scholarly journals Carbohydrate storage in herbs: the forgotten functional dimension of the plant economic spectrum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Curtis Lubbe ◽  
Adam Klimeš ◽  
Jiří Doležal ◽  
Veronika Jandová ◽  
Ondřej Mudrák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Storage Organ ◽  
Carbohydrate Storage ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Carbohydrates

Abstract Background and Aims Although the plant economic spectrum seeks to explain resource allocation strategies, carbohydrate storage is often omitted. Belowground storage organs are the centre of herb perennation, yet little is known about the role of their turnover, anatomy, and carbohydrate storage in relation to the aboveground economic spectrum. Methods We collected aboveground traits associated with the economic spectrum, storage organ turnover traits, storage organ inner structure traits, and storage carbohydrate concentrations for approximately eighty temperate meadow species. Key Results The suites of belowground traits were largely independent from one another, but there was significant correlation between the aboveground traits with both inner structure and storage carbohydrates. Anatomical traits diverged according to leaf nitrogen concentration on one side and vessel area and dry matter content on the other; carbohydrates separated along leaf nitrogen and plant height. Conclusions Contrary to our expectations, aboveground traits and not storage organ turnover were correlated with anatomy and storage carbohydrates. Belowground traits associated with the aboveground economic spectrum also did not fall clearly within the fast-slow economic continuum, thus indicating the presence of a more complicated economic space. Our study implies that the generally over-looked role of storage within the plant economic spectrum represents an important dimension of plant strategy.

scholarly journals Effects of leptin administration on long-term selected fat mice

1997 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUTZ BÜNGER ◽  
WILLIAM G. HILL
Keyword(s):  
Matter Content ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

To assess the role of genetic changes in sensitivity to leptin hormone in contributing to responses to long-term selection for fatness, leptin was administered to a long-term fat selected (F) and a control line (C) of mice. These lines differ almost three fold in their percentage of fat (fat%) at about 15 weeks of age. Treated (T) animals received twice-daily intraperitoneal injections of 5 mg/kg leptin from 91 to 105 days of age; untreated (U) animals received equivolume injections of phosphate-buffered saline. Treated compared with untreated animals in both lines had significantly (P<0·05) lower mean body weight, food intake and fatness at the end of test (fat%: CT 3%, CU 7·4%, FT 14·9%, FU21·1%). The differences in response between the lines [(CT−CU)−(FT−FU)] were all non-significant (P>0·05), however. There was a very wide range of fatness (estimated from dry matter content) among FT animals (3–29%), much higher than in FU (15–31%), CT (0·7–6·4%) and CU (2–15%) animals. While sensitivity to leptin remains in the fat line, response appears to vary among animals at the dose level used.

scholarly journals Meta-analyses comparing the nutritional composition of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata) pastures

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena M.K. Minneé ◽  
Barbara Kuhn-Sherlock ◽  
Ina J.B. Pinxterhuis ◽  
David F. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Dry Matter Content

Studies comparing livestock responses to diets containing plantain with traditional ryegrass/clover diets suggest differences in the nutritional composition between the species might explain some of the variation in results. To explore this theory, a meta-analysis was performed to compare the nutritional composition of plantain and perennial ryegrass pastures, and define key differences between the species. Standardised effect sizes (plantain vs ryegrass pastures), expressed as correlation coefficients (r) with values from -1 to +1, and treatment means from 34 studies were determined using a weighted random effects model. Pastures containing plantain had lesser herbage dry matter content than ryegrass pastures across all seasons (mean 13.4 vs. 19.4%, P<0.001; r<-0.65). Structural fibre content was consistently smaller (mean 32.1 vs. 43.4% DM), but non-structural fibre content larger in plantain compared with ryegrass pastures (large effect sizes of r>0.70). There was no difference in total herbage nitrogen concentration (g/100 g DM; r<0.03). However, plantain pastures contained less soluble and degradable nitrogen compared with ryegrass pastures (r<-0.78). Herbage digestibility did not differ significantly between pastures (r=-0.13; P=0.168). Generally, the effect of plantain on nutritional composition was consistent across seasons. Experiments and models investigating the effects of pasture mixes on environmental nitrogen losses ought to include detailed nitrogen and carbohydrate fractions data for accurate interpretation and prediction.

