scholarly journals Effects of Red Beetroot Juice and Inorganic Nitrate Supplementation on Oral Bacteria and Nitric Oxide Metabolites in Middle-Aged/Older Adults with Overweight and Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 428-428
Author(s):  
Nicole Litwin ◽  
Scott Wrigley ◽  
Hannah Van Ark ◽  
Shannon Hartley ◽  
Kiri Michell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Inorganic Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Plasma Nitrite ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Nitrate Reducing Bacteria

Abstract Objectives Dietary inorganic nitrate from foods such as red beetroot juice (RBJ) can contribute to nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability through the enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. A critical step in this pathway is the reduction of nitrate to nitrite by oral bacteria. We investigated the effects of inorganic nitrate supplementation, as RBJ or placebo + potassium nitrate (PBO+NIT), on the oral microbiota, and its relationship with saliva and plasma NO metabolites and vascular endothelial function. Methods In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we measured the abundance of oral nitrate-reducing bacteria in saliva samples from 15 middle-aged/older adults with overweight and obesity using 16 rRNA sequencing. We also assessed the relationship of oral nitrate-reducing bacteria with the physiological responses to acute (4 hours) and chronic (4 weeks) RBJ, PBO+NIT, nitrate-free RBJ, and placebo supplementation via measurement of saliva and plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx), plasma nitrite levels, and reactive hyperemia index (RHI). Results A significant decrease in the alpha diversity metric, Pileou's Evenness, was detected after chronic consumption of PBO+NIT (0.69 ± 0.05 at week 0 vs. 0.65 ± 0.05 at week 4; P < 0.05), while there was a trend for a decline following RBJ consumption (0.69 ± 0.05 at week 0 vs. 0.65 ± 0.05 at week 4; P = 0.08). No significant differences in abundance of nitrate-reducing bacteria were observed after chronic supplementation, although abundance of the species Neisseria subflava was trending toward an increase in the RBJ group (10.8% at week 0 vs. 12.2% at week 4; P = 0.07). Plasma and saliva NOx increased from baseline and remained elevated for the 4-hour testing period after acute and chronic RBJ and PBO+NIT supplementation (all P < 0.05), while plasma nitrite only peaked at 2 hours in the RBJ group after acute supplementation and was significantly higher than PBO+NIT group (P < 0.01). RHI change from baseline to 4 hours was positively correlated with total abundance of nitrate-reducing species after chronic RBJ supplementation (r = 0.5; P = 0.05). Conclusions Acute and chronic RBJ and PBO+NIT supplementation increases NO metabolites and may alter the oral microbiota to favorably affect vascular endothelial function in middle-aged/older adults with overweight and obesity. Funding Sources NIFA, USDA.

Inorganic nitrate supplementation attenuates conduit artery retrograde and oscillatory shear in older adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 320 (3) ◽  
pp. H991-H998
Author(s):  
Darren P. Casey ◽  
Joshua M. Bock
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Brachial Artery ◽  
Oscillatory Shear ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Conduit Artery ◽  
Inorganic Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
First Time

We report for the first time, to our knowledge, that 4 wk of inorganic nitrate supplementation attenuates retrograde and oscillatory shear in the brachial artery of older adults. However, this was not associated with greater hyperemic or vasodilatory responses to exercise. In sum, these data highlight favorable changes in shear patterns with aging, which may reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Effect of inorganic nitrate on exercise capacity, mitochondria respiration, and vascular function in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 1355-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary N. Woessner ◽  
Christopher Neil ◽  
Nicholas J. Saner ◽  
Craig A. Goodman ◽  
Luke C. McIlvenna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiration ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽  
Inorganic Nitrate ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Plasma Nitrite

This is the largest study to date to examine the effects of inorganic nitrate supplementation in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and the first to include measures of vascular function and mitochondrial respiration. Although daily supplementation increased plasma nitrite, our data indicate that supplementation with inorganic nitrate as a standalone treatment is ineffective at improving exercise capacity, vascular function, or mitochondrial respiration in patients with HFrEF.

Effect of inorganic nitrate supplementation on blood pressure in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nitric Oxide ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 113-114 ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Yayu He ◽  
Jinshu Liu ◽  
Hongwei Cai ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Jiang Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inorganic Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation

Reduced blood pressure responsiveness to skeletal muscle metaboreflex activation in older adults following inorganic nitrate supplementation

Nitric Oxide ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron C. Schneider ◽  
William E. Hughes ◽  
Kenichi Ueda ◽  
Joshua M. Bock ◽  
Darren P. Casey
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Metaboreflex ◽  
Inorganic Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation

scholarly journals How Periodontal Disease and Presence of Nitric Oxide Reducing Oral Bacteria Can Affect Blood Pressure

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Pignatelli ◽  
Giulia Fabietti ◽  
Annalisa Ricci ◽  
Adriano Piattelli ◽  
Maria Cristina Curia
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systemic Blood Pressure ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Flora ◽  
Dorsal Tongue ◽  
Tongue Cleaning ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Nitrate Reducing Bacteria

Nitric oxide (NO), a small gaseous and multifunctional signaling molecule, is involved in the maintenance of metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis. It is endogenously produced in the vascular endothelium by specific enzymes known as NO synthases (NOSs). Subsequently, NO is readily oxidized to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrite is also derived from exogenous inorganic nitrate (NO3) contained in meat, vegetables, and drinking water, resulting in greater plasma NO2 concentration and major reduction in systemic blood pressure (BP). The recycling process of nitrate and nitrite to NO (nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway), known as the enterosalivary cycle of nitrate, is dependent upon oral commensal nitrate-reducing bacteria of the dorsal tongue. Veillonella, Actinomyces, Haemophilus, and Neisseria are the most copious among the nitrate-reducing bacteria. The use of chlorhexidine mouthwashes and tongue cleaning can mitigate the bacterial nitrate-related BP lowering effects. Imbalances in the oral reducing microbiota have been associated with a decrease of NO, promoting endothelial dysfunction, and increased cardiovascular risk. Although there is a relationship between periodontitis and hypertension (HT), the correlation between nitrate-reducing bacteria and HT has been poorly studied. Restoring the oral flora and NO activity by probiotics may be considered a potential therapeutic strategy to treat HT.

scholarly journals Inorganic nitrate supplementation attenuates peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity but does not improve cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity in older adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (1) ◽  
pp. H45-H51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Bock ◽  
Kenichi Ueda ◽  
Aaron C. Schneider ◽  
William E. Hughes ◽  
Jacqueline K. Limberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Inorganic Nitrate ◽  
Chemoreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
No Bioavailability ◽  
Peripheral Chemoreflex

Aging is associated with increased peripheral chemoreceptor activity, reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and attenuation of cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), collectively increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests that NO may attenuate peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity and increase BRS. Exogenous inorganic nitrate ([Formula: see text]) increases NO bioavailability via the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-NO pathway. Our hypothesis was that inorganic [Formula: see text] supplementation would attenuate peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity and enhance spontaneous cardiovagal BRS in older adults. We used a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design in which 13 older (67 ± 3 yr old) adults ingested beetroot powder containing (BRA) or devoid of (BRP) [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] daily over 4 wk. Spontaneous cardiovagal BRS was assessed over 15 min of rest and was quantified using the sequence method. Chemoreflex sensitivity was assessed via ~5 min of hypoxia (10% fraction of inspired O2) and reported as the slope of the relationship between O2 saturation (%[Formula: see text]) and minute ventilation (in l/min) or heart rate (in beats/min). Ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia was reduced after BRA (from −0.14 ± 0.04 to −0.05 ± 0.02 l·min−1·%[Formula: see text]−1, P = 0.01) versus BRP (from −0.10 ± 0.05 to −0.11 ± 0.05 l·min−1·%[Formula: see text]−1, P = 0.80), with no differences in heart rate responsiveness (BRA: from −0.47 ± 0.06 to −0.33 ± 0.04 beats·min−1·%[Formula: see text]−1, BRP: from −0.48 ± 0.07 to −0.42 ± 0.06 beats·min−1·%[Formula: see text]−1) between conditions (interaction effect, P = 0.41). Spontaneous cardiovagal BRS was unchanged after BRA and BRP (interaction effects, P = 0.69, 0.94, and 0.39 for all, up, and down sequences, respectively), despite a reduction in resting systolic and mean arterial blood pressure in the experimental (BRA) group ( P < 0.01 for both). These findings illustrate that inorganic [Formula: see text] supplementation attenuates peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity without concomitant change in spontaneous cardiovagal BRS in older adults. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exogenous inorganic nitrate supplementation attenuates ventilatory, but not heart rate, responsiveness to abbreviated hypoxic exposure in older adults. Additionally, inorganic nitrate reduces systolic and mean arterial blood pressure without affecting spontaneous cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity. These findings suggest that inorganic nitrate may attenuate sympathetically oriented pathologies associated with aging.

