scholarly journals Skin Carotenoid Accumulation in Response to a Two-Week Sweet Potato Snack Added to the Usual Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 121-121
Author(s):  
Taylor Erickson ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
Elizabeth Woods ◽  
Stephanie Dickinson ◽  
Alyce Fly
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Change In Mean ◽  
Usual Diet ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives To evaluate changes in skin carotenoid score (SCS) from baseline, during and following a two-week sweet potato snack added to a participant's usual diet. Methods Forty participants were recruited by convenience for a 7-week longitudinal cohort study with a 1-week period to establish baseline SCS, an intervention consisting of a sweet potato snack fed 3 times/week for 2 weeks in the lab while consuming a usual diet outside of the lab, followed by a 4-week monitoring period. SCS were measured 17 times over the study with pressure-mediated reflectance spectroscopy (Veggie Meter). SCS were analyzed using a linear mixed model (LMM) with repeated measures (fixed effects) to determine whether SCS increased from baseline to the follow up points of the intervention and post-intervention periods (α = 0.05). Data were plotted with a Loess line to visualize change over time. Secondary analyses were conducted to determine if baseline SCS affected time to detect differences post-intervention. Baseline SCS tertiles were analyzed using LMM with repeated measures (fixed effects, α = 0.05). Simple differences in least square means were calculated for each tertile at each time point. Results Participants included 28 (72%) females and 11 (28%) males from 20–62 years who identified themselves as “White” (69.2%), “Asian” (23.1%), “Black/African American” (5.1%), and “Other-Latina” (2.6%). Five participants (12.8%) reported a Hispanic ethnicity. Analyses included 39 of 40 original participants, as one withdrew the first week of the study. Change in mean SCS from baseline over time was significant (P < 0.001). While SCS during the intervention period were not significantly higher than baseline (P = 0.271), those at post-intervention were higher (P < 0.001). The Loess line for mean change in SCS from baseline depicted a period of consistent increase from day 26 to day 36, approximately 3 weeks after the start of the intervention. Change in SCS across periods for all tertiles was significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions These data suggest that 3 weeks after the beginning of a two-week intervention may be a period of interest when measuring the efficacy of such an intervention. Additionally, the difference in mean SCS between periods may depend on baseline SCS. Funding Sources This project was funded in part by Indiana University.

Effects of Exercise Restriction on Patients With Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary Artery

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Elias ◽  
James Meza ◽  
Brian W. McCrindle ◽  
Julie A. Brothers ◽  
Stephen Paridon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Exercise Restriction ◽  
Over Time

Background: Management of young patients with anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA) may involve exercise restriction. We sought to identify the association of exercise restriction with changes over time in body mass index (BMI) and exercise capacity in this cohort. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients with AAOCA seen at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia between January 1, 1998, and August 31, 2014. Linear mixed model repeated-measures analysis assessed changes in BMI and exercise capacity. Results: We included 72 patients with a median age at presentation of 12.6 years (interquartile range: 10.1-15.8) and mean follow-up of 3.6 ± 3.0 years. The majority had an anomalous right coronary artery (71%) and interarterial ± intramural coronary course (90%). Surgery was performed in 54%, more often in those with interarterial/intramural course ( P < .001) and symptoms ( P = .003). Most patients (82%) were exercise-restricted on presentation, and restricted patients were older than those who were not restricted ( P = .01). There was no significant difference between restricted and nonrestricted patients in initial BMI z scores, percentage of patients with BMI over 85th percentile (26%) or exercise capacity variables. In univariable analysis, exercise restriction over time was not associated with change in BMI z score ( P = .25) or change in exercise variables. Restriction was not associated with significant change in these variables in multivariable analysis. Conclusions: Although further investigation is warranted to determine the degree of adherence to exercise restriction, the recommendation of restriction alone is not associated with increasing BMI or decreasing exercise performance in the short-term.

scholarly journals 163 Annual differences in fecal egg counts in a forage-based ram test

