Design and Performance of a Miniaturized High-Speed Continuous-Flow Analyzer

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E Neeley ◽  
Stephen C Wardlaw ◽  
Helen C Sing
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Reagent Consumption ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Made In

Abstract Design features and performance of a miniaturized high-speed continuous-flow analyzer are described. Special emphasis is made in the design towards a system that is free from the operational and mechanical complexities found in most of today’s advanced systems. Depending on the particular analyses, sample size varies from 3 to 25 µl and reagent consumption is less than 180 µl per sample. Analyses are performed under steady-state conditions at sampling rates of 150 samples per hour with a 2:1 or 3:1 sample-to-wash ratio. The marked reduction in sample size makes the system ideal for microanalyses, especially in the pediatric clinical laboratory, in small animal research, and in any other cases where small sample volume is especially important.

The Analysis and Design Study of High Speed Robotic Devices

2013 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Štefan Havlík ◽  
Jaroslav Hricko
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Positional Accuracy ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Positioning Devices ◽  
Robotic Devices ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Improving Accuracy ◽  
Kinematic Mechanisms ◽  
Stiffness And Damping ◽  
Made In

The problem of multi d.o.f. positioning devices based on compact compliant kinematic mechanisms is to guarantee the desired positional accuracy in static and especially in dynamic modes of operation. The study of accuracy and performance analysis of high speed devices is made in this paper. The influence of differences between stiffness and damping coefficients in actuated directions as well as mutual cross couplings between them are discussed in details and performance characteristics of such complex systems are simulated. As proposed the problem of improving accuracy can be solved by insertion of the compensation member into control system that could be integrated in parallel or serial way. The presented approach enables to verify the dynamical range of operation for small / micro positioning devices performing precise trajectory following tasks.

scholarly journals How many grains are needed for quantifying catchment erosion from tracer thermochronology?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Madella ◽  
Christoph Glotzbach ◽  
Todd A. Ehlers
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Monte Carlo Sampling ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Spatial Changes ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov

Abstract. Detrital tracer thermochronology exploits the relationship between bedrock thermochronometric age-elevation profiles and a distribution of detrital grain-ages collected from river, glacial, or other sediment to study spatial changes in the distribution of catchment erosion. If ages increase linearly with elevation, spatially uniform erosion is expected to yield a detrital age distribution that mirrors the catchment's hypsometric curve. Alternatively, a mismatch between detrital and hypsometric distributions may indicate non-uniform erosion within a catchment. For studies seeking to identify the pattern of erosion, measured grain-age populations rarely exceed 100 grains due largely to the time and costs related to individual measurements. With sample sizes of this order, discerning between two detrital age distributions produced by different catchment erosion scenarios can be difficult at a high statistical confidence level. However, there is no established method to quantify the sample-size-dependent uncertainty inherent to detrital tracer thermochronology, and practitioners are often left wondering how many grains is enough?. Here, we investigate how sample size affects the uncertainty of detrital age distributions and how such uncertainty affects the ability to uniquely infer the erosional pattern of the upstream area. We do this using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic as metric of dissimilarity among distributions, based on which the statistical confidence of detecting an erosional pattern is determined through Monte Carlo sampling. The techniques are implemented in a new tool (ESD_thermotrace) to consistently report confidence levels as a function of sample size and application-specific variables. The proposed tool is made available as a new open-source Python-based script along with test data. Testing between different hypothesized erosion scenarios with this tool provides thermochronologists with the minimum sample size (i.e. number of bedrock and detrital grain-ages) required to answer their specific scientific question, at their desired level of statistical confidence. Furthermore, in cases of unavoidably small sample size (e.g., due to poor grain quality or low sample volume), we provide a means to calculate the confidence level of interpretations made from the data.

Reduction of sample size on the Technicon SMA 6/60 continuous-flow analyzer.

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1107-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z K Shihabi ◽  
J C Turner
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Serum Sample ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Made In

Abstract The manifold of the Sequential Multiple Analyzer SMA 6/60 (4 + 2) has been modified to decrease serum sample size to 90 mul, by using a common diluent for all six channels and recycling the discard of each dialyzer into the next one. The modification can be made in less than 4 h without the need for any additional parts; the modified manifold requires one-third fewer pump lines and fewer reagents, thus reducing operating costs and simplifying instrument maintenance, while retaining the same precision, speed, low carryover, and linearity of the production model.

