scholarly journals Assessment of bone charcoal dusts of six species of mammal for the postharvest control of Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) infestations of cowpea seeds: can the charcoal dust affect seed viability in laboratory and in field?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Chinaru Nwosu
Keyword(s):  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Bone Charcoal

Abstract Objectives The possibility that bone charcoal dusts of some species of mammal will control the major insect pest of stored cowpea seeds and the implications on seed viability (after pest control process) were investigated in the laboratory at ambient temperature (30 ± 3°C) and relative humidity (70 ± 5%) and in field. Materials and Methods Standard entomological and agronomical techniques were used. Results The results showed that at 1.0% w/w dosage, the bone charcoal dusts of Ovis aries and Bos taurus were more effective than permethrin standard insecticide in killing adult Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. infesting cowpea seeds in storage. Bos taurus had a faster action speed than permethrin at 1.0% w/w. At 1.5% w/w of dust, all the species of mammal investigated deterred oviposition considerably in C. maculatus females, whereas only the bone charcoal dusts of O. aries and Sus scrofa were comparable with permethrin in suppressing adult emergence and seed damage; S. scrofa only was comparable with permethrin in reducing larval density. Bone charcoal dusts of O. aries and S. scrofa require chemical and olfactory analyses to know if they might have caused irritation to the insects and disrupted insect circadian rhythm, affecting behaviour and mating activities, adversely. The bone charcoal dusts of the six species of mammal at a highest test dose of 1.5% w/w allowed high seed viability in both laboratory and field. Conclusion The study recommends the use of bone charcoal dusts of O. aries and S. scrofa at economical- and quality-favourable dose 1.5% w/w for managers seeking to control C. maculatus insect attacking cowpea seeds in storage. The transitive components of the bones, abrasion of the insect epicuticle lipid layer by the charcoal dust, and combustion-related toxic factors were responsible for the insecticidal activities of the bone charcoal dusts of the mammals.

scholarly journals INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF PIPER GUINEENSE (SCHUMACH AND THONN) SEED OIL AGAINST CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS (F.) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN STORED COWPEA SEEDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 262-270
Author(s):  
Chukwunonso O. Nzelu ◽  
Kingsley C. Emeasor ◽  
Nnaemeka J. Okonkwo
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Piper Guineense ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Cowpea Seed

Post-harvest losses due to insect pest infestation in storage constitute a challenge to sustainable food security and economic losses to farmers throughout the world. Use of synthetic chemicals have been the most effective means of reducing losses in storage. Unfortunately, these toxicants have adverse effects in humans and the environment. There is renewed search for safer plant products as alternatives. In this study, we assessed the potential use of Piper guineense seed oil in the control of cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) infestation on stored cowpea seeds. Adult mortality, oviposition rate, F1 progeny emergence, cowpea seed damage and seed germinability were the indices considered in the assessment under laboratory conditions. The setup of the experiment was completely randomized design (CRD). Statistical analysis of the data was by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Adult C. maculatus mortality was dose-dependent with higher dosages inducing 100% mortality. The number of eggs laid on the treated seeds were significantly (P<0.001) reduced. Progeny emergence and feeding damage were completely inhibited at higher dosages. The seed oil has no adverse effect on cowpea seed viability. The results indicated that P. guineense seed oil has protectant potential against insect pest damage in storage and a good alternative to synthetic insecticides in the control of insect pest of stored products.

scholarly journals Impact of solar heat enhanced by the use of black polypropylene sheets on the development of Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) eggs and germinabilty of cowpea seeds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Ajayi ◽  
E. Peter ◽  
E. Okrikata ◽  
R. A. L. Emmanuel ◽  
S. A. Dattijo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Solar Heat ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
Old Adult

AbstractPost-harvest losses caused by Callosobruchus maculatus is a major constraint to cowpea production and the improper use of synthetic insecticides by most farmers have resulted in environmental, health hazards, and development of insecticide resistance in insects. This study evaluates the efficacy of solar heat treatment using double-layered black polypropylene sheets in suppressing the development of the cowpea bruchid eggs and the effect of the heat absorbed on the germination potential of cowpea seeds. Five pairs of 2 – 3-day old adult C. maculatus were allowed to oviposit for ten days on 50 g cowpea seeds in a glass jar in the laboratory before exposure to 24, 48, 72 and 96 h solar heat treatment regimes. Infested cowpea seeds but not exposed to solarization was set along with the treatments while uninfested cowpea seeds was also set along and used as part of the germinability test. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design and treatments were replicated four times. The results showed that there were no significant differences among the number of eggs laid by adult C. maculatus on the cowpea seeds before solar heat treatment. Solar heat treatment of the cowpea seed at 24 h achieved 100% egg mortality of C. maculatus thus preventing adult emergence. The effect of solarization on seed viability showed that there were no significant differences between the infested cowpea seeds exposed to different solar radiation regimes when compared to uninfested cowpea seeds – range; 74% – 99% germination. The results showed that 24 h solar heat exposure of cowpea seeds in double-layered black polypropylene sheets could be the thermal death point of C. maculatus eggs on the seeds in the study area.

scholarly journals Perforation index assessment of cowpea seeds against cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae], infestation using Piper guineense

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayode David Ileke ◽  
Jacobs Mobolade Adesina ◽  
Luke Chinaru Nwosu ◽  
Abimbola Olagunju
Keyword(s):  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Assay ◽  
Piper Guineense ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Seed Extracts

Abstract Background Powders and extracts of Piper guineense seeds and leaves were assