scholarly journals Both Food Liking and Energy Density Influence Children's Portion Selection

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 737-737
Author(s):  
Hanim Diktas ◽  
Liane Roe ◽  
Kathleen Keller ◽  
Barbara Rolls
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Dietary Reference Intake ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Higher Ed ◽  
Food Liking ◽  
Reference Amount

Abstract Objectives Food liking influences food choice and the most-liked foods are often energy dense. Previous studies found that both food liking and energy density predicted the size of portions selected by adults. To extend these findings, we investigated the independent and combined effects of food liking and energy density on portion selection in children. Methods In two laboratories, 67 children aged 7–16 years (49% girls; 16% with overweight or obesity) completed a computerized survey to assess characteristics of 20 common foods. Children were shown images of the foods and used 100-point scales to rate how much they liked the food (liking) and how much they would eat at a specified meal (portion selection). The energy density (ED) of the foods ranged from 0.3 to 4.9 kcal/g. The survey displayed five images of food amounts at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% of the scale. The portion size of the 50% image was used as the reference amount and was based on mean intake for similar aged children from a U.S. national survey. Individual energy needs were estimated using the Dietary Reference Intake equations. Results There were independent effects of children's liking ratings and food ED, which did not interact to influence portion selection (p = 0.21). Across all foods, food liking had a strong effect on the portion size selected (p < 0.0001); the magnitude of this effect depended on age (−0.04 ± 0.02; p = 0.015). Food energy density had a smaller effect (p = 0.04) that also depended on age (−0.39 ± 0.15; p = 0.010). Younger children selected larger portions (relative to the reference portion) from higher-ED foods than lower-ED foods; conversely, older children selected smaller portions from higher-ED foods. The effects of age remained significant when adjusted for individual energy needs. The effects on portion selection of either food liking or energy density were not influenced by children's sex, BMI-for-age percentile or BMI z-score. Conclusions These results confirm that food liking and food ED are significant determinants of portion selection in children. The finding that liking affected portion selection even for low-ED foods has implications for promoting healthy eating habits in children. Serving larger portions of well-liked low-ED foods such as fruits and vegetables can be a strategy to promote children's intake. Funding Sources NCRR, NCATS, NIDDK.

scholarly journals Snack Portion Sizes for Preschool Children Are Predicted by Caregiver Portion Size, Caregiver Feeding Practices and Children′s Eating Traits

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3020
Author(s):  
Sophie Reale ◽  
Rebecca M. Simpson ◽  
Colette Marr ◽  
Sharon A. Carstairs ◽  
Joanne E. Cecil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Portion Sizes ◽  
Food Liking

Caregivers are mostly responsible for the foods young children consume; however, it is unknown how caregivers determine what portion sizes to serve. This study examined factors which predict smaller or larger than recommended snack portion sizes in an online survey. Caregivers of children aged 2 to 4 years were presented with 10 snack images, each photographed in six portion sizes. Caregivers (n = 659) selected the portion they would usually serve themselves and their child for an afternoon snack. Information on child eating traits, parental feeding practices and demographics were provided by caregivers. Most caregivers selected portions in line with recommended amounts for preschool children, demonstrating their ability to match portion sizes to their child′s energy requirements. However, 16% of caregivers selected smaller than recommended low energy-dense (LED, e.g., fruits and vegetables) snacks for their child which was associated with smaller caregiver′s own portion size, reduced child food liking and increased satiety responsiveness. In contrast, 28% of caregivers selected larger than recommended amounts of high energy-dense (HED, e.g., cookies, crisps) snacks for their child which were associated with larger caregiver′s own portion size, greater frequency of consumption, higher child body mass index (BMI), greater pressure to eat and lower child food liking. These findings suggest that most caregivers in this study select portions adjusted to suit their child′s age and stage of development. Future interventions could provide support to caregivers regarding the energy and nutrient density of foods given the relatively small portion sizes of LED and large portions of HED snacks offered to some children.

