The Development of Farmer Agrarian Literacy in Facing Changes in Times (Sample Framework in Ngawi Regency)

Increased infrastructure development has significantly impacted world agriculture, generally in Indonesia and particularly in Ngawi Regency. Due to the narrowing of agricultural land is an unavoidable necessity. It can be seen in the annual loss of agricultural land due to the eroded flow of development, which will doubt harm agricultural production. Because the agricultural land is decreasing, achieving food self-sufficiency in the world in the coming years will be difficult. The fact is the cause of the narrowness of agricultural land for infrastructure development. In addressing the issues mentioned above, research into the knowledge/literacy of farmers in the Ngawi Regency is required; specifically, developing farmer knowledge will enable farmers to continue farming. According to the research's findings: farmers have a deep understanding of agriculture; they mostly learn from their parents, the Internet, and neighbors; farmers learn about pest and disease cultivation and marketing aspects from the Internet.

Possibilities and problems of mycotic keratites therapy in the hospital

Fungi are most common cause of severe inflammation of the cornea, resulting in blindness and loss of vision [6]. According to various researchers, fungi are the cause of keratitis in 40-50% of all microbial keratitis cases [1, 3]. Treatment of keratomycosis in the Russian Federation is carried out by methods other than intended. Lack of skills and availability of diagnostics, official etiotropic therapy for use in ophthalmology for ophthalmologists, unequal conditions in the fight against ophthalmomycosis. This is partly due to the lowered level of «myco-alertness», which leads to long-term ineffective «healing» of antibacterial drops, the duration of the patient’s suffering and results in the loss of the eye functionally and — in some cases — anatomically [7]. Global eye removal counts revealed that this method was used in 8-11%, which represents an annual loss of 84,143-115,697 eyes [6]. Key words: keratomycosis, mycotic keratitis, treatment, therapy.

Analysis of Strategies Implemented by AirAsia to Cater to the Covid-19 Effects

During the global pandemic, AirAsia reported an annual loss of RM5.9 billion ($1.4 billion) in 2020. The uncertainty of the COVID-19 outbreak, travel restrictions, and border controls had led to weaker air travel demand, which had impacted AirAsia’s operation badly. This paper depicts how Covid-19 impacted AirAsia and the strategies implemented by AirAsia during the pandemic in the marketing aspects. This paper also focuses on how AirAsia can anticipate a strong recovery in the airline industry while expanding to other industries. In extreme and under pressure circumstances, AirAsia implemented many strategies to cater to the effects of Covid-19. However, other strategies, such as focusing on their business in the food industry, should be expanded throughout Malaysia.

Seed Biologists Beware: End-of-Trial Estimation of Initial Viability May Be Error-Prone Due to Unexpected Seed Death during the Experiment

Seed viability is routinely measured on seeds that fail to germinate at the end of an experiment. Together with the number of germinants, this is used to estimate viability of the seeds at start of the experiment (i.e., initial viability) and provides the comparative basis on which germination success is determined. We used this standard procedure on 40 Leucadendron species subjected to oscillating temperatures, heat and/or smoke pre-treatments to examine the extent to which they raised germination levels above that of the untreated controls. 16 species showed significantly different levels of estimated initial seed viability between treatments when they should have been unaffected. Loss of viability during the trial was an order of magnitude greater than annual loss during cold storage, which was usually negligible. Lowest levels of estimated initial viability occurred among the poorly germinating controls and confirmed that the heat and smoke treatments had little effect on viability. Species with soil-stored seeds were more vulnerable to this artefact than those with plant-stored seeds. We caution against the routine use of end-of-trial germination and viability of ungerminated seeds as an estimate of initial viability in determining germination success of various treatments. The preference is for estimates of initial viability to be undertaken on a separate sample of seeds in association with the trial.

A Simplified Approach for the Seismic Loss Assessment of RC Buildings at Urban Scale: The Case Study of Potenza (Italy)

Comprehensive methodologies based on a fully probabilistic approach (i.e., the performance-based earthquake engineering approach, PBEE), represent a refined and accurate tool for the seismic performance assessment of structures. However, those procedures are suitable for building-specific evaluations, appearing extremely time-consuming if applied at the urban scale. In the proposed contribution, simplified loss assessment procedure will be applied at the urban scale with reference to the residential building stock of the center of Potenza. After the identification of the main reinforced concrete (RC) structural typologies and the definition of specific archetype building numerical models, the direct estimation of expected annual loss (DEAL) methodology will be applied to derive the EAL (i.e., expected annual loss) of RC buildings, deriving information on the effectively seismic quality (or seismic resilience) of the aforementioned built heritage at urban scale. Similarly, the monetary losses associated with downtime are evaluated. Preliminary considerations on the socio-economic effects of seismic scenarios on the territorial scale are also proposed.