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 172-172
Author(s):  
Morgan Van Davelaar ◽  
David R Notter ◽  
D Lee Wright ◽  
Anna M Zajac ◽  
Scott P Greiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Birth Type ◽  
Normally Distributed

Abstract The objective was to determine the magnitude of yearly differences in parasite load in growing ram lambs. Data were obtained from the Southwest Virginia Agriculture Research and Extension Center in Glade Spring, VA. The center conducts a forage-based ram growth test during the summer where rams also undergo a parasite challenge. Data consisted of 488 Katahdin rams tested from 2012 to 2018. Rams were dewormed at delivery, and at the start of the test, each ram received an oral dose of 5,000 H. contortus larvae adjusted for body weight. Fecal egg count was measured 70 d later when rams were on average (SD) 200 (18) d old. Fecal egg counts were not normally distributed. The Box-Cox procedure indicated that a log transformation was appropriate, but the residuals were not normally distributed for several linear models. A zero-inflated negative binomial generalized linear mixed model was used for data analysis with the glmmTMB package in R. The model included fixed effects of centered and scaled weight, centered and scaled age, year, birth type, and rearing type, and the random effect of consignor. Birth type, rear type, and age were not significant (P &gt; 0.10). The least square mean (SE) fecal egg counts by year were 344 (118) for 2012, 623 (214) for 2013, 574 (195) for 2014, 1,125 (409) for 2015, 745 (253) for 2016, 408 (142) for 2017, and 239 (86) for 2018. Differences in summer precipitation could affect average parasite load. Despite similar total summer precipitation, 2012 had 1 extremely wet month whereas, 2015 had consistent precipitation throughout the summer. We conclude that producers should not compare fecal egg counts across years because the overall average may be multiple-fold different from year to year. Ranking rams within year will be more effective to select for improved parasite resistance.

Dividend initiators, winners during 2008 financial crisis

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Consler ◽  
Greg M. Lepak
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Penalized Splines ◽  
2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financial Variables ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Over Time

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe and compare the mean response for selected financial variables in three dividend paying groups before and after the financial crisis of 2008. Dividend initiators are expected to be rewarded by investors over traditional dividend paying firms. Design/methodology/approach – Quarterly CRSP data from 2000 to 2012 are used to define dividend paying groups. Highly unbalanced financial data on dividend paying firms are analyzed in two truncated sample periods defined before and after the financial crisis. Fitted models describing differences in dividend paying groups are based on the linear mixed model representation of penalized splines with random effects to account for repeated measures over time. Findings – Results are presented on the important differences in selected financial variables before and after the financial crisis by dividend paying pattern group (traditional, initiators, residual/catering). Special emphasis is given to the analysis of market/book value ratio. Results demonstrate dividend initiators are rewarded over traditional dividend firms by investors. Firms with an intermittent paying pattern have no advantage. All dividend paying firms grow during the 2008 financial crisis. Traditional dividend payers have larger size than other dividend payers. The size effect explains results for several of the financial variables studied. Research limitations/implications – Future work can include an industry effect on the three dividend paying groups. Practical implications – Investors appear to prefer certainty as to when they receive a dividend over uncertainty, especially in times of economic downturn and economic recovery. Social implications – Enhanced awareness that different payment patterns exist and are rewarded differently over time on both the corporate issuer and investor sides. Originality/value – This study adds to body of knowledge of practical dividend payment patterns around a financial crisis. It also provides added support for dividend initiators.

scholarly journals Medullary Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent MRI Index (R2*) is Associated with Annual Loss of Kidney Function in Moderate CKD

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Lu-Ping Li ◽  
Jon M. Thacker ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Bradley Hack ◽  
Chi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Function ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Annual Change ◽  
Annual Loss ◽  
Over Time

