scholarly journals Colonization, Population Growth, and Nesting Success of Black Oystercatchers Following a Seismic Uplift

The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena A. Gill ◽  
Scott A. Hatch ◽  
Richard B. Lanctot
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surges ◽  
Nesting Success ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Rocky Intertidal ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Reserve Network ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Mammalian Predators ◽  
La Red

AbstractWe present data on the colonization of Middleton Island, Alaska, by Black Oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) following the creation of an extensive rocky intertidal zone after the Alaskan earthquake of 1964. The first pair of oystercatchers was detected in 1976, and it was another 5 years before the population increased to three pairs. Oystercatcher numbers increased steadily thereafter, with a population explosion occurring in the 1990s. By 2002, there were 171 territorial pairs on the island. The total number of birds increased from two in 1976 to 718 in 2002. Breeding-pair densities on Middleton Island are the highest recorded for any portion of Alaska, averaging more than 5 pairs per km of shoreline in 2002. Nesting success in 2001 and 2002 was greater (83% or more of the eggs laid hatched) than that reported for any other population of oystercatchers in Alaska or along the Pacific Coast. We attribute this exponential growth rate and exceptionally high reproductive success to the large area of available and suitable habitat, the low number of avian predators and the complete lack of mammalian predators, low rate of nest loss to high tides and storm surges, and a low level of human disturbance. We propose nominating Middleton Island as a regional Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network site because a high percentage of the world's and region's population of Black Oystercatchers resides there during the breeding season. Further, since Middleton Island may be the single most important site in Alaska for Black Oystercatchers, we suggest it be protected from future development.Colonización, Crecimiento Poblacional y Éxito de Nidada de Ostreros Negros Luego de un Movimiento SísmicoResumen. Presentamos datos sobre la colonización de la Isla Middleton, Alaska, por el Haematopus bachmani, luego de la creación de una extensa zona intermareal rocosa como resultado del terremoto ocurrido en 1964. La primera pareja de ostreros fue detectada en 1976, y pasaron otros 5 años antes de que la población aumente a tres parejas. Desde entonces los números de ostreros crecieron constantemente con una explosión de la población ocurrida en los 1990s. En 2002 había 171 parejas territoriales en la isla. El número total de individuos aumentó de dos en 1976 a 718 en 2002. Las densidades de parejas reproductivas en la Isla Middleton son las más altas registradas en cualquier lugar de Alaska, promediando más de 5 parejas por km de costa en 2002. El éxito de nidada en 2001 y 2002 fue mayor (83% o más de los huevos depositados eclosionaron) que el informado para cualquier otra población de ostreros de Alaska o de la costa Pacífica. Atribuimos esta tasa de crecimiento exponencial y el excepcional y alto éxito reproductivo, a la gran superficie con hábitat adecuado disponible, al bajo número de aves predadoras y a la completa ausencia de mamíferos predadores, a la baja tasa de perdida de nidos por mareas altas u oleaje por tormentas, y al bajo grado de disturbio humano. Proponemos la nominación de la Isla de Middleton como Sitio Regional de la Red Hemisférica de Reservas para Aves Playeras, dado el elevado porcentaje de la población mundial y regional de ostreros negros que allí residen durante la temporada reproductiva. Además, dado que la Isla Middleton podría ser el sitio más importante de Alaska para Haematopus bachmani, sugerimos que debería ser protegida del desarrollo en el futuro.

First study of the Polycladida (Rhabditophora, Platyhelminthes) from the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4964 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-381
Author(s):  
PATRICIA SOUTULLO ◽  
DANIEL CUADRADO ◽  
CAROLINA NOREÑA
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Intertidal Zone ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
New Records ◽  
Rocky Intertidal ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Invertebrate Diversity ◽  
Marine Park ◽  
Rocky Intertidal Zone ◽  
The Pacific

In the present work was carried out in the intertidal zone of Las Baulas de Guanacaste National Marine Park (PNMB) located on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica.                The main objective was to contribute to knowledge about the invertebrate diversity of the park, one of the richest bioregions on the planet, about which little is known. This study assesses the Order Polycladida Lang, 1884, a cornerstone of this ecosystem and one of the most cosmopolitan and plastic invertebrate taxa in the animal kingdom.                In total, 57 individuals were collected in the rocky intertidal zone of Carbón and Langosta beaches. Nine different species were identified, of which four are new for Costa Rica: Semonia bauliensis n. sp.; Cryptostylochus sesei n. sp.; Paraplanocera angeli n. sp., Prostheceraeus fitae n. sp.; and five new records: Paraplanocera oligoglena (Schmarda, 1859); Marcusia ernesti Hyman, 1953; Enchiridium magec Cuadrado, Moro & Noreña, 2017; Pseudobiceros bajae (Hyman, 1953); and the genus Boninia spp. 