Spatial Estimation of Soil Erosion Risk Using RUSLE/GIS Techniques and Practices Conservation Suggested for Reducing Soil Erosion in Wadi Mina Catchment (Northwest, Algeria)

To meet the pressing water needs in Algeria, the state has put in place a strategy consisting of the creation of hydraulic infrastructure for the mobilization of surface water resources. In fact, 74 dams are currently in operation; these structures are silting up at a rapid pace, generating an estimated annual loss of 45 million m3. Sidi Mhamed Benaouda dam located in the Oranian hill, with a water capacity of respectively 241 million m3 plays a crucial economic role in this region. The protection of this dam against erosive processes is a pressing economic goal. To do this, the RUSLE/GIS approach was used to map the erosive hazard. The results obtained in the Mina catchment, following a subdivision of 1315 homogeneous land parcels, show a total annual loss of 60 million tons/year with an average loss of 11.2 t/ha/year. About 50% of the catchment area was predicted to have very low to low erosion risk, with soil loss between 0 and 7.4 t/ha/year. Erosion risk is moderate over 13.9% of the catchment, where calculated soil loss is between 7.4 and 12 t/ha/year. Erosion risk is high to dangerous over 36.1% of the catchment, where calculated soil loss is more than 12 t/ha/year. According to this study, it appeared clearly that we must intervene quickly by using reliable and effective conservation techniques.

Medullary Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent MRI Index (R2*) is Associated with Annual Loss of Kidney Function in Moderate CKD

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is frequently used to monitor progression of kidney disease. Multiple values have to be obtained, sometimes over years to determine the rate of decline in kidney function. Recent data suggest that functional MRI (fMRI) methods may be able to predict loss of eGFR. In a prior study, <i>baseline</i> data with multi-parametric MRI in individuals with diabetes and moderate CKD was reported. This report extends our prior observations in order to evaluate the temporal variability of the fMRI measurements over 36 months and their association with annual change in eGFR. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Twenty-four subjects with moderate CKD completed 3 sets of MRI scans over a 36-month period. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD), arterial spin labeling perfusion, and diffusion MRI images were acquired using a 3 T scanner. Coefficients of variation was used to evaluate variability between subjects at each time point and temporal variability within each subject. We have conducted mixed effects models to examine the trajectory change in GFR over time using time and MRI variables as fixed effects and baseline intercept as random effect. Associations of MRI image markers with annual change in eGFR were evaluated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Multi-parametric functional renal MRI techniques in individuals with moderate CKD showed higher temporal variability in R2* of medulla compared to healthy individuals. This was consistent with the significant lower R2* in medulla observed at 36 months compared to baseline values. The results of linear mixed model showing that R2*_Medulla was the only predictor associated with change in eGFR over time. Furthermore, a significant association of medullary R2* with annual loss of eGFR was observed at all the 3 time points. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The lower R2* values and the higher temporal variability in the renal medulla over time suggest the ability to monitor progressive CKD. These were confirmed by the fact that reduced medullary R2* was associated with higher annual loss in eGFR. These data collectively emphasize the need for inclusion of medulla in the analysis of renal BOLD MRI studies.

Evaluating the New Regulated Gas Pricing Policy for Industrial Customers in Indonesia

The objective of the GoI to regulate an affordable natural gas price through MEMR Regulation No. 8/2020 undoubtedly benefit the industrial sector. However, the regulation should be carefully implemented and monitored to prevent revenue loss in the natural gas business entities and avoid underperforming gas users/industries. The study finds three main issues in implementing the new regulated natural gas price. First, the compensation limit for the upstream natural gas entities is problematic for KKKS, whose annual loss is higher than the annual government take. Second, a detailed incentive mechanism for natural gas transmission and distribution companies is unavailable. And third, the evaluation scheme on the industry’s performance remains unclear.

Prevalence of Bovine Demodecosis in Northern Nigeria and its Possible Economic Effect of Animal Production

The prevalence and importance of bovine dermatoses was studied by means of field surveys over a two year period. Demodecosis, a parasitic disease caused by a manage mite, Demodex folliculorum bovis, is the second most common and important skin disease of cattle in Northern Nigeria. The disease is less common in well managed government-owned herds than in local herds. About 3% of the 10 million cattle population of Northern Nigeria are affected by this disease which is responsible for downgrading of hides and skins. It is conservatively estimated that the disease is responsible for an annual loss of about N300,000 to the hide and skin industries.