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is frequently used to monitor progression of kidney disease. Multiple values have to be obtained, sometimes over years to determine the rate of decline in kidney function. Recent data suggest that functional MRI (fMRI) methods may be able to predict loss of eGFR. In a prior study, <i>baseline</i> data with multi-parametric MRI in individuals with diabetes and moderate CKD was reported. This report extends our prior observations in order to evaluate the temporal variability of the fMRI measurements over 36 months and their association with annual change in eGFR. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Twenty-four subjects with moderate CKD completed 3 sets of MRI scans over a 36-month period. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD), arterial spin labeling perfusion, and diffusion MRI images were acquired using a 3 T scanner. Coefficients of variation was used to evaluate variability between subjects at each time point and temporal variability within each subject. We have conducted mixed effects models to examine the trajectory change in GFR over time using time and MRI variables as fixed effects and baseline intercept as random effect. Associations of MRI image markers with annual change in eGFR were evaluated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Multi-parametric functional renal MRI techniques in individuals with moderate CKD showed higher temporal variability in R2* of medulla compared to healthy individuals. This was consistent with the significant lower R2* in medulla observed at 36 months compared to baseline values. The results of linear mixed model showing that R2*_Medulla was the only predictor associated with change in eGFR over time. Furthermore, a significant association of medullary R2* with annual loss of eGFR was observed at all the 3 time points. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The lower R2* values and the higher temporal variability in the renal medulla over time suggest the ability to monitor progressive CKD. These were confirmed by the fact that reduced medullary R2* was associated with higher annual loss in eGFR. These data collectively emphasize the need for inclusion of medulla in the analysis of renal BOLD MRI studies.

Consequences of Misspecifying the Error Covariance Structure in Linear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data

Methodology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Vallejo ◽  
Manuel Ato ◽  
Tamara Valdés
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Error Control ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Covariance Structure ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Negative Consequences

Abstract. Repeated measures and longitudinal data are frequently analyzed using a linear mixed model. According to this approach, rather than presuming a certain type of covariance structure analysts choose the model that best describes their data prior to carrying out inferences of interest. Because it is not possible to know the underlying covariance structure in advance, researchers often use fit criteria to select from possible covariance structures. SAS Institute's (2004) Proc Mixed program, allows users to model the correct covariance structure by comparing Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), Hurvich and Tsai's Criterion (AICC), Schwarz's Bayesian Criterion (BIC), Bozdogan's Criterion (CAIC), and Hannan and Quinn's Criterion (HQIC). Monte Carlo methods are used to examine performance of these criteria. The program also investigated the effects of misspecification on properties of the inferences. The results of the simulation show that neither criterion always lead to correct selection of model and that misspecification has negative consequences on estimates of standard errors of linear combinations and tests. When data were generated from symmetric distributions, the best AIC model generally provided robust Type I error control for tests of fixed effects. However, when data were generated from distributions with moderate or severe skewness, neither criterion provided valid tests.

Longitudinal Perspectives on Children’s Physical Activity Patterns: “Do Physical Education–Related Factors Matter?”

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Anoek M. Adank ◽  
Dave H.H. Van Kann ◽  
Teun Remmers ◽  
Stef P.J. Kremers ◽  
Steven B. Vos
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Basic Psychological Needs ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Over Time

Background: This study examined longitudinal associations of motor competence (MC) and physical activity (PA) enjoyment with moderate to vigorous PA and sedentary behavior among boys and girls aged 10–12 years old. In addition, this study explored the predictive strength of satisfaction of basic psychological needs in physical education (PE) and PA enjoyment. Methods: At 3 time points (baseline, +1 y, and +2 y), PA levels, MC, PA enjoyment, satisfaction of basic psychological needs in PE and height and weight of 371 children were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures linear mixed model analyses stratified for gender and adjusted for relevant covariates. Results: Sedentary behavior decreased over time and was significantly predicted by PA enjoyment in boys and by PA enjoyment and MC in girls. Boys’ moderate to vigorous PA decreased over time and was predicted by MC, whereas girls’ moderate to vigorous PA remained low, yet stable over time and was predicted by PA enjoyment and MC. Furthermore, children’s need for competence and teacher relatedness (girls only) during PE significantly predicted PA enjoyment. Conclusions: Children need sufficient and well-designed opportunities to improve their MC and PA enjoyment. PE may be pivotal in advancing PA enjoyment, indicating that PE could have more beneficial effects on PA levels in children, especially in girls.

