scholarly journals Seasonal Dynamics of Core Fungi in the Switchgrass Phyllosphere, and Co-Occurrence with Leaf Bacteria

2020 ◽  
pp. PBIOMES-07-20-0
Author(s):  
Alan W. Bowsher ◽  
Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci ◽  
Gregory Bonito ◽  
Ashley Shade
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Microbiome Assembly

Plant leaves harbor complex microbial communities that influence plant health and productivity. Nevertheless, a detailed understanding of phyllosphere community assembly and drivers is needed, particularly for phyllosphere fungi. Here, we investigated seasonal dynamics of epiphytic phyllosphere fungal communities in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a focal bioenergy crop. We also leverage previously published data on switchgrass phyllosphere bacterial communities from the same experimental plants, allowing us to compare fungal and bacterial dynamics and explore interdomain network associations in the switchgrass phyllosphere. Overall, we found a strong impact of sampling date on fungal community composition, with multiple taxonomic levels exhibiting clear temporal patterns in relative abundance. In addition, leaf nitrogen concentration, leaf dry matter content, plant height, and minimum daily air temperature explained significant variation in phyllosphere fungal communities, likely due to their correlation with sampling date. Finally, among the core taxa, fungi–bacteria network associations were much more common than bacteria–bacteria associations, suggesting the importance of interdomain phylogenetic diversity in microbiome assembly. Although our findings highlight the complexity of phyllosphere microbiome assembly, the clear temporal patterns in lineage-specific fungal abundances give promise to the potential for accurately predicting shifts in fungal phyllosphere communities throughout the growing season, a key research priority for sustainable agriculture. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals Эффективность применения удобрений при возделывании капусты белокочанной F1 Континент

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.Ju. Vasyuchkov ◽  
V.A. Borisov ◽  
G.A. Kostenko ◽  
O.N. Uspenskaya ◽  
A.A. Kolomiets
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Dry Matter Content

Цель исследований изучение потенциальной возможности получения максимальной урожайности новых гибридов капусты белокочанной при оптимизации ее питания на пойменных почвах Подмосковья. На окультуренной аллювиальной луговой среднесуглинистой почве поймы реки Москвы (Раменский район) в 20182019 годах проведены исследования по увеличению продуктивности нового гибрида поздней белокочанной капусты F1 Континент. Почвы характеризовались близкой к нейтральной реакцией среды, благоприятными агрофизическими свойствами, довольно высоким содержанием гумуса. Погодные условия 20182019 годов были в целом неблагоприятны для возделывания капусты: длительные засушливые периоды оказали сильное влияние на продуктивность растений капусты. Дефицит влаги восполняли дополнительными поливами. В схему опыта включены варианты с расчетными дозами минеральных удобрений (на урожайность 80, 100 и 120 т/га), использование анализа почвы и растений для определения необходимости подкормок, а также природный регулятор роста растений экстрасол (2 л/га) для оптимизации азотного питания капусты. Возделывание гибрида в условиях низкого (N90P50K135), среднего (N180P100K270) и высокого (N370P101K362) уровня минерального питания, с применением регулятора роста экстрасола (2 л/га) и подкормок азотно-калийными удобрениями в фазе розетки листьев позволило увеличить урожайность с 53 до 7585 т/га (на 4161) с выходом стандартной продукции более 90. Прибавка урожайности к варианту без удобрений (контроль) за счет улучшения питания растений составила 761, окупаемость 1 кг д.в. удобрений дополнительной продукцией в размере от 19 до 62 кг. При улучшении минерального питания отмечено увеличение содержания сахаров и витамина С в продукции, однако увеличение доз азотных удобрений более 250 кг/га д.в. в составе полного минерального удобрения приводит к превышению ПДК (500 мг/кг сырой массы) по нитратам и снижению содержания сухого вещества в кочанах. Окупаемость затрат на удобрения капусты по лучшим вариантам достигла 4762 кг продукции на 1 кг д.в. удобрений.The purpose of the research is to study the potential possibility of obtaining the maximum yield of new hybrids of cabbage when optimizing its nutrition on floodplain soils of the Moscow region. The studies were conducted to increase the productivity of a new hybrid of late cabbage F1 Kontinent on cultivated alluvial meadow medium loamy soil of the Moscow river floodplain (Ramenskii district) in 20182019. The soils were characterized by a close to neutral reaction of the medium, favorable agrophysical properties, and a rather high humus content. The weather conditions of 20182019 were generally unfavorable for the cultivation of cabbage: long dry periods had a strong impact on the productivity of cabbage plants. The deficit of moisture was compensated by additional irrigation. The experimental design included options with estimated doses of mineral fertilizers (for yields of 80, 100 and 120 t/ha), the use of soil and plant analysis to determine the need for fertilizing, and the natural plant growth regulator Extrasol (2 l/ha) to optimize nitrogen nutrition cabbage. The cultivation of the hybrid conditions is low (N90P50K135), medium (N180P100K270) and high (N370P101K362) mineral nutrition level, using the growth regulator Extrasol (2 l/ha) and fertilizing nitrogen-potassium fertilizers in the leaf outlet phase allowed to increase the yield of heads from 53 to 7585 tons per hectare (by 4161) with the output of standard products more than 90. The yield increase amounted to the option without fertilizers (control) due to improved plant nutrition 761, payback 1 kg a.s. fertilizers with additional products in the amount of 19 to 62 kg. An increase in the content of sugars and vitamin C in products was noted with an improvement in mineral nutrition, however, an increase in doses of nitrogen fertilizers of more than 250 kg/ha a.s. as a part of a complete mineral fertilizer leads to an excess of MPC (500 mg/kg of crude mass) in nitrates and a decrease in the dry matter content in heads of cabbage. Payback of the cost of cabbage fertilizers for the best variants reached 4762 kg of products per kg of a.s. fertilizer.

