scholarly journals Patho-immunological mechanisms of vitiligo: the role of the innate and adaptive immunities and environmental stress factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Faraj ◽  
E H Kemp ◽  
D J Gawkrodger
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Autoreactive T Cell ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Epidermal Melanocyte ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Summary Epidermal melanocyte loss in vitiligo, triggered by stresses ranging from trauma to emotional stress, chemical exposure or metabolite imbalance, to the unknown, can stimulate oxidative stress in pigment cells, which secrete damage-associated molecular patterns that then initiate innate immune responses. Antigen presentation to melanocytes leads to stimulation of autoreactive T cell responses, with further targeting of pigment cells. Studies show a pathogenic basis for cellular stress, innate immune responses and adaptive immunity in vitiligo. Improved understanding of the aetiological mechanisms in vitiligo has already resulted in successful use of the Jak inhibitors in vitiligo. In this review we outline the current understanding of the pathological mechanisms in vitiligo, and locate loci to which therapeutic attack might be directed.

scholarly journals Patho-immunological mechanisms of vitiligo: an integration of the immunogenetic milieu, with innate and adaptive immunities, as triggered by environmental stress factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safa Faraj ◽  
E H Kemp ◽  
DAVID GAWKRODGER
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pigment Cell ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Autoreactive T Cell ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Epidermal melanocyte loss in vitiligo, triggered by stresses ranging from trauma to emo-tional stress, chemical exposure or metabolite imbalance, to the unknown, can stimulate oxidative stress in pigment cells which secrete damage-associated molecular patterns that then initiate innate immune responses. Antigen presentation to melanocytes leads to stim-ulation of autoreactive T cell responses, with further targeting of pigment cell. Studies show a pathogenic basis for cellular stress, innate immune responses and adaptive immun-ity in vitiligo. Improved understanding of the aetiological mechanisms in vitiligo has already resulted in successful use of the Jak-1 inhibitors in vitiligo. In this review we outline the cur-rent understanding of the pathological mechanisms in vitiligo, and locate loci to which therapeutic attack might be directed.

scholarly journals Innate cell profiles during the acute and convalescent phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie R. Neeland ◽  
Samantha Bannister ◽  
Vanessa Clifford ◽  
Kate Dohle ◽  
Kim Mulholland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Activated Neutrophils ◽  
Classical Monocytes

AbstractChildren have mild severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) confirmed disease (COVID-19) compared to adults and the immunological mechanisms underlying this difference remain unclear. Here, we report acute and convalescent innate immune responses in 48 children and 70 adults infected with, or exposed to, SARS-CoV-2. We find clinically mild SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is characterised by reduced circulating subsets of monocytes (classical, intermediate, non-classical), dendritic cells and natural killer cells during the acute phase. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2-infected adults show reduced proportions of non-classical monocytes only. We also observe increased proportions of CD63+ activated neutrophils during the acute phase to SARS-CoV-2 in infected children. Children and adults exposed to SARS-CoV-2 but negative on PCR testing display increased proportions of low-density neutrophils that we observe up to 7 weeks post exposure. This study characterises the innate immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection and household exposure in children.

scholarly journals Innate immunology in COVID-19—a living review. Part II: dysregulated inflammation drives immunopathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia R S Rodrigues ◽  
Aljawharah Alrubayyi ◽  
Ellie Pring ◽  
Valentina M T Bart ◽  
Ruth Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Type I ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immunology ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Abstract The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a global health crisis and will likely continue to impact public health for years. As the effectiveness of the innate immune response is crucial to patient outcome, huge efforts have been made to understand how dysregulated immune responses may contribute to disease progression. Here we have reviewed current knowledge of cellular innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting areas for further investigation and suggesting potential strategies for intervention. We conclude that in severe COVID-19 initial innate responses, primarily type I interferon, are suppressed or sabotaged which results in an early interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and IL-1β-enhanced hyperinflammation. This inflammatory environment is driven by aberrant function of innate immune cells: monocytes, macrophages and natural killer cells dispersing viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns into tissues. This results in primarily neutrophil-driven pathology including fibrosis that causes acute respiratory distress syndrome. Activated leukocytes and neutrophil extracellular traps also promote immunothrombotic clots that embed into the lungs and kidneys of severe COVID-19 patients, are worsened by immobility in the intensive care unit and are perhaps responsible for the high mortality. Therefore, treatments that target inflammation and coagulation are promising strategies for reducing mortality in COVID-19.

Toll-like receptors and diabetes: a therapeutic perspective

2011 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan R. Dasu ◽  
Sandra Ramirez ◽  
Roslyn R. Isseroff
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Therapeutic Perspective

Diabetes is a mutifactorial metabolic disorder that leads to a number of complications. Diabetes is estimated to affect 36 million people in the U.S.A., and the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes is at 9.3% and continues to rise. Evidence from experimental animal models as well as humans has indicated that systemic inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiological processes of diabetes and is facilitated by innate immune responses. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) are key innate immune receptors that recognize conserved PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns), induce inflammatory responses essential for host defences and initiate an adaptive immune response. Although TLR expression is increased in a plethora of inflammatory disorders, the effects of metabolic aberrations on TLRs and their role in diabetes and its complications is still emerging. In the present paper, we provide a systematic review on how TLRs play a detrimental role in the pathogenic processes [increased blood sugar, NEFAs (non-esterified ‘free’ fatty acids), cytokines and ROS (reactive oxygen species)] that manifest diabetes. Furthermore, we will highlight some of the therapeutic strategies targeted at decreasing TLRs to abrogate inflammation in diabetes that may eventually result in decreased complications.

scholarly journals Autophagy in Macrophages: Impacting Inflammation and Bacterial Infection

Scientifica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Vural ◽  
John H. Kehrl
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Rapid Induction ◽  
Downstream Effectors ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Macrophages are on the front line of host defense. They possess an array of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors/sensors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and which activate downstream effectors/pathways to help mediate innate immune responses and host defense. Innate immune responses include the rapid induction of transcriptional networks that trigger the production of cytokines, chemokines, and cytotoxic molecules; the mobilization of cells including neutrophils and other leukocytes; the engulfment of pathogens by phagocytosis and their delivery to lysosome for degradation; and the induction of autophagy. Autophagy is a catabolic process that normally maintains cellular homeostasis in a lysosome-dependent manner, but it also functions as a cytoprotective response that intersects with a variety of general stress-response pathways. This review focuses on the intimately linked molecular mechanisms that help govern the autophagic pathway and macrophage innate immune responses.

scholarly journals The Role of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in the Progression of Heart Failure

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Yu ◽  
Zhiwei Feng
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Target Therapy ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns ◽  
Tlr Signaling Pathway

Medical systems worldwide are being faced with a growing need to understand mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF) that is considered as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Elevated levels of inflammatory mediators have been identified in patients with HF, which are primarily manifestations of innate immune responses mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which belong to PRRs, are subjected to the release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to generate innate immune responses. More and more emerging data indicate that TLR signaling pathway molecules are involved in the progression of HF. Herein, we present new data with regard to the activation of TLRs in the failing heart, focusing on TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9, and suggest the potential use of TLRs in target therapy.

scholarly journals Parasitic Infections: A Role for C-Type Lectins Receptors

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Vázquez-Mendoza ◽  
Julio César Carrero ◽  
Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Parasite Infections ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) sense the microenvironment through several types of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In particular, C-type lectins receptors (CLRs), which are expressed by distinct subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MØs), recognize and internalize specific carbohydrate antigens in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The targeting of these receptors is becoming an efficient strategy for parasite recognition. However, relatively little is known about how CLRs are involved in both pathogen recognition and the internalization of parasites. The role of CLRs in parasite infections is an area of considerable interest because this research will impact our understanding of the initiation of innate immune responses, which influences the outcome of specific immune responses. This paper attempts to summarize our understanding of the effects of parasites’ interactions with CLRs.

scholarly journals The First Line of Defense: Receptor-like Protein Kinase-Mediated Stomatal Immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Xiaoping Gou
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bacterial Invasion ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
First Line ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Stomata regulate gas and water exchange between the plant and external atmosphere, which are vital for photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomata are also the natural entrance for pathogens invading into the apoplast. Therefore, stomata play an important role in plants against pathogens. The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) locate in guard cells to perceive pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger a series of plant innate immune responses, including rapid closure of stomata to limit bacterial invasion, which is termed stomatal immunity. Many PRRs involved in stomatal immunity are plasma membrane-located receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs). This review focuses on the current research progress of RLK-mediated signaling pathways involved in stomatal immunity, and discusses questions that need to be addressed in future research.

scholarly journals Innate Immune Responses Activated in Arabidopsis Roots by Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 973-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves A. Millet ◽  
Cristian H. Danna ◽  
Nicole K. Clay ◽  
Wisuwat Songnuan ◽  
Matthew D. Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Patterns
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document