathan Pankhurst ◽  
Todd E. Minchinton
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Rocky Shore ◽  
Experimental Warming

scholarly journals Ant-mediated seed dispersal in a warmed world

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine L. Stuble ◽  
Courtney M. Patterson ◽  
Mariano A. Rodriguez-Cabal ◽  
Relena R. Ribbons ◽  
Robert R. Dunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Seed Removal ◽  
Experimental Warming ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Species Specific

Climate change affects communities both directly and indirectly via changes in interspecific interactions. One such interaction that may be altered under climate change is the ant-plant seed dispersal mutualism common in deciduous forests of the eastern US. As climatic warming alters the abundance and activity levels of ants, the potential exists for shifts in rates of ant-mediated seed removal. We used an experimental temperature manipulation at two sites in the eastern US (Harvard Forest in Massachusetts and Duke Forest in North Carolina) to examine the potential impacts of climatic warming on overall rates of seed dispersal (using Asarum canadense seeds) as well as species-specific rates of seed dispersal at the Duke Forest site. We also examined the relationship between ant critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and the mean seed removal temperature for each ant species. We found that seed removal rates did not change as a result of experimental warming at either study site, nor were there any changes in species-specific rates of seed dispersal. There was, however, a positive relationship between CTmax and mean seed removal temperature, whereby species with higher CTmax removed more seeds at hotter temperatures. The temperature at which seeds were removed was influenced by experimental warming as well as diurnal and day-to-day fluctuations in temperature. Taken together, our results suggest that while temperature may play a role in regulating seed removal by ants, ant plant seed-dispersal mutualisms may be more robust to climate change than currently assumed.

scholarly journals Multispecies integrated population model reveals bottom-up dynamics in a seabird predator-prey system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Quéroué ◽  
Christophe Barbraud ◽  
Frédéric Barraquand ◽  
Daniel Turek ◽  
Karine Delord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Success ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Demographic Parameters ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Prey System

AbstractAssessing the effects of climate and interspecific relationships on communities is challenging because of the complex interplay between species population dynamics, their interactions, and the need to integrate information across several biological levels (individuals – populations – communities). Usually used to quantify species interactions, integrated population models (IPMs) have recently been extended to communities. These models allow fitting multispecies matrix models to data from multiple sources while simultaneously accounting for various sources of uncertainty in each data source. We used multispecies IPMs accommodating climate conditions to quantify the relative contribution of climate vs. interspecific interactions on demographic parameters, such as survival and breeding success, in the dynamics of a predator-prey system. We considered a stage-structured predator–prey system combining 22 years of capture–recapture data and population counts of two seabirds, the Brown Skua (Catharacta lönnbergi) and its main prey the Blue Petrel (Halobaena caerulea) both breeding on the Kerguelen Islands in the Southern Ocean. Our results showed that climate and predator-prey interactions drive the demography of skuas and petrels in different ways. The breeding success of skuas appeared to be largely driven by the number of petrels and to a lesser extent by intraspecific density-dependence. In contrast, there was no evidence of predation effects on the demographic parameters of petrels, which were affected by oceanographic factors (chlorophyll a and sea surface temperature anomalies). We conclude that bottom-up mechanisms are the main drivers of this skua-petrel system. We discuss the mechanisms by which climate variability and predator-prey relationships may affect the demographic parameters of these seabirds. Taking into account both species interactions and environmental covariates in the same analysis improved our understanding of species dynamics.

Benthic species as mud patrol - modelled effects of bioturbators and biofilms on large-scale estuarine mud and morphology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel Brückner ◽  
Christian Schwarz ◽  
Giovanni Coco ◽  
Anne Baar ◽  
Márcio Boechat Albernaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Change ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Estuarine Sediments ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Benthic Species ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Species Specific

