scholarly journals Distal Mucosal Site Stimulation by Kefir and Duration of the Immune Response

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Vinderola ◽  
J. Duarte ◽  
D. Thangavel ◽  
G. Perdigon ◽  
E. Farnworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Pulmonary Macrophages ◽  
Bronchial Tissue ◽  
Site Stimulation

Kefir is a fermented milk (drink) produced by the action of lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and acetic acid bacteria. We recently reported a comparative study on the effect of kefir containing viable or non-viable bacteria by studying their modulatory activity on the intestinal immune response. A functional dose was established in a murine model and the pattern of regulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines induced was also studied. The existence of a common mucosal immune system implies that the immune cells stimulated in one mucosal tissue can spread and relocate through various mucosal sites. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of an oral administration of kefir on the duration of the intestinal mucosa immune response and the modulatory activity in distal mucosal sites, specifically in the peritoneal and pulmonary macrophages and in the bronchial tissue. BALB/c mice were fed with kefir or pasteurized kefir at doses previously determined as functional for intestinal mucosa immunomodulation. Kefir feeding was stopped and the number of IgA, IgG, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IIFNγ and TNFα producing cells was determined in the lamina propria of small intestine immediately, and after 2 and 7 days of kefir withdrawal. IgA producing cells were also measured in the bronchial tissue of lungs immediately and 2 and 7 days after kefir withdrawal. Phagocytic activity of peritoneal and pulmonary macrophages was also determined. The oral administration of kefir or pasteurized kefir increased the number of IgA+ cells not only in the gut lamina propria, but also in the bronchial tissue, supporting the concept of local antibody secretion after remote-site stimulation in the intestinal tract. Both peritoneal and pulmonary macrophages were activated by kefir or pasteurized kefir feeding. Peritoneal macrophages were stimulated faster than pulmonary macrophages (for kefir). The enhanced phagocytic activity achieved by kefir or pasteurized kefir lasted longer for the peritoneal than for the pulmonary macrophages. Due to the increased bronchial IgA and phagocytic activity of pulmonary macrophages after kefir feeding observed in this study, the oral administration of kefir could act as a natural adjuvant for enhancing the specific immune response against respiratory pathogens. The parameters studied returned to control values within a week of cessation of kefir administration. This would suggest that there is a low risk of overstimulating the gut mucosal immune system during periodic consumption of kefir.

scholarly journals Maternal Supplementation of Food Ingredient (Prebiotic) or Food Contaminant (Mycotoxin) Influences Mucosal Immune System in Piglets

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2115
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Ferret-Bernard ◽  
Laurence Le Normand ◽  
Véronique Romé ◽  
Cindy Le Bourgot ◽  
Julie Seeboth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Maternal Supplementation ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
The Impact

The early life period is crucial for the maturation of the intestinal barrier, its immune system, and a life-long beneficial host–microbiota interaction. The study aims to assess the impact of a beneficial dietary (short-chain fructooligosaccharides, scFOS) supplementation vs. a detrimental dietary environment (such as mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, DON) on offspring intestinal immune system developmental profiles. Sows were given scFOS-supplemented or DON-contaminated diets during the last 4 weeks of gestation, whereas force-feeding piglets with DON was performed during the first week of offspring life. Intestinal antigen-presenting cell (APC) subset frequency was analyzed by flow cytometry in the Peyer’s patches and in lamina propria and the responsiveness of intestinal explants to toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands was performed using ELISA and qRT-PCR from post-natal day (PND) 10 until PND90. Perinatal exposure with scFOS did not affect the ontogenesis of APC. While it early induced inflammatory responses in piglets, scFOS further promoted the T regulatory response after TLR activation. Sow and piglet DON contamination decreased CD16+ MHCII+ APC at PND10 in lamina propria associated with IFNγ inflammation and impairment of Treg response. Our study demonstrated that maternal prebiotic supplementation and mycotoxin contamination can modulate the mucosal immune system responsiveness of offspring through different pathways.

scholarly journals The Probiotic Bacterium Isolated from Bekasam (Traditional Fermented Food), Lactobacillus Sp. Induces Activation of Gut Mucosal Immune System in Rat

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (21) ◽  
pp. 3530-3533
Author(s):  
Syarif Husin ◽  
Ardesy Melizah ◽  
Syifa Alkaff ◽  
Rachmat Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Probiotic Bacterium ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

BACKGROUND: Bekasam is one of the traditional foods in South Sumatra, Indonesia, a mixture of fermented fish containing Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus sp. Non-commensal bacteria and probiotics can induce intestinal mucosal immune responses. AIM: This pilot study aimed to see the efficacy of Lactobacillus sp. to the immune response of the intestinal mucosa by assessing the levels of IgA in the intestinal fluid and markers of T cell populations, such as CD4 and CD8 in the intestinal mucosa. METHODS: This study was an in vivo experimental study. As many as 30 rats were grouped into 3 treatment groups (doses 107, 108, and 109 CFU/rat/day, for 7 days) and 2 groups of controls (negative control, 10% non-fat milk, and positive control, Lactobacillus casei 108 CFU/rat/day for 7 days). At the end of the treatment, the intestinal mucosa was taken to examine the levels of IgA, CD4 and CD8 using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method, according to the manuals of each ELISA kit. All displays of research data were presented with means ± SD. T-test was used to assess the significance of differences. RESULTS: Secretion of Ig A increased with the addition of Lactobacillus sp. from bekasam. Administration of Lactobacillus sp. yielded no effect on helper T cell level (CD4 markers), as well as on cytotoxic T cell levels (CD8 markers). CONCLUSION: Lactobacillus sp. probiotic from bekasam improved the intestinal mucosal immune system by increasing the production of Ig A, but exhibited no effect on T lymphocyte cells.  by increasing the production of Ig A, but exhibited no effect on T lymphocyte cells.

scholarly journals Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Maldonado Galdeano ◽  
Silvia Inés Cazorla ◽  
José María Lemme Dumit ◽  
Eva Vélez ◽  
Gabriela Perdigón
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Allergy Prevention ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms

Background: The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most microbiologically active ecosystems that plays a crucial role in the working of the mucosal immune system (MIS). In this ecosystem, the consumed probiotics stimulate the immune system and induce a network of signals mediated by the whole bacteria or their cell wall structure. This review is aimed at describing the immunological mechanisms of probiotics and their beneficial effects on the host. Summary: Once administered, oral probiotic bacteria interact with the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) or immune cells associated with the lamina propria, through Toll-like receptors, and induce the production of different cytokines or chemokines. Macrophage chemoattractant protein 1, produced by the IECs, sends signals to other immune cells leading to the activation of the MIS, characterized by an increase in immunoglobulin A+ cells of the intestine, bronchus and mammary glands, and the activation of T cells. Specifically, probiotics activate regulatory T cells that release IL-10. Interestingly, probiotics reinforce the intestinal barrier by an increase of the mucins, the tight junction proteins and the Goblet and Paneth cells. Another proposed mechanism of probiotics is the modulation of intestinal microbiota by maintaining the balance and suppressing the growth of potential pathogenic bacteria in the gut. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that long-term probiotics consumption does not affect the intestinal homeostasis. The viability of probiotics is crucial in the interaction with IECs and macrophages favoring, mainly, the innate immune response. Macrophages and Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in this immune response without inducing an inflammatory pattern, just a slight increase in the cellularity of the lamina propria. Besides, as part of the machinery that probiotics activate to protect against different pathogens, an increase in the microbicidal activity of peritoneal and spleen macrophages has been reported. In malnutrition models, such as undernourishment and obesity, probiotic was able to increase the intestinal and systemic immune response. Furthermore, probiotics contribute to recover the histology of both the intestine and the thymus damaged in these conditions. Probiotic bacteria are emerging as a safe and natural strategy for allergy prevention and treatment. Different mechanisms such as the generation of cytokines from activated pro-T-helper type 1, which favor the production of IgG instead of IgE, have been proposed. Key Messages: Probiotic bacteria, their cell walls or probiotic fermented milk have significant effects on the functionality of the mucosal and systemic immune systems through the activation of multiple immune mechanisms.

scholarly journals Mucosal Vaccination via the Respiratory Tract

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hellfritzsch ◽  
Scherließ
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
Vaccine Administration ◽  
Cellular Immune

Vaccine delivery via mucosal surfaces is an interesting alternative to parenteral vaccine administration, as it avoids the use of a needle and syringe. Mucosal vaccine administration also targets the mucosal immune system, which is the largest lymphoid tissue in the human body. The mucosal immune response involves systemic, antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune response in addition to a local response which is characterised by a predominantly cytotoxic T cell response in combination with secreted IgA. This antibody facilitates pathogen recognition and deletion prior to entrance into the body. Hence, administration via the respiratory mucosa can be favoured for all pathogens which use the respiratory tract as entry to the body, such as influenza and for all diseases directly affecting the respiratory tract such as pneumonia. Additionally, the different mucosal tissues of the human body are interconnected via the so-called “common mucosal immune system”, which allows induction of an antigen-specific immune response in distant mucosal sites. Finally, mucosal administration is also interesting in the area of therapeutic vaccination, in which a predominant cellular immune response is required, as this can efficiently be induced by this route of delivery. The review gives an introduction to respiratory vaccination, formulation approaches and application strategies.

scholarly journals The Neonatal Development of Intraepithelial and Lamina Propria Lymphocytes in the Murine Small Intestine

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica C. A. Ter Steege ◽  
Wim A. Buurman ◽  
Pierre-Philippe Forget
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Neonatal Life ◽  
Pelleted Food ◽  
Clear Increase ◽  
Lamina Propria Lymphocytes

During early neonatal life, important changes occur in the gut. The intestine is challenged by both milk and a microbial flora. Later on, at weaning, the diet of mice changes from milk to pelleted food leading to changes in microbial contents. This period seems essential for a complete development of the mucosal immune system. We investigated the development of both intraepithelial (IEL) and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL), from day 5, and every 5 days, up to day 30 after birth. IEL and LPL were isolated from the small intestine and the phenotype was assessed by FACS analyses, using antibodies for detection of T-cell markers CD3, TCRαβ, TCRγδ, CD4, CD8α, CD8β, CD5, CD18, CD54, and CD49d. Our data show a clear increase in the number of LPL just before weaning, while the number of IEL increased after day 15. A more mature pattern of membrane antigen expression of both IEL and LPL was observed at weaning. The adhesion molecules CD18, CD54, and CD49d, essential for cellular communication of lymphocytes, showed an expression peak at weaning. In conclusion, the mouse mucosal immune system develops during the first 3 weeks of neonatal life leading to the formation of a more mature immune system at weaning.

scholarly journals Stimulating Effect of Japanese Herbal (Kampo) Medicine, Hochuekkito on Upper Respiratory Mucosal Immune System

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kiyohara ◽  
T. Nagai ◽  
K. Munakata ◽  
K. Nonaka ◽  
T. Hanawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Kampo Medicine ◽  
Iga Antibody ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Japanese herbal (Kampo) medicine, Hochuekkito (Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang in Chinese, TJ-41) and Juzentaihoto (Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang in Chinese, TJ-48) are well-known Kampo formulas used as tonic. Although these medicines have separately been applied to the patients clinically depending on their symptoms, the differences of the pharmacological activities for these medicines have not been fully understood. TJ-48 and TJ-41 were compared for their effects on antibody response in upper respiratory mucosal immune systemin vivo. Oral administration of TJ-41 (100 mg kg-1 per day) to early aged BALB/c mice, which were nasally sensitized with influenza hemagglutinin vaccine, significantly enhanced influenza virus-specific IgA and IgG antibody titers in nasal cavity and sera, respectively. However, oral administration of TJ-48 (100 mg kg-1 per day) failed to show the enhancing activity. TJ-41 increased not only influenza virus-specific IgA antibody titer but also total IgA antibody titer in nasal cavity. The stimulating activity of TJ-41 disappeared after treatment with methotrexate. The present study strongly suggests that TJ-41 can stimulate the mucosal immune system of upper respiratory tract, and results in enhancement of antigen-specific antibody response in upper respiratory mucosal and systemic immune systems.

scholarly journals Differences in Immune Responses Induced by Oral and Rectal Immunizations with Salmonella typhi Ty21a: Evidence for Compartmentalization within the Common Mucosal Immune System in Humans

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 5630-5635 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kantele ◽  
M. Häkkinen ◽  
Z. Moldoveanu ◽  
A. Lu ◽  
E. Savilahti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Intestinal Secretion ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACT Based on the concept of the common mucosal immune system, immunization at various inductive sites can induce an immune response at other, remote mucosal surfaces. The immune responses elicited through rectal and oral routes of antigen delivery were compared with respect to (i) measurement of antibody responses in serum and various external secretions of the vaccinees and (ii) characterization of the nature and homing potentials of circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Specific ASC appeared in the circulation in 4 of 5 volunteers after oral and 9 of 11 volunteers after rectal immunization withSalmonella typhi Ty21a. The kinetics, magnitude, and immunoglobulin isotype distribution of the ASC responses were similar in the two groups. In both groups, almost all ASC (99 or 95% after oral or rectal immunization, respectively) expressed α4β7, the gut homing receptor (HR), whereas l-selectin, the peripheral lymph node HR, was expressed only on 22 or 38% of ASC, respectively. Oral immunization elicited a more pronounced immune response in saliva and vaginal secretion, while rectal immunization was more potent in inducing a response in nasal secretion, rectum, and tears. No major differences were found in the abilities of the two immunization routes to induce a response in serum or intestinal secretion. Thus, the rectal antigen delivery should be considered as an alternative to the oral immunization route. The different immune response profiles found in various secretions after oral versus rectal antigen administration provide evidence for a compartmentalization within the common mucosal immune system in humans.

scholarly journals Inflammation and Clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis in Enteric and Nonenteric Mucosae

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 1832-1840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph U. Igietseme ◽  
John L. Portis ◽  
Linda L. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Mixed Cell ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
The Common

ABSTRACT Immunization(s) fostering the induction of genital mucosa-targeted immune effectors is the goal of vaccines against sexually transmitted diseases. However, it is uncertain whether vaccine administration should be based on the current assumptions about the common mucosal immune system. We investigated the relationship between mucosal sites of infection, infection-induced inflammation, and immune-mediated bacterial clearance in mice using the epitheliotropic pathogenChlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydial infection of the conjunctival, pulmonary, or genital mucosae stimulated significant changes in tissue architecture with dramatic up-regulation of the vascular addressin, VCAM, a vigorous mixed-cell inflammatory response with an influx of α4β1+ T cells, and clearance of bacteria within 30 days. Conversely, intestinal mucosa infection was physiologically inapparent, with no change in expression of the local MAdCAM addressin, no VCAM induction, no histologically detectable inflammation, and no tissue pathology. Microbial clearance was complete within 60 days in the small intestine but bacterial titers remained at high levels for at least 8 months in the large intestine. These findings are compatible with the notion that VCAM plays a functional role in recruiting cells to inflammatory foci, and its absence from the intestinal mucosa contributes to immunologic homeostasis at that site. Also, expression of type 1 T cell-mediated immunity to intracellular Chlamydia may exhibit tissue-specific variation, with the rate and possibly the mechanism(s) of clearance differing between enteric and nonenteric mucosae. The implications of these data for the common mucosal immune system and the delivery of vaccines against mucosal pathogens are discussed.

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