scholarly journals Inorganic nitrate supplementation improves muscle oxygenation, O2 uptake kinetics, and exercise tolerance at high but not low pedal rates

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. 1396-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Bailey ◽  
Richard L. Varnham ◽  
Fred J. DiMenna ◽  
Brynmor C. Breese ◽  
Lee J. Wylie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Ii ◽  
Exercise Tolerance ◽  
Muscle Oxygenation ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Step Cycle ◽  
Inorganic Nitrate ◽  
Severe Intensity ◽  
O2 Uptake Kinetics ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Plasma Nitrite

We tested the hypothesis that inorganic nitrate (NO3−) supplementation would improve muscle oxygenation, pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇o2) kinetics, and exercise tolerance (Tlim) to a greater extent when cycling at high compared with low pedal rates. In a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over study, seven subjects (mean ± SD, age 21 ± 2 yr, body mass 86 ± 10 kg) completed severe-intensity step cycle tests at pedal cadences of 35 rpm and 115 rpm during separate nine-day supplementation periods with NO3−-rich beetroot juice (BR) (providing 8.4 mmol NO3−/day) and placebo (PLA). Compared with PLA, plasma nitrite concentration increased 178% with BR ( P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in muscle oxyhemoglobin concentration ([O2Hb]), phase II V̇o2 kinetics, or Tlim between BR and PLA when cycling at 35 rpm ( P > 0.05). However, when cycling at 115 rpm, muscle [O2Hb] was higher at baseline and throughout exercise, phase II V̇o2 kinetics was faster (47 ± 16 s vs. 61 ± 25 s; P < 0.05), and Tlim was greater (362 ± 137 s vs. 297 ± 79 s; P < 0.05) with BR compared with PLA. These results suggest that short-term BR supplementation can increase muscle oxygenation, expedite the adjustment of oxidative metabolism, and enhance exercise tolerance when cycling at a high, but not a low, pedal cadence in healthy recreationally active subjects. These findings support recent observations that NO3− supplementation may be particularly effective at improving physiological and functional responses in type II muscle fibers.

Effects of short-term dietary nitrate supplementation on blood pressure, O2 uptake kinetics, and muscle and cognitive function in older adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (2) ◽  
pp. R73-R83 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Kelly ◽  
Jonathan Fulford ◽  
Anni Vanhatalo ◽  
Jamie R. Blackwell ◽  
Olivia French ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Treadmill Walking ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Dietary Nitrate ◽  
Resting Blood Pressure ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Plasma Nitrite

Dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation has been shown to reduce resting blood pressure and alter the physiological response to exercise in young adults. We investigated whether these effects might also be evident in older adults. In a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, 12 healthy, older (60–70 yr) adults supplemented their diet for 3 days with either nitrate-rich concentrated beetroot juice (BR; 2 × 70 ml/day, ∼9.6 mmol/day NO3−) or a nitrate-depleted beetroot juice placebo (PL; 2 × 70 ml/day, ∼0.01 mmol/day NO3−). Before and after the intervention periods, resting blood pressure and plasma [nitrite] were measured, and subjects completed a battery of physiological and cognitive tests. Nitrate supplementation significantly increased plasma [nitrite] and reduced resting systolic (BR: 115 ± 9 vs. PL: 120 ± 6 mmHg; P < 0.05) and diastolic (BR: 70 ± 5 vs. PL: 73 ± 5 mmHg; P < 0.05) blood pressure. Nitrate supplementation resulted in a speeding of the V̇o2 mean response time (BR: 25 ± 7 vs. PL: 28 ± 7 s; P < 0.05) in the transition from standing rest to treadmill walking, although in contrast to our hypothesis, the O2 cost of exercise remained unchanged. Functional capacity (6-min walk test), the muscle metabolic response to low-intensity exercise, brain metabolite concentrations, and cognitive function were also not altered. Dietary nitrate supplementation reduced resting blood pressure and improved V̇o2 kinetics during treadmill walking in healthy older adults but did not improve walking or cognitive performance. These results may have implications for the enhancement of cardiovascular health in older age.