<p>Benthic species that live within estuarine sediments stabilize or destabilize local mud deposits through their eco-engineering activities, affecting the erosion of intertidal sediments. Possibly, the altered magnitudes in eroded sediment affect the large-scale redistribution of fines and hence morphological change. To quantify this biological control on the morphological development of estuaries, we numerically model i) biofilms, ii) two contrasting bioturbating species present in NW-Europe, and iii) their combinations by means of our novel eco-morphodynamic model. The model predicts local mud erodibility based on species pattern, which dynamically evolves from the hydrodynamics, soil mud content, competition and grazing, and is fed back into the hydromorphodynamic computations.</p><p>We find that biofilms reduce mud erosion on intertidal floodplains and stabilize estuarine morphology, whereas the two bioturbators significantly enhance inter- and supratidal mud erosion and bed elevation change, leading to a large-scale reduction in deposited mud and a widening of the estuary. In turn, the species-dependent changes in mud content redefines their habitat and leads to a redistribution of species abundances. Here, the eco-engineering affects habitat conditions and species abundance while species interactions determine species dominance. Our results show that species-specific biostabilization and bioturbation determine large-scale morphological change through mud redistribution, and at the same time affect species distribution. This suggests that benthic species have subtly changed estuarine morphology through space and time and that aggravating habitat degradation might lead to large effects on the morphology of future estuaries.</p>

scholarly journals Functional Diversity Effects of Vegetation on Runoff to Design Herbaceous Hedges for Sediment Retention

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Léa Kervroëdan ◽  
Romain Armand ◽  
Mathieu Saunier ◽  
Michel-Pierre Faucon
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Sediment Retention ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Diversity Effects

Background: Functional diversity effects on ecosystem processes, like on soil erosion, are not fully understood. Runoff and soil erosion in agricultural landscapes are reduced by the hydraulic roughness (HR) of vegetation patches, which furthers sediment retention. Vegetation with important stem density, diameters, leaf areas, and density impact the HR. A functional structure composed of these negatively correlated traits involved in the increase of the HR would constitute a positive effect of the functional diversity. Methods: Runoff simulations were undertaken on four mono-specific and two multi-specific communities, using herbaceous plant species from North-West Europe, presenting six contrasting aboveground functional traits involved in the HR increase. Results: An effect of dominant traits in the community was found on the HR, identified as the community-weighted leaf density. The non-additive effect of functional diversity on the HR could be explained by the presence of species presenting large stems in the communities with high functional diversity. Conclusion: We argued that functional diversity effect on the HR could change due to idiosyncratic effects of the plant traits, which would be influenced by soil properties, phylogeny diversity, and plant species interactions. These findings constitute an advancement in the understanding of plant trait assemblage on runoff and soil erosion processes.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Garden Trees and Shrubs to Armillaria Root Rot

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-492
Author(s):  
Matthew G. Cromey ◽  
Jassy Drakulic ◽  
Elizabeth J. Beal ◽  
Ian A. G. Waghorn ◽  
Joe N. Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
High Index ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Armillaria Root Rot ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The University

Armillaria root rot (ARR) is a serious disease of woody plants caused by several species of Armillaria. Armillaria isolates from diagnostic samples received in 2017 were identified by genus- and species-specific PCR and compared with isolates from an earlier survey (2004 to 2007). The results were comparable and, therefore, were combined for further analysis. Three species were identified: Armillaria mellea (83%), A. gallica (15%), and A. ostoyae (2%). Their wide host range makes choice of resistant plants in management of the disease difficult. We used the Royal Horticultural Society diagnostic dataset of ARR records from U.K. gardens to compare the susceptibility of different host genera to the disease. The dataset was compared with an earlier experiment at the University of California. An index-based approach was used to separate genera into three categories: 77 low-index (<0.99), 37 medium-index (0.99 to 1.76), and 56 high-index (>1.76) genera were recorded. All three species were associated with both angiosperms and gymnosperms; moreover, A. ostoyae did not show the host preference for gymnosperms that has been reported elsewhere. A. gallica was particularly common on herbaceous perennials and showed a trend to occur on resistant hosts that may be under other stress, supporting its description as an opportunistic pathogen. Four monocotyledons grown as trees or shrubs in U.K. gardens had a very low ARR index according to indices associated with A. mellea and A. ostoyae. Genera in the order Myrtales were almost always low index, while those in the Saxifragales and Fagales were mostly high index. These results provide confidence in the use of host resistance as part of the integrated management of ARR.

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