scholarly journals Stimulating Effect of Japanese Herbal (Kampo) Medicine, Hochuekkito on Upper Respiratory Mucosal Immune System

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kiyohara ◽  
T. Nagai ◽  
K. Munakata ◽  
K. Nonaka ◽  
T. Hanawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Kampo Medicine ◽  
Iga Antibody ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Japanese herbal (Kampo) medicine, Hochuekkito (Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang in Chinese, TJ-41) and Juzentaihoto (Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang in Chinese, TJ-48) are well-known Kampo formulas used as tonic. Although these medicines have separately been applied to the patients clinically depending on their symptoms, the differences of the pharmacological activities for these medicines have not been fully understood. TJ-48 and TJ-41 were compared for their effects on antibody response in upper respiratory mucosal immune systemin vivo. Oral administration of TJ-41 (100 mg kg-1 per day) to early aged BALB/c mice, which were nasally sensitized with influenza hemagglutinin vaccine, significantly enhanced influenza virus-specific IgA and IgG antibody titers in nasal cavity and sera, respectively. However, oral administration of TJ-48 (100 mg kg-1 per day) failed to show the enhancing activity. TJ-41 increased not only influenza virus-specific IgA antibody titer but also total IgA antibody titer in nasal cavity. The stimulating activity of TJ-41 disappeared after treatment with methotrexate. The present study strongly suggests that TJ-41 can stimulate the mucosal immune system of upper respiratory tract, and results in enhancement of antigen-specific antibody response in upper respiratory mucosal and systemic immune systems.

scholarly journals Polysaccharide-Containing Macromolecules in a Kampo (Traditional Japanese Herbal) Medicine, Hochuekkito: Dual Active Ingredients for Modulation of Immune Functions on Intestinal Peyer's Patches and Epithelial cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Kiyohara ◽  
Kazuki Nonaka ◽  
Michiko Sekiya ◽  
Tsukasa Matsumoto ◽  
Takayuki Nagai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Marrow Cell ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Peyer’S Patch ◽  
Peyer's Patch ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Upper Respiratory

A traditional Japanese herbal (Kampo) medicine, Hochuekkito (Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang in Chinese, TJ-41) is a well-known Kampo formula, and has been found to enhance antigen-specific antibody response in not only local mucosal immune system in upper respiratory tract, but also systemic immune system through upper respiratory mucosal immune system. Although this immunopharmacological effect has been proposed to express by modulation of intestinal immune system including Peyer's patches and intestinal epithelial cells, active ingredients are not known. TJ-41 directly affected the production of bone marrow cell-proliferative growth factors from murine Peyer's patch immunocompetent cellsin vitro. Among low molecular, intermediate size and macromolecular weight fractions prepared from TJ-41, only fraction containing macromolecular weight ingredients showed Peyer's patch-mediated bone marrow cell-proliferation enhancing activity. Anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration gave 17 subfractions comprising polysaccharides and lignins from the macromolecular weight fraction of TJ-41, and some of the subfractions showed significant enhancing activities having different degrees. Some of the subfractions also expressed stimulating activity on G-CSF-production from colonic epithelial cells, and statistically significant positive correlation was observed among enhancing activities of the subfractions against Peyer's patch immunocompetent cells and epithelial cells. Among the fractions from TJ-41 oral administration of macromolecular weight ingredient fraction to mice succeeded to enhance antigen-specific antibody response in systemic immune system through upper respiratory mucosal immune system, but all the separated fractions failed to enhance thein vivoantibody response in upper respiratory tract.

scholarly journals Augmentation of Cellular Immunity and Reduction of Influenza Virus Titer in Aged Mice Fed Lactobacillus casei Strain Shirota

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuji Hori ◽  
Junko Kiyoshima ◽  
Kan Shida ◽  
Hisako Yasui
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Killer Activity ◽  
Aged Mice ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Upper Respiratory

ABSTRACT We investigated whether oral administration of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota activates the cellular immune system and ameliorates influenza virus (IFV) titer in the nasal site in upper respiratory IFV infection by using aged mice. Natural killer activity of splenocytes and lung cells of aged mice fed an L. casei strain Shirota diet (L.casei strain Shirota group) was significantly (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) increased compared to those fed a control diet (control group). The increases were 1.5- and 2.5-fold, respectively. In aged mice fed an XL.casei strain Shirota diet, potent induction of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which play a very important role in excluding IFV, was evident in nasal lymphocytes. IFN-γ and TNF-α production increased 12- and 3.5-fold, respectively. In this model of upper respiratory IFV infection, the titer of IFV in the nasal washings of aged mice fed an L.casei strain Shirota diet was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in aged mice fed a control diet (101.6 ± 0.6 and 102.2 ± 0.5, respectively). These findings suggest that oral administration of L.casei strain Shirota activates not only systemic cellular immunity but also local cellular immunity and that it ameliorates IFV infection.

scholarly journals Friend or Foe: Interbacterial Competition in the Nasal Cavity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britney L. Hardy ◽  
D. Scott Merrell
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Competition And Cooperation ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Nasal Microbiota

Like other microbes that live on or in the human body, the bacteria that inhabit the upper respiratory tract, in particular the nasal cavity, have evolved to survive in an environment that presents a number of physical and chemical challenges; these microbes are constantly bombarded with nutritional fluctuations, changes in humidity, the presence of inhaled particulate matter (odorants, allergens), and competition with other microbes. Indeed, only a specialized set of species are able to colonize this niche and successfully contend with the host's immune system and the constant threat from competitors. To this end, bacteria that live in the nasal cavity have evolved a variety of approaches to outcompete contenders for the limited nutrients and space; broadly speaking, these strategies may be considered a type of ‘bacterial warfare’. A greater molecular understanding of bacterial warfare has the potential to reveal new approaches or molecules that can be developed as novel therapeutics. As such, there are many studies within the last decade that have sought to understand the complex polymicrobial interactions that occur in various environments. Herein, we review what is currently known about the age-dependent structure and interbacterial relationships within the nasal microbiota and summarize the molecular mechanisms that are predicted to dictate bacterial warfare in this niche. Though the currently described interactions are complex, in reality we have likely only scratched the surface in terms of a true understanding of the types of interbacterial competition and cooperation that are thought to take place in and on the human body.

scholarly journals Segmented Filamentous Bacteria Are Potent Stimuli of a Physiologically Normal State of the Murine Gut Mucosal Immune System

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1992-2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen L. Talham ◽  
Han-Qing Jiang ◽  
Nicolaas A. Bos ◽  
John J. Cebra
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Filamentous Bacteria ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Segmented Filamentous Bacteria ◽  
Iga Antibody ◽  
Autochthonous Bacteria ◽  
Iga Production

ABSTRACT Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are autochthonous bacteria inhabiting the intestinal tracts of many species, including humans. We studied the effect of SFB on the mucosal immune system by monoassociating formerly germfree C3H/HeN mice with SFB. At various time points during 190 days of colonization, fragment cultures of small intestine and Peyer’s patches (PP) were analyzed for total immunoglobulin A (IgA) and SFB-specific IgA production. Also, phenotypic changes indicating germinal center reactions (GCRs) and the activation of CD4+ T cells in PP were determined by using fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses. A second group of SFB-monoassociated mice was colonized with a gram-negative commensal,Morganella morganii, to determine if the mucosal immune system was again stimulated and to evaluate the effect of prior colonization with SFB on the ability of M. morganii to translocate to the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. We found that SFB stimulated GCRs in PP from day 6 after monoassociation, that GCRs only gradually waned over the entire length of colonization, that natural IgA production was increased to levels 24 to 63% of that of conventionally reared mice, and that SFB-specific IgA was produced but accounted for less than 1.4% of total IgA. Also, the proportion of CD4+, CD45RBlow T cells, indicative of activated cells, gradually increased in the PP to the level found in conventionally reared mice. Secondary colonization with M. morganii was able to stimulate GCRs anew, leading to a specific IgA antibody response. Previous stimulation of mucosal immunity by SFB did not prevent the translocation of M. morganii in the double-colonized mice. Our findings generally indicate that SFB are one of the single most potent microbial stimuli of the gut mucosal immune system.

scholarly journals Distal Mucosal Site Stimulation by Kefir and Duration of the Immune Response

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Vinderola ◽  
J. Duarte ◽  
D. Thangavel ◽  
G. Perdigon ◽  
E. Farnworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Pulmonary Macrophages ◽  
Bronchial Tissue ◽  
Site Stimulation

Kefir is a fermented milk (drink) produced by the action of lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and acetic acid bacteria. We recently reported a comparative study on the effect of kefir containing viable or non-viable bacteria by studying their modulatory activity on the intestinal immune response. A functional dose was established in a murine model and the pattern of regulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines induced was also studied. The existence of a common mucosal immune system implies that the immune cells stimulated in one mucosal tissue can spread and relocate through various mucosal sites. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of an oral administration of kefir on the duration of the intestinal mucosa immune response and the modulatory activity in distal mucosal sites, specifically in the peritoneal and pulmonary macrophages and in the bronchial tissue. BALB/c mice were fed with kefir or pasteurized kefir at doses previously determined as functional for intestinal mucosa immunomodulation. Kefir feeding was stopped and the number of IgA, IgG, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IIFNγ and TNFα producing cells was determined in the lamina propria of small intestine immediately, and after 2 and 7 days of kefir withdrawal. IgA producing cells were also measured in the bronchial tissue of lungs immediately and 2 and 7 days after kefir withdrawal. Phagocytic activity of peritoneal and pulmonary macrophages was also determined. The oral administration of kefir or pasteurized kefir increased the number of IgA+ cells not only in the gut lamina propria, but also in the bronchial tissue, supporting the concept of local antibody secretion after remote-site stimulation in the intestinal tract. Both peritoneal and pulmonary macrophages were activated by kefir or pasteurized kefir feeding. Peritoneal macrophages were stimulated faster than pulmonary macrophages (for kefir). The enhanced phagocytic activity achieved by kefir or pasteurized kefir lasted longer for the peritoneal than for the pulmonary macrophages. Due to the increased bronchial IgA and phagocytic activity of pulmonary macrophages after kefir feeding observed in this study, the oral administration of kefir could act as a natural adjuvant for enhancing the specific immune response against respiratory pathogens. The parameters studied returned to control values within a week of cessation of kefir administration. This would suggest that there is a low risk of overstimulating the gut mucosal immune system during periodic consumption of kefir.

Functions of tonsils in the mucosal immune system of the upper respiratory tract using a novel animal model, Suncus murinus

2006 ◽  
Vol 126 (11) ◽  
pp. 1164-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Suzumoto ◽  
Muneki Hotomi ◽  
Keiji Fujihara ◽  
Shinji Tamura ◽  
Kiyonori Kuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Suncus Murinus ◽  
Upper Respiratory

scholarly journals Innate Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infections in the Upper Respiratory Tract

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2090
Author(s):  
Edin J. Mifsud ◽  
Miku Kuba ◽  
Ian G. Barr
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Upper Respiratory

The innate immune system is the host’s first line of immune defence against any invading pathogen. To establish an infection in a human host the influenza virus must replicate in epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract. However, there are several innate immune mechanisms in place to stop the virus from reaching epithelial cells. In addition to limiting viral replication and dissemination, the innate immune system also activates the adaptive immune system leading to viral clearance, enabling the respiratory system to return to normal homeostasis. However, an overzealous innate immune system or adaptive immune response can be associated with immunopathology and aid secondary bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract leading to pneumonia. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms utilised by the innate immune system to limit influenza virus replication and the damage caused by influenza viruses on the respiratory tissues and how these very same protective immune responses can cause immunopathology.

scholarly journals Reduction of Influenza Virus Titer and Protection against Influenza Virus Infection in Infant Mice Fed Lactobacillus casei Shirota

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisako Yasui ◽  
Junko Kiyoshima ◽  
Tetsuji Hori
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory

ABSTRACT We investigated whether oral administration of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota to neonatal and infant mice ameliorates influenza virus (IFV) infection in the upper respiratory tract and protects against influenza infection. In a model of upper respiratory IFV infection, the titer of virus in the nasal washings of infant mice administered L. casei Shirota (L. casei Shirota group) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in infant mice administered saline (control group) (102.48 ± 100.31 and 102.78 ± 100.4, respectively). Further, the survival rate of the L. casei Shirota group was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the control group (14.3 versus 40.0%). One day after infection, pulmonary NK cell activity and interleukin-12 production by mediastinal lymph node cells of mice in the L. casei Shirota group were significantly greater than those of mice in the control group. These findings suggest that oral administration of L. casei Shirota activates the immature immune system of neonatal and infant mice and protects against IFV infection. Therefore, oral administration of L. casei Shirota may accelerate the innate immune response of the respiratory tract and protect against various respiratory infections in neonates, infants, and children, a high risk group for viral and bacterial infections.

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