Andrew Jackson and US Foreign Relations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Opal
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Indian Removal ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Andrew Jackson ◽  
Southern States ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Open Markets

The foreign relations of the Jacksonian age reflected Andrew Jackson’s own sense of the American “nation” as long victimized by non-white enemies and weak politicians. His goal as president from 1829 to 1837 was to restore white Americans’ “sovereignty,” to empower them against other nations both within and beyond US territory. Three priorities emerged from this conviction. First, Jackson was determined to deport the roughly 50,000 Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles living in southern states and territories. He saw them as hostile nations who threatened American safety and checked American prosperity. Far from a domestic issue, Indian Removal was an imperial project that set the stage for later expansion over continental and oceanic frontiers. Second and somewhat paradoxically, Jackson sought better relations with Great Britain. These were necessary because the British Empire was both the main threat to US expansion and the biggest market for slave-grown exports from former Indian lands. Anglo-American détente changed investment patterns and economic development throughout the Western Hemisphere, encouraging American leaders to appease London even when patriotic passions argued otherwise. Third, Jackson wanted to open markets and secure property rights around the globe, by treaty if possible but by force when necessary. He called for a larger navy, pressed countries from France to Mexico for outstanding debts, and embraced retaliatory strikes on “savages” and “pirates” as far away as Sumatra. Indeed, the Jacksonian age brought a new American presence in the Pacific. By the mid-1840s the United States was the dominant power in the Hawaiian Islands and a growing force in China. The Mexican War that followed made the Union a two-ocean colossus—and pushed its regional tensions to the breaking point.

scholarly journals Annual and Seasonal Variation in Shorebird Abundance in the St. Lawrence River Estuary during Fall Migration

2018 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Turcotte ◽  
Jean-Francois Lamarre ◽  
Joel Bety
Keyword(s):  
General Trend ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Ecological Value ◽  
Reserve Network ◽  
Semipalmated Sandpiper ◽  
Peak Abundance ◽  
Effective Conservation ◽  
St Lawrence River

Many north American shorebird populations are declining. it is therefore urgent to identify major sites used during their annual cycle to achieve effective conservation measures. our objective was to expand some aspects of the knowledge base needed to assess the ecological value of the St. Lawrence River Estuary for shorebird conservation. Here, we present the results of the most intensive shorebird survey ever conducted in the St. Lawrence River Estuary during fall migration. Surveys were conducted between St-Jean-Port-Joli and St-Simon-sur-Mer, Quebec, Canada, in 2011 and 2012, from late June/early July through late november, corresponding to the migration period of all species potentially present in the study area. The Semipalmated Sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) was one of the two most abundant species during both years of our study (most abundant species, followed by Dunlin [Calidris alpina] and Black-bellied Plover [Pluvialis squatarola] in 2011; second to Blackbellied Plover in 2012). Considering the entire shorebird community, abundance of individuals peaked in early September. Peak abundance occurred earlier for adults than for juveniles. For most species, juveniles largely outnumbered adults. Juveniles were relatively less abundant in 2012 than in 2011. This reflected a general trend observed in northeastern north America between those years, suggesting a lower breeding success in 2012. Given its importance as a staging site for juvenile birds (study area used annually by up to a few hundred thousand shorebirds) and therein, its conservation value, we recommend that the St. Lawrence River Estuary should be included within the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve network.

scholarly journals Similarity of rocky intertidal assemblages along the Pacific coast of Japan: effects of spatial scales and geographic distance

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Nakaoka ◽  
Norihiko Ito ◽  
Tomoko Yamamoto ◽  
Takehiro Okuda ◽  
Takashi Noda
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Rocky Intertidal ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Coast Of Japan

Arbitration and Conciliation in Pan America

1929 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Oliver Murdock
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
American States ◽  
Present Generation ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
President Elect ◽  
Set Up ◽  
International Social

The International Conference of American States on Conciliation and Arbitration, which met in Washington from December 10, 1928, to January 5, 1929, was characterized by one of the delegates to the conference as the Locarno of the New World. Shortly after the signing of the General Pact for the Renunciation of War, we find the nations of the Western Hemisphere taking the logical next step of providing machinery for the pacific settlement of all international disputes. “ It is quite obvious that it is not sufficient to renounce war, unless we are ready to have recourse to the processes of peace.” Here is concrete evidence of the good faith of the American Republics to provide a clean-cut substitute for war as an instrument of national policy. The necessity for the development of machinery for international pacific settlement has been demonstrated to the present generation by the fact that the whole nature of the institution of war changed whenman became a scientist, an engineer, and a mechanic. Mass production, under the stimulus of intensive research, has madepossible the production of instruments of destruction which threaten to destroy civilization, unless international social relations can be brought within the control of law. While President-elect Hoover was making his good-will, personal-relations tour in South America, eminent jurists from twenty of the American Republics were meeting in Washington to set up the framework for the stabilization of international relations.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF CROWN-WALL ON WAVE OVERTOPPING PROBABILITY AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OVER A SEAWALL

2018 ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Jiayue Gu ◽  
Xin Hu ◽  
Shuguang Liu ◽  
Quanhe Ju
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Wave Overtopping ◽  
Individual Volume ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Individual Wave ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Engineering Measure ◽  
Overtopping Probability ◽  
The Stability

In the past decades, the crest height of the seawall was determined by the allowable average wave overtopping rate q. Franco (1994) concluded that individual wave overtopping，particularly the maximum individual volume, provided a better design method than q, considering the stability of the seawall and the safety of vehicles and people along the coastal area protected by the coastal defense structures. Shanghai, located on the west bank of the Pacific Ocean, is quite sensitive to the risk of storm surges and violent wave overtopping. The crown-wall serves as an engineering measure to reduce the wave overtopping effectively.

scholarly journals Bamboo Fale: Climate of Change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Emily Cayford
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World

<p>The world is currently sitting on the brink of a massive upheaval as Climate Change continues to intensify. At this stage, there is no apparent turning back: the only remaining option is to adapt. While many countries are already feeling the effects, the most vulnerable lie within the Pacific Islands.  With 70% of the Samoan population living along their coastline (The World Bank, 2016), the country is identified as one of the most vulnerable Pacific Islands. It is prone to high waves and storm surges, along with tropical cyclones, which destroy livelihoods and housing, as well as claiming lives.  The traditional architecture of Samoa was originally built to withstand such weather events, but has not been adapting to resist the increased cyclone intensity and rising sea levels. The materials and building practices currently used within Samoa do not have the properties to resist these extreme weather events.  Western building practises have been introduced and into the Samoan construction industry, but has not yet successfully been integrated. Combinations of traditional and Western building practises are, instead, resulting in buildings more vulnerable than ever. This issue remains unresolved, with unsuitable housing remaining one of the largest dilemmas currently faced by Samoa’s inhabitants.  Samoa recently graduated from the classification: Least Developed Country, to be classified as a Developing Country (Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience). This places Samoa as one of the more developed nations of the Pacific, therefore encouraging Samoa to take the lead in resilience to the ever imposing effects of Climate Change. Samoa has a close relationship with both New Zealand and Australia and therefore has access to building expertise, education and materials. Why, then, is Samoa so lacking in architectural resilience to the effects of Climate Change?  This paper endeavours to investigate this gap and, in turn provide a potential resolution. These solutions could aid other Pacific countries as well as encouraging further architectural resilience that can then be mirrored by the remaining, vulnerable countries of the Pacific.  This thesis first investigates the question:  “Why has Samoan culture not developed stronger architectural resilience against Climate Change?”  This thesis then evolves to question:  “How can Samoan architecture be hybridised to influence increased architectural resilience against Climate Change?”</p>

scholarly journals Sponges of Posidonia oceanica meadows (Sardinia, W-Mediterranean Sea)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Padiglia ◽  
Barbara Cadeddu ◽  
Daniela Demurtas ◽  
Marco Bertolino ◽  
Renata Manconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surges ◽  
Posidonia Oceanica ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Benthic Ecosystems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North Western ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Aquiferous System

Sponges are one of the main components of Mediterranean benthic ecosystems. Aim of this work was to perform a preliminary survey of conspicuous sponges in the Marine Protected Areas of Capo Caccia – Isola Piana and Asinara (North-Western Sardinia) harbouring wide Posidonia oceanica meadows. Specimens were photographed in vivo, collected along linear transects in shallow water by snorkeling and SCUBA diving, preserved (dry and/or ethanol) and identified at species level. Preliminary results show notable values of taxonomic richness when compared to previous papers confirming that P. oceanica meadows represent a suitable habitat for sponges. Some sponge species preferentially colonize rhizomes, others are found mainly in inter-mattes areas; only a few species are able to settle on leaves. Rhizomes offer a steady, permanent and shaded substratum, while leaves represent an unsteady substrate been smooth, short-lived, more exposed, and constantly moving. Sponges perform different key functional roles in the meadows: a) they host diversified invertebrate associations providing also refuge for sciaphilous invertebrates and nursery for juveniles at body surface and within canals of the aquiferous system; b) they are able to recycle particulate and dissolved organic matter acting as biofilters (active filter feeders); c) they contribute to improve circulation by pumping activity in the water column producing microcurrents particulary effective in lentic conditions. On the other side, to live in the meadows is very advantageous for sponges, gaining protection against storm surges. However data suggest the need of continuous monitoring to assess the impact of invasive algae such as those belonging to the genus Caulerpa and contribute to shed light on the problem of diversity loss by alien species.

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