scholarly journals Dose–response to 3 months of quercetin-containing supplements on metabolite and quercetin conjugate profile in adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (11) ◽  
pp. 1923-1933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Cialdella-Kam ◽  
David C. Nieman ◽  
Wei Sha ◽  
Mary Pat Meaney ◽  
Amy M. Knab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Metabolite Profiles

Quercetin, a flavonol in fruits and vegetables, has been demonstrated to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating influences. The purpose of the present study was to determine if quercetin, vitamin C and niacin supplements (Q-500 = 500 mg/d of quercetin, 125 mg/d of vitamin C and 5 mg/d of niacin; Q-1000 = 1000 mg/d of quercetin, 250 mg/d of vitamin C and 10 mg/d of niacin) would alter small-molecule metabolite profiles and serum quercetin conjugate levels in adults. Healthy adults (fifty-eight women and forty-two men; aged 40–83 years) were assigned using a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled trial to one of three supplement groups (Q-1000, Q-500 or placebo). Overnight fasted blood samples were collected at 0, 1 and 3 months. Quercetin conjugate concentrations were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS, and metabolite profiles were measured using two MS platforms (UPLC-quadrupole time-of-flight MS (TOFMS) and GC-TOFMS). Statistical procedures included partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and linear mixed model analysis with repeated measures. After accounting for age, sex and BMI, quercetin supplementation was associated with significant shifts in 163 metabolites/quercetin conjugates (false discovery rate, P< 0·05). The top five metabolite shifts were an increase in serum guaiacol, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, allocystathionine and two bile acids. Inflammatory and oxidative stress metabolites were not affected. PLS-DA revealed a clear separation only between the 1000 mg/d and placebo groups (Q2Y= 0·763). The quercetin conjugate, isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide, had the highest concentration at 3 months followed by quercetin-3-glucuronide, quercetin-3-sulphate and quercetin diglucuronide. In human subjects, long-term quercetin supplementation exerts disparate and wide-ranging metabolic effects and changes in quercetin conjugate concentrations. Metabolic shifts were apparent at the 1000 mg/d dose; further research is required to understand the health implications of these shifts.

Long-term seizure outcomes after pediatric temporal lobectomy: does brain MRI lesion matter?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-208
Author(s):  
Ravindra Arya ◽  
Francesco T. Mangano ◽  
Paul S. Horn ◽  
Sabrina K. Kaul ◽  
Serena K. Kaul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Hippocampal Sclerosis ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Seizure Freedom ◽  
Seizure Onset