scholarly journals Influencing and modifying children's energy intake: the role of portion size and energy density

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kirsty Pourshahidi ◽  
Maeve A. Kerr ◽  
Tracy A. McCaffrey ◽  
M. Barbara E. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Population Level ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Children's Meals

Childhood obesity is of concern worldwide. The portion size (PS) and energy density (ED) of food are two major determinants of children's energy intake (EI). Trends towards increasing PS are most apparent and best documented in the USA, where PS of numerous food products have increased in the marketplace over the past three decades, particularly high-energy dense foods. Analyses of population-level dietary surveys have confirmed this trend in children for both in- and out-of-home eating, and a plethora of observational evidence positively associates PS, ED and adiposity in children. A limited number of intervention studies provide clear evidence that children, even as young as 2 years, respond acutely to increasing PS, with some studies also demonstrating the additive effects of increased ED in promoting excessive EI. However, most of the evidence is based on children aged 3–6 years and there is a paucity of data in older children and adolescents. It is unclear whether decreasing PS can have the opposite effect on children's EI but recent acute studies have demonstrated that the incorporation of lower energy dense foods, such as fruit and vegetables, into children's meals down-regulates EI. Although a direct causal link between PS and obesity remains to be established, the regular consumption of larger PS of energy dense foods do favour obesity-promoting eating behaviours in children. Further research is required to establish the most feasible and effective interventions and policies to counteract the deleterious impact of PS and ED on children's EI.

Nutrition For The Healthy Child

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meera Boghani ◽  
Mollie Studley
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Physical Findings

Preschool and school-age children are children ages 3 to 6 and 7 to 12 years, respectively. This life stage is characterized by a period of slower growth velocity compared with infancy, which precedes it, and adolescence, which follows it. During the early school years, children continue to develop and refine feeding skills, expand their food choices, and learn to eat a variety of flavors and textures. Parents and other caregivers control the type of foods and the environment in which the foods are presented, often influencing eating habits and behaviors later in life. A healthy diet is needed not only to maximize the child’s growth but also to prevent chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. When assessing a child’s nutrition, emphasis should be placed on not just weight and body mass index but also assessing intake of macro- and micronutrients from foods. A healthy diet should include a variety of food groups, with emphasis on whole foods over processed foods. Recently developed tools such as MyPlate and the Dietary Guidelines help American families move toward a healthful diet to help minimize the risk of chronic diseases. This review contains 3 figures, 7 tables and 78 references Key words: childhood obesity, developmental disability, energy needs of children, evaluation of growth charts, failure to thrive, food allergy, nutrition-focused physical findings, nutritional status, SoFAS

Eating Habits of Young Persons for Healthy Aging

2018 ◽  
pp. 343-356
Author(s):  
Simon T. Cheung ◽  
Susan Dawkes
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Ischemic Heart ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
Reduced Risk

Fruits and vegetables are important parts of healthy eating and they provide excellent sources of vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber in our diet. Those who consume fruits and vegetables regularly have a reduced risk of many chronic diseases. According to the WHO, inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables may have contributed to as much as 14% of gastrointestinal cancer deaths and 11% of deaths resulted from ischemic heart disease worldwide. Since 2011, Hong Kong has been promoting a “2 Plus 3 a day” diet campaign aiming to raise the general public's awareness on consuming a minimum of 2 portions of fruits and 3 portions of vegetables a day. However, recent statistics showed that nearly 81% of people aged 18 – 64 failed to meet this requirement. This paper focuses on investigating the determinants of fruits and vegetables consumption behavior among university students in Hong Kong.

scholarly journals Analysis of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption by Children in School Canteens Depending on Selected Sociodemographic Factors

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łuszczki ◽  
Sobek ◽  
Bartosiewicz ◽  
Baran ◽  
Weres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Bar Code ◽  
School Canteen ◽  
The Impact