scholarly journals Seasonal Dynamics of Core Fungi in the Switchgrass Phyllosphere, and Co-Occurrence with Leaf Bacteria

2020 ◽  
pp. PBIOMES-07-20-0
Author(s):  
Alan W. Bowsher ◽  
Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci ◽  
Gregory Bonito ◽  
Ashley Shade
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Microbiome Assembly

Plant leaves harbor complex microbial communities that influence plant health and productivity. Nevertheless, a detailed understanding of phyllosphere community assembly and drivers is needed, particularly for phyllosphere fungi. Here, we investigated seasonal dynamics of epiphytic phyllosphere fungal communities in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a focal bioenergy crop. We also leverage previously published data on switchgrass phyllosphere bacterial communities from the same experimental plants, allowing us to compare fungal and bacterial dynamics and explore interdomain network associations in the switchgrass phyllosphere. Overall, we found a strong impact of sampling date on fungal community composition, with multiple taxonomic levels exhibiting clear temporal patterns in relative abundance. In addition, leaf nitrogen concentration, leaf dry matter content, plant height, and minimum daily air temperature explained significant variation in phyllosphere fungal communities, likely due to their correlation with sampling date. Finally, among the core taxa, fungi–bacteria network associations were much more common than bacteria–bacteria associations, suggesting the importance of interdomain phylogenetic diversity in microbiome assembly. Although our findings highlight the complexity of phyllosphere microbiome assembly, the clear temporal patterns in lineage-specific fungal abundances give promise to the potential for accurately predicting shifts in fungal phyllosphere communities throughout the growing season, a key research priority for sustainable agriculture. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals Effect of Salt and Storage Time on Physico-Chemical and Sensorial Properties of Beef Meatball

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
RS Tanny ◽  
MA Hashem ◽  
S Akhter ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
MAK Azad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Fresh Sample ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
And Storage

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of salt and storage temperature on the physico-chemical properties of meatball. For this purpose meatball samples were divided into two parts; one is called fresh meatball and another is preserved meatball at different temperatures. Then the fresh samples as well as the preserved samples were divided into four subdivisions. Then these are treated with different salt levels (0, 1.5, 3 and 5% salt level).These Samples were stored at 4oC and -20oC temperature. Samples preserved at 4oC were stored in the refrigerator for 21 days and were analyzed on 7th day, 14th day and 21st day and samples preserved at -20oCwere stored in the refrigerator for 60 days and were analyzed on 15th day, 30th day, 45th day and 60thday. Dry matter content of all the samples increased with the advancement of storage time, temperature and salt concentration. Ash value decreased with the increase of storage time. Fat value of all the samples decreased with the advancement of salt concentration, storage time and temperature. pH value of all the samples decreased with the increasing of salt concentration, storage time and temperature. Cooking loss of all the samples increased with increasing of salt concentration but decreased with increasing of storage time and temperature. Dry matter in fresh sample were less than in preserved samples. CP % of fresh beef meatball was 22.31, 20.55, 14.55 and 20.13 at different salt concentration. The values of CP, DM, Ash and Fat also varied among the samples significantly (P<0.01). Beef meatball can be refrigerated for 60 days in different techniques with more or less difference in the quality. Highly significant differences are observed in preserved samples than in fresh samples at different salt levels. Fresh beef meatball treated with 1.5% salt found to be more acceptable in terms of sensory evaluation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19117 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 137 - 147, 2013

scholarly journals The Influence of Variety and Storage Conditions with C.A. on Quality Indicators at Three Varieties of Quince (Cydonia Oblonga)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 260-267
Author(s):  
Ioana Bezdadea-Catuneanu ◽  
Liliana Badulescu ◽  
Andreea Stan ◽  
Dorel Hoza
Keyword(s):  
Storage Period ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Cydonia Oblonga ◽  
Rosaceae Family ◽  
And Storage