scholarly journals Obesity and the risk of developing chronic diseases in middle-aged and older adults: Findings from an Australian longitudinal population survey, 2009–2017

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260158
Author(s):  
Syed Afroz Keramat ◽  
Khorshed Alam ◽  
Rezwanul Hasan Rana ◽  
Rupok Chowdhury ◽  
Fariha Farjana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Excessive Weight

Background Overweight and obesity impose a significant health burden in Australia, predominantly the middle-aged and older adults. Studies of the association between obesity and chronic diseases are primarily based on cross-sectional data, which is insufficient to deduce a temporal relationship. Using nationally representative panel data, this study aims to investigate whether obesity is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes, heart diseases, asthma, arthritis, and depression in Australian middle-aged and older adults. Methods Longitudinal data comprising three waves (waves 9, 13 and 17) of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey were used in this study. This study fitted longitudinal random-effect logistic regression models to estimate the between-person differences in the association between obesity and chronic diseases. Results The findings indicated that obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of chronic diseases among Australian middle-aged and older adults. Obese adults (Body Mass Index [BMI] ≥ 30) were at 12.76, 2.05, 1.97, 2.25, and 1.96, times of higher risks of having type 2 diabetes (OR: 12.76, CI 95%: 8.88–18.36), heart disease (OR: 2.05, CI 95%: 1.54–2.74), asthma (OR: 1.97, CI 95%: 1.49–2.62), arthritis (OR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.90–2.68) and depression (OR: 1.96, CI 95%: 1.56–2.48), respectively, compared with healthy weight counterparts. However, the study did not find any evidence of a statistically significant association between obesity and cancer. Besides, gender stratified regression results showed that obesity is associated with a higher likelihood of asthma (OR: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.84–3.80) among female adults, but not in the case of male adults. Conclusion Excessive weight is strongly associated with a higher incidence of chronic disease in Australian middle-aged and older adults. This finding has clear public health implications. Health promotion programs and strategies would be helpful to meet the challenge of excessive weight gain and thus contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases.

scholarly journals Effects of sodium nitrite supplementation on vascular function and related small metabolite signatures in middle-aged and older adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison E. DeVan ◽  
Lawrence C. Johnson ◽  
Forrest A. Brooks ◽  
Trent D. Evans ◽  
Jamie N. Justice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Plasma Nitrite

Insufficient nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability plays an important role in endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening with aging. Supplementation with sodium nitrite, a precursor of NO, ameliorates age-related vascular endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness in mice, but effects on humans, including the metabolic pathways altered, are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of oral sodium nitrite supplementation for improving vascular function in middle-aged and older adults and to identify related circulating metabolites. Ten weeks of sodium nitrite (80 or 160 mg/day, capsules, TheraVasc; randomized, placebo control, double blind) increased plasma nitrite acutely (5- to 15-fold, P < 0.001 vs. placebo) and chronically ( P < 0.10) and was well tolerated without symptomatic hypotension or clinically relevant elevations in blood methemoglobin. Endothelial function, measured by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, increased 45-60% vs. baseline ( P < 0.10) without changes in body mass or blood lipids. Measures of carotid artery elasticity (ultrasound and applanation tonometry) improved (decreased β-stiffness index, increased cross-sectional compliance, P < 0.05) without changes in brachial or carotid artery blood pressure. Aortic pulse wave velocity was unchanged. Nitrite-induced changes in vascular measures were significantly related to 11 plasma metabolites identified by untargeted analysis. Baseline abundance of multiple metabolites, including glycerophospholipids and fatty acyls, predicted vascular changes with nitrite. This study provides evidence that sodium nitrite supplementation is well tolerated, increases plasma nitrite concentrations, improves endothelial function, and lessens carotid artery stiffening in middle-aged and older adults, perhaps by altering multiple metabolic pathways, thereby warranting a larger clinical trial.

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