Background and Objectives: Eating habits acquired or changed during childhood are likely to track into adulthood. Due to the fact that nutritional behaviours are not so strongly formed among children, it is easier to change and develop them in children than in adults. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of selected sociodemographic factors affecting fruit and vegetable consumption (i.e., age, parents’ body mass index, parents’ level education, duration of breastfeeding, child’s time spent in front of computer/television) among children in school canteens. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 106 participants (52 girls, 54 boys) aged 6–12. The frequency of consuming fruits and vegetables at a school canteen was assessed using bar code cards for two weeks. Body composition estimates were obtained using a foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis, body height was measured using a stadiometer Seca 213. The questionnaire contained questions about selected factors which can have an influence on fruit and vegetable consumption. In the study group, 13.2% of participants were overweight and 17.9% were obese. Results: Our results showed a statistically significant relationship between age and fruit and vegetable consumption, and it increased with age in both sexes. Conclusions: Bearing in mind the various conditions discussed when shaping the eating habits of pre-school- and early-school-aged children, the importance of proper nutritional education should be stressed both among children and parents.

scholarly journals Food portion size and energy density evoke different patterns of brain activation in children

2016 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laural K English ◽  
S Nicole Fearnbach ◽  
Stephen J Wilson ◽  
Jennifer O Fisher ◽  
Jennifer S Savage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Food Portion ◽  
Food Portion Size

scholarly journals Sustainable vs. Unsustainable Food Consumption Behaviour: A Study among Students from Romania, Bulgaria and Moldova

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Bianca Pocol ◽  
Valentina Marinescu ◽  
Antonio Amuza ◽  
Roxana-Larisa Cadar ◽  
Anda Anca Rodideal
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Consumption Behaviour

The importance of studying the aspects related to the sustainable food consumption behaviour of students lies in the fact that, at this age, they begin to develop certain consumption patterns that will have long-term effects. The study aimed to identify the type of eating behaviour—sustainable vs. unsustainable—and the socio-demographic factors that influence it, among students in Romania, Bulgaria, and Moldova. The research method was a survey based on a questionnaire administered to a sample of 2378 subjects in the 2017–2018 period. The ANOVA test and simple linear regression were used to identify the correlation between the various variables analysed. The results indicate both positive aspects, which characterise a sustainable diet—high consumption of fruits and vegetables, and negative—the adoption of a mixed diet, which will have a long-term impact on the environment. Age is a good predictor of unhealthy eating habits among students, as this behaviour leads to weight gain. Gender, number of household members, rural/urban and country residence are also influencing factors for food consumption behaviour. Eating while standing and having the last meal of the day after 23:00 are practices that also have negative consequences for health. Conducting campaigns to educate students on the adoption of sustainable food consumption is necessary for all three countries to empower them to choose a healthy lifestyle.

scholarly journals Changes in Eating Habits among Displaced and Non-Displaced University Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5369
Author(s):  
Rita Bárbara ◽  
Cíntia Ferreira-Pêgo
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Coffee Consumption ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Sugary Drinks ◽  
Unhealthy Eating ◽  
Fish Ingestion ◽  
Displaced Students

Nowadays the younger generations are moving their food habits from the traditional diet to a Western diet, which is low in fruits and vegetables and high in fat and sugary drinks. University students are a particularly vulnerable population once, with the entrance to university, they are subjected to new influences and responsibilities; in particular, those who live far from their parents’ houses are more predisposed to unhealthy eating habits. To assess the influence that admission to university has had on the frequency of intake of certain foods and meals as well as their adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), self-administered questionnaires were applied. The sample included 97 Portuguese students, with an average age of 21 years, a normal weight, according to body mass index, and an average MedDiet adherence. Most of the individuals did not smoke and the majority did not drink coffee. It was also observed that displaced students consume fast food more frequently compared to the period before they start university. Fish ingestion decreased and coffee consumption increased, in the same group, after starting their university studies.

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