OBJECTIVEThere is emerging data that adults with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) without a discrete lesion on brain MRI have surgical outcomes comparable to those with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). However, pediatric TLE is different from its adult counterpart. In this study, the authors investigated if the presence of a potentially epileptogenic lesion on presurgical brain MRI influences the long-term seizure outcomes after pediatric temporal lobectomy.METHODSChildren who underwent temporal lobectomy between 2007 and 2015 and had at least 1 year of seizure outcomes data were identified. These were classified into lesional and MRI-negative groups based on whether an epilepsy-protocol brain MRI showed a lesion sufficiently specific to guide surgical decisions. These patients were also categorized into pure TLE and temporal plus epilepsies based on the neurophysiological localization of the seizure-onset zone. Seizure outcomes at each follow-up visit were incorporated into a repeated-measures generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with MRI status as a grouping variable. Clinical variables were incorporated into GLMM as covariates.RESULTSOne hundred nine patients (44 females) were included, aged 5 to 21 years, and were classified as lesional (73%), MRI negative (27%), pure TLE (56%), and temporal plus (44%). After a mean follow-up of 3.2 years (range 1.2–8.8 years), 66% of the patients were seizure free for ≥ 1 year at last follow-up. GLMM analysis revealed that lesional patients were more likely to be seizure free over the long term compared to MRI-negative patients for the overall cohort (OR 2.58, p < 0.0001) and for temporal plus epilepsies (OR 1.85, p = 0.0052). The effect of MRI lesion was not significant for pure TLE (OR 2.64, p = 0.0635). Concordance of ictal electroencephalography (OR 3.46, p < 0.0001), magnetoencephalography (OR 4.26, p < 0.0001), and later age of seizure onset (OR 1.05, p = 0.0091) were associated with a higher likelihood of seizure freedom. The most common histological findings included cortical dysplasia types 1B and 2A, HS (40% with dual pathology), and tuberous sclerosis.CONCLUSIONSA lesion on presurgical brain MRI is an important determinant of long-term seizure freedom after pediatric temporal lobectomy. Pediatric TLE is heterogeneous regarding etiologies and organization of seizure-onset zones with many patients qualifying for temporal plus nosology. The presence of an MRI lesion determined seizure outcomes in patients with temporal plus epilepsies. However, pure TLE had comparable surgical seizure outcomes for lesional and MRI-negative groups.

scholarly journals Reducing Aggression by Developing Emotional and Inhibitory Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5263
Author(s):  
Miriam Romero-López ◽  
María Carmen Pichardo ◽  
Ana Justicia-Arráez ◽  
Judit Bembibre-Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Emotional Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
Experimental Group

The objective of this study is to measure the effectiveness of a program on improving inhibitory and emotional control among children. In addition, it is assessed whether the improvement of these skills has an effect on the reduction of aggressive behavior in pre-school children. The participants were 100 children, 50 belonging to the control group and 50 to the experimental group, aged between 5 and 6 years. Pre-intervention and post-intervention measures of inhibitory and emotional control (BRIEF-P) and aggression (BASC) were taken. A Generalized Linear Mixed Model analysis (GLMM) was performed and found that children in the experimental group scored higher on inhibitory and emotional control compared to their peers in the control group. In addition, these improvements have an effect on the decrease in aggressiveness. In conclusion, preventive research should have among its priorities the design of such program given their implications for psychosocial development.

scholarly journals Factors associated with professional identity formation within psychiatry residency training: A longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Hui Chew ◽  
Yvonne Steinert ◽  
Kang Sim
Keyword(s):  
Professional Identity ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Psychiatry Residency ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Psychiatry Residents ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Introduction Conceptual frameworks for professional identity (PI) formation highlight the importance of developmental stages and socialization as the learner progresses from legitimate peripheral to full participation. Based on extant literature and clinical impressions, the authors aimed to explore factors associated with PI formation in psychiatry residents over time, and hypothesized that time in training, seniority status, and duration of exposure to psychiatry prior to residency would be associated with PI formation. Methods Eighty out of 96 psychiatry residents (response rate, 83.3%) from the National Psychiatry Residency Program in Singapore participated and rated their PI development using the Professional Self Identity Questionnaire (PSIQ) across four timepoints from January 2016–December 2019. The residents were classified as junior (first 3 years) or senior residents (years 4–5). Linear mixed model analyses were conducted, with time in training, seniority status (junior versus senior residents), duration of psychiatry postings prior to residency, and their interaction as associated factors with PI over time. Results Time in training, seniority, and duration of psychiatry postings before residency (all p < 0.01) were significantly associated with higher PSIQ scores at baseline. Over time, although all residents had increases in PSIQ scores, this rate of change did not differ significantly between junior and senior residents. Discussion Exposure to psychiatry postings before residency, time in learning, and seniority are factors which influence PI development in residents. This has implications for psychiatry residency selection and training, adequate clinical exposure during training rotations, and continual support for new and senior residents to foster PI formation over time.

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