Development of Micro Optical Diffusion Sensor Based on Laser Induced Dielectrophoresis

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Taguchi ◽  
Koichi Itani ◽  
Akira Ebisui ◽  
Yuji Nagasaka
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Distribution ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Micro Electro Mechanical Systems ◽  
Measurement Principle ◽  
Sinusoidal Pattern ◽  
Chemical Fields ◽  
Small Sample Volume

Micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS) biochips realizing high-speed and high-efficiency of reaction and analysis attract much attention in medical as well as chemical fields. Especially, the miniaturized devices enabling small sample volume, arrayed, and portable measurement may become a powerful tool for material analysis and process control. We have proposed a novel micro optical diffusion sensor (MODS) which enables small sample volume, highspeed and non-contact measurement of diffusion coefficient of liquid sample. MODS consists of a pair of transparent electrodes (Al-doped Zinc oxide: AZO), a photoconductive layer (amorphous silicon: a-Si:H), two MEMS mirrors and excitation and probing fibers for inducing and detecting concentration distribution. The initial concentration distribution of sample is created by an opto-dielectrophoretic (opto-DEP) manipulation along with a sinusoidal pattern of irradiated beam on a photoconductive layer. In the present paper, the measurement principle is proposed, and the preliminary experiment using a bench top apparatus is reported.

scholarly journals The so-called thermoid effect and the question of superheating of a plantinum-silver resistance used in continuous-flow calorimetry

1912 ◽  
Vol 86 (587) ◽  
pp. 330-332 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Heat ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Flow Calorimeter ◽  
Heating Current ◽  
Liquid Moving ◽  
Absolute Measurements ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Made In

In a recent paper by Glazebrook, Bousfield, and Smith some doubt has been east on the accuracy of my absolute measurements of the specific heat of water by the continuous-flow calorimeter. It is stated that an error of as much as 6 parts in 10,000 might have occurred in the superheating of the oil-stirred platinurn-silver resistances from which the values of the electric heating current were obtained. On the other band, it is also stated that this error might have been as small as 2.5 parts in 10,000. It was with some surprise that I read this statement, inasmuch as the authors could not have been aware of the rapidity of oil circulation which I used. It has been shown by Osborne Reynolds and others that the heat loss from a surface immersed in a liquid moving in turbulent motion is directly proportional to the velocity of flow. The degree of superheating of a wire immersed in oil will depend then directly on the rate of circulation, bully realising this fact, the resistances which I used were designed by Prof. Callendar and myself to be immersed in oil which could be circulated with great rapidity, These resistances are described in our papers, where the illustration shows approximately to scale the relative sizes of the stirrer and resistances. The paddle was rotated at a high speed by a powerful water motor, and the oil was thrown down with such force that a considerable depression was made in the surface. The oil, thrown sideways, passed up around the bars wires, which were wound loosely on the mica frames. I do not know by what standard Glazebrook, Bousfield, and Smith decide what is "normal stirring" or "very vigorous stirring," but it was evident to me at ones that I must have bad much more rapid circulation than anything used by these authors. In testing the accuracy of my experiments special attention was taken of possible superheating, and tests of stirring were made at the time. The good agreement of the various determinations of the specific heat, made with such different values for the heating current and flow of water, make evident that no large superheating error could have existed without being detected.

Protein biochip systems for the clinical laboratory

2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Marie Dupuy ◽  
Sylvain Lehmann ◽  
Jean Paul Cristol
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Throughput Capacity ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Biomedical Diagnosis ◽  
Multiplexed Immunoassay ◽  
Spotted Array