scholarly journals Meta-analyses comparing the nutritional composition of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata) pastures

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena M.K. Minneé ◽  
Barbara Kuhn-Sherlock ◽  
Ina J.B. Pinxterhuis ◽  
David F. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Dry Matter Content

Studies comparing livestock responses to diets containing plantain with traditional ryegrass/clover diets suggest differences in the nutritional composition between the species might explain some of the variation in results. To explore this theory, a meta-analysis was performed to compare the nutritional composition of plantain and perennial ryegrass pastures, and define key differences between the species. Standardised effect sizes (plantain vs ryegrass pastures), expressed as correlation coefficients (r) with values from -1 to +1, and treatment means from 34 studies were determined using a weighted random effects model. Pastures containing plantain had lesser herbage dry matter content than ryegrass pastures across all seasons (mean 13.4 vs. 19.4%, P<0.001; r<-0.65). Structural fibre content was consistently smaller (mean 32.1 vs. 43.4% DM), but non-structural fibre content larger in plantain compared with ryegrass pastures (large effect sizes of r>0.70). There was no difference in total herbage nitrogen concentration (g/100 g DM; r<0.03). However, plantain pastures contained less soluble and degradable nitrogen compared with ryegrass pastures (r<-0.78). Herbage digestibility did not differ significantly between pastures (r=-0.13; P=0.168). Generally, the effect of plantain on nutritional composition was consistent across seasons. Experiments and models investigating the effects of pasture mixes on environmental nitrogen losses ought to include detailed nitrogen and carbohydrate fractions data for accurate interpretation and prediction.

Diurnal changes in the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates in Phalaris aquatica L. pasture in spring, and the effect of short-term shading

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Ciavarella ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
H. Dove ◽  
B. J. Leury ◽  
I. M. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Early Afternoon

The concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and its components, starch, total nitrogen, and dry matter of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Australian) pasture were varied by shading for periods ranging from 38.5 to 46.5 h. In unshaded pasture, WSC concentrations were lowest at sunrise [103 mg/g dry matter (DM)] and increased until early afternoon (to 160 mg/g DM). Sucrose and starch increased in concentration during daylight, whilst the concentrations of glucose, fructose, fructan, and a component of WSC considered to be mainly the carbohydrate moiety of glycoside(s) were relatively constant. The concentrations of starch, and all components of WSC except sucrose, were reduced by shading, but increased to the concentrations observed in the unshaded pasture within 2–4 h after removal of the cover. The fructans present in phalaris were determined to be oligosaccharides of degree of polymerisation (DP) 3 and DP 4 and high molecular mass fructans with DP >10. Nitrogen concentration of shaded pasture was initially higher (4.7% DM) than in unshaded pasture (3.9% DM), but decreased after removal of the shade cover. Dry matter content was reduced in shaded pasture, partly due to increased retention of water on the exterior of plants. The experiment was a precursor for a grazing trial in which the WSC content of pasture was to be altered by shading. It indicated that shading would potentially alter WSC and N concentrations, and DM content, but would have only a relatively small impact on the digestibility of the pasture.

scholarly journals Effect of Wilting Intensity, Dry Matter Content and Sugar Addition on Nitrogen Fractions in Lucerne Silages

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hartinger ◽  
Nina Gresner ◽  
Karl-Heinz Südekum
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Sugar Addition

Pre-ensiling treatments can significantly influence the composition of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) silages (LS). Besides dry matter (DM) content and availability of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), wilting intensity may exert a strong impact on the crude protein (CP; nitrogen [N] × 6.25) fractions. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of DM level, wilting intensity, and sucrose addition on N compounds and fermentation products in LS. Pure lucerne stand (cultivar Plato) was wilted with either high or low intensity to DM contents of 250 and 350 g kg−1, respectively, and ensiled with or without the addition of sucrose. Non-protein-N (NPN) concentration in LS was affected by all pre-ensiling treatments and with 699 g kg−1 CP, NPN was lowest in high-intensity wilted high-DM LS with sucrose addition. No effects were observed on in vitro-estimated concentrations of utilizable CP at the duodenum, a precursor to metabolizable protein. Sucrose addition and higher DM level decreased acetic acid and ammonia-N concentration in the silages. Therefore, the present study demonstrated the beneficial manipulation of CP fractions in LS by high-intensity wilting to higher DM contents and that the provision of WSC may be necessary for sufficient silage fermentation and protein preservation.

scholarly journals Diurnal variations in the excretion of faeces and urine by sheep fed once daily or at hourly intervals

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Minson ◽  
J. L. Cowper
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Automatic Feeder ◽  
Dry Matter Concentration ◽  
Continuous Background ◽  
Total Urine

1. A machine is described which automatically releases previously weighed rations to individually penned sheep at hourly intervals for 24 h. 2. Six sheep were kept in a room with constant light, temperature and continuous background noise and given 912 g lucerne daily at 10.00 h or at hourly intervals by means of the automatic feeder. Faeces and urine were collected every 2 h. 3. Hourly feedings reduced the variation between 2-hourly collection periods by 47, 87, 90, 85, 70 and 91% for total dry-matter content of the faeces, faeces dry-matter concentration, total urine output, urine specific gravity, urine nitrogen concentration and total N content of the urine respectively.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer applied to seed crops on seed yields and regrowth of progeny tubers in potatoes

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. O'Brien ◽  
E. J. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Delayed Senescence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields

SUMMARYThree experiments, carried out in 3 years (1972–5), which examined the effects of a wide range of rates of nitrogen fertilizer applied to seed crops of Home Guard on seed and progeny crop growth are reported. There was little effect of increasing rate of N application over the range 0–300 kg/ha on seed yield, and the results suggested that very low rates of nitrogen fertilizer (< 75 kg/ha) were required for maximum seed yield in mid-Wales. Increasing the rate of nitrogen fertilizer above 304 kg/ha delayed growth and decreased yield in seed crops. Although increasing the rate of nitrogen fertilizer in seed crops delayed senescence and increased the nitrogen concentration of tubers, there were few consistent effects on sprouting or growth of progeny crops.Close negatively quadratic relationships were found between the dry-matter content of tubers and their size. The dry-matter content of all sizes of tubers increased during growth, but there were no effects of nitrogen on dry-matter content.

scholarly journals Defining microbiome communities in banana (Musa spp.) with and without symptoms of Fusarium wilt

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Kaushal ◽  
Rony Swennen ◽  
George Mahuku
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Core Microbiome ◽  
Fungal Microbiota ◽  
Microbiome Assembly ◽  
Key Nodes ◽  
Diversity Structure

Abstract Background: Plant harbours microbial communities in rhizosphere and inside the roots. These plants associated microbial communities play pivotal roles in plant growth and productivity. However, in banana, the microbiome assembly, composition and abundance in different plant organs is not well understood and restricted only to bacterial communities in rhizosphere. Results: We assessed the diversity, structure and assemblage of bacterial and fungal communities associated with banana plants with and without Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) symptoms. A total of 117,814 bacterial and 17,317 fungal operational taxonomy units (OTUs) were identified in the rhizosphere, roots and corm of the host plant. Results revealed that bacterial and fungal microbiota present in roots and corm primarily emanated from the rhizosphere. The composition of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere, roots and corm were different, with more diversity observed in the rhizosphere and less in the corm. However, distinct sample types i.e. without (asymptomatic) and with (symptomatic) Fusarium symptoms were the major drivers of the fungal community composition. Considering the high relative abundance among samples, we identified core microbiomes with bacterial and fungal OTUs classified into 20 families and colonizing distinct plant components of banana. Our core microbiome assigned 129 bacterial and 37 fungal genera to known taxa. Conclusions: Banana plants harbor a rich and diverse bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere, roots and corm. By comparing communities in other crops, we state that several of the communities discovered in banana could serve as key nodes for plant growth and health.

scholarly journals Two-years of investigation revealed the inconsistency of seasonal dynamics of an ectomycorrhizal fungal community in Japanese cool-temperate forest across years

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoriko Sugiyama ◽  
Shunsuke Matsuoka ◽  
Takashi Osono
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Cool Temperate

ABSTRACT Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities show temporal dynamics. Such dynamics have been mainly assessed with 1 year of investigations and have been related to the seasonal changes in environment. Recent study in sub-tropical region has revealed that stochastic temporal-based process can affect ECM fungal community, making the community of the same season different between years. The different community structures across years have also been observed in the Arctic region with a grass host. Nevertheless, in temperate zones, the effect of temporal-based processes and the consistency of seasonal dynamics have never been investigated. We conducted a 2-year root sampling in a cool temperate Fagus crenata forest to test whether the temporal variation of ECM fungal community composition could be explained by season. The explanation powers of temporal distance and environmental factors for the temporal dynamics of ECM fungal community were simultaneously evaluated. The variation in community structure was significantly explained by year but not by season, indicating that seasonal community structure differed between years. This difference in the community structure across years was partly explained by temporal factors. Our study implies that the temporal dynamics of ECM fungal communities in temperate forests are affected by temporal-based factors and can vary across years.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate storage in herbs: the forgotten functional dimension of the plant economic spectrum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Curtis Lubbe ◽  
Adam Klimeš ◽  
Jiří Doležal ◽  
Veronika Jandová ◽  
Ondřej Mudrák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Storage Organ ◽  
Carbohydrate Storage ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Carbohydrates

Abstract Background and Aims Although the plant economic spectrum seeks to explain resource allocation strategies, carbohydrate storage is often omitted. Belowground storage organs are the centre of herb perennation, yet little is known about the role of their turnover, anatomy, and carbohydrate storage in relation to the aboveground economic spectrum. Methods We collected aboveground traits associated with the economic spectrum, storage organ turnover traits, storage organ inner structure traits, and storage carbohydrate concentrations for approximately eighty temperate meadow species. Key Results The suites of belowground traits were largely independent from one another, but there was significant correlation between the aboveground traits with both inner structure and storage carbohydrates. Anatomical traits diverged according to leaf nitrogen concentration on one side and vessel area and dry matter content on the other; carbohydrates separated along leaf nitrogen and plant height. Conclusions Contrary to our expectations, aboveground traits and not storage organ turnover were correlated with anatomy and storage carbohydrates. Belowground traits associated with the aboveground economic spectrum also did not fall clearly within the fast-slow economic continuum, thus indicating the presence of a more complicated economic space. Our study implies that the generally over-looked role of storage within the plant economic spectrum represents an important dimension of plant strategy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document