Abstract The aims of this work were to determine which storage conditions can preserve the quince quality (Cydonia oblonga Miller, Rosaceae family), stored in three different rooms with controlled atmosphere (CA). Due to their reported high polyphenolic content in the fruit, three varieties of quinces, like Ekmek, Bereczhi and Tinella were stored and monitored for twelve months. During storage period, the following quality parameters were monitored: dry matter content (D.M.%), titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (°Brix), firmness, antioxidant capacity and also content in total flavonoids and total polyphenols. After twelve months of storage, observations showed that quince from Tinella variety presented better quality parameters compared to quinces from Ekmek and Bereczhi varieties. As expected, keeping quinces in the presence of CO2content, respectively 2% and 5%, presented better physical and biochemical quality compared with those stored without CO2 (control).

scholarly journals Role of acetic acid in the sustainability of silage from cereal grasses to adverse micloflore at air access

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Антон Мамаев ◽  
Anton Mamaev ◽  
Белла Осипян ◽  
Bella Osipyan ◽  
Валентина Козлова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
High Level

To improve the quality of silage, lactic sourdoughs are now widely used. However, the finished high quality feed after air access gradually deteriorates under the influence of aerobic, acid-resistant microorganisms. The most popular compound for increasing aerobic stability is acetic acid. The effect of this acid was studied on plants belonging to the group of lightly consolidated with a sugar-buffer ratio from 2.9 to 3.2 and with an average dry matter content of green mass of 25.6%. Silage, in which the process of homofermentative lactic acid fermentation took place, had significant nutrient losses (on average, in the group of 12.0% dry matter) with rather rapid molding (4.2 days). During aeration, the average pH of this group increased from 4.06 to 5.61. The high level of correlation (0.78) between the content of acetic acid and the time of mold confirm its fungicidal properties. The correlation found, unfortunately, did not guarantee the same high correlation (–0.52) between the content of acetic acid and the loss of nutrients during aeration. This circumstance is apparently due to the high variability of nutrient losses at low levels of acetic acid concentration (less than 4.1% in the dry matter) due to the species composition of the microflora and the speed of its development at the initial stage of aerobic spoilage.

Diurnal changes in the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates in Phalaris aquatica L. pasture in spring, and the effect of short-term shading

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Ciavarella ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
H. Dove ◽  
B. J. Leury ◽  
I. M. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Early Afternoon

The concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and its components, starch, total nitrogen, and dry matter of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Australian) pasture were varied by shading for periods ranging from 38.5 to 46.5 h. In unshaded pasture, WSC concentrations were lowest at sunrise [103 mg/g dry matter (DM)] and increased until early afternoon (to 160 mg/g DM). Sucrose and starch increased in concentration during daylight, whilst the concentrations of glucose, fructose, fructan, and a component of WSC considered to be mainly the carbohydrate moiety of glycoside(s) were relatively constant. The concentrations of starch, and all components of WSC except sucrose, were reduced by shading, but increased to the concentrations observed in the unshaded pasture within 2–4 h after removal of the cover. The fructans present in phalaris were determined to be oligosaccharides of degree of polymerisation (DP) 3 and DP 4 and high molecular mass fructans with DP >10. Nitrogen concentration of shaded pasture was initially higher (4.7% DM) than in unshaded pasture (3.9% DM), but decreased after removal of the shade cover. Dry matter content was reduced in shaded pasture, partly due to increased retention of water on the exterior of plants. The experiment was a precursor for a grazing trial in which the WSC content of pasture was to be altered by shading. It indicated that shading would potentially alter WSC and N concentrations, and DM content, but would have only a relatively small impact on the digestibility of the pasture.

scholarly journals Diurnal variations in the excretion of faeces and urine by sheep fed once daily or at hourly intervals

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Minson ◽  
J. L. Cowper
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Automatic Feeder ◽  
Dry Matter Concentration ◽  
Continuous Background ◽  
Total Urine

1. A machine is described which automatically releases previously weighed rations to individually penned sheep at hourly intervals for 24 h. 2. Six sheep were kept in a room with constant light, temperature and continuous background noise and given 912 g lucerne daily at 10.00 h or at hourly intervals by means of the automatic feeder. Faeces and urine were collected every 2 h. 3. Hourly feedings reduced the variation between 2-hourly collection periods by 47, 87, 90, 85, 70 and 91% for total dry-matter content of the faeces, faeces dry-matter concentration, total urine output, urine specific gravity, urine nitrogen concentration and total N content of the urine respectively.

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