AbstractClassical methods of protein analysis such as electrophoresis, ELISA and liquid chromatography are generally time-consuming, labor-intensive and lack high-throughput capacity. In addition, all existing methods used to measure proteins necessitate multiple division of the original sample and individual tests carried out for each substance, with an associated cost for each test. The chip system allows several tests to be performed simultaneously without dividing the original patient sample. This system facilitates the development of multiplexed assays that simultaneously measure many different analytes in a small sample volume. These emerging technologies fall into two categories: 1) spotted array-based tools, and 2) microfluidic-based tools. Miniaturized and multiplexed immunoassays allow a great deal of information to be obtained from a single sample. These analytical systems are referred to as “lab-on-a-chip” devices. This article presents current trends and advances in miniaturized multiplexed immunoassay technologies, reviewing different systems from research to point-of-care assays. We focus on a subset of chip-based assays that may be used in a clinical laboratory and are directly applicable for biomedical diagnosis. Recent advances in biochip assays combine the power of miniaturization, microfluidics, micro- to nanoparticles, and quantification. A number of applications are just beginning to be explored. The power of biochip assays offers great promise for point-of-care clinical testing and monitoring of many important analytes.

New System for Automated Extraction and Simultaneous Determination of Serum Cholesterol and Triglycerides

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1430-1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy F Wease ◽  
Eli S Espinosa ◽  
Yvonne J Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Precision Time

Abstract We describe an automated system for serum lipid extraction and simultaneous determination of cholesterol and triglycerides, with use of continuous-flow equipment. A sample volume of 100 µl of serum is required, and samples are processed at the rate of 20 per hour, which may be increased with slight loss in precision. Time from sample pickup to recorder readout is about 25 min. The system makes use of established colorimetric reactions, and the values obtained agree with ranges currently reported in the literature. Correlation coefficients for results of the automated and manual methods were 0.98 for cholesterol and 0.99 for triglycerides, and the day-to-day coefficients of variation were 1.8% for cholesterol (1 SD = 34 mg/liter) and 3.4% for triglycerides (1 SD = 37 mg/liter). The small sample volume, precision, accuracy, speed, and comparative economy of reagents make this system particularly suitable for multiphasic screening, pediatrics, and small-animal research.

Microsampling on the Technicon SMAC system.

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1531-1534
Author(s):  
T A Walmsley ◽  
R T Fowler ◽  
M H Abernethy
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Sample Stream ◽  
Continuous Flow Analysis ◽  
Direct Sampling ◽  
Calibration Materials ◽  
Sample Dilution

Abstract The sample volume needed for a Technicon SMAC continuous-flow analyzer has been reduced for routine operation. Two options are available: 141 microL for a 17-test profile, or 224 microL, which allows the direct-sampling assays for creatinine and iron to be included. The sample decrease is achieved by the sequential dialysis of creatinine and iron, an increased sample dilution from sixfold to ninefold, the strict minimization of diluted sample stream wastage, and development of more sensitive methods for glucose and alkaline phosphatase to allow greater use of the diluted sample stream. A glycine-containing diluent increases the sensitivity of the iron method by 25% and prevents the protein precipitation that plagues the continuous-flow analysis for iron in plasma. No deterioration in performance of the analyzer has been detected during nine months of routine operation at the reduced sample size. Added advantages are the decreased consumption of calibration materials and an increased ability to do repeat tests.

Measurement of magnesium by continuous-flow colorimetry.

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
R T Fowler ◽  
M H Abernethy ◽  
T A Walmsley ◽  
H W Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Total Error ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Flow Method ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Continuous Flow Method ◽  
Small Sample Volume

Abstract We describe the application to the Technicon SMAC system of a micellar-improved calmagite method for the measurement of magnesium. In this continuous-flow method a dialyzer is not needed, because protein interference is negligible. Sample interaction was estimated to be 3%. The increased sensitivity of the method allows for a small sample volume (37 microL/min). Results obtained agreed well with those by an atomic absorption procedure (x): SMAC magnesium - 0.971 x + 0.030 mmol/L (n = 58). The estimated total error for the SMAC procedure was less than 50 mumol/L at two analyte concentrations: 0.50 and 1.50 mmol/L. The inclusion of magnesium estimation on SMAC should extend the screening function of this analyzer.

Advanced Techniques for Engine Research and Design

1989 ◽  
Vol 203 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
C C J French
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Research And Design ◽  
Speed Computer ◽  
Made In

This paper discusses technical improvements that have been made to internal combustion engines in the recent past. It then goes on to show that, with the availability of the high-speed computer, great possibilities exist for many more advances to be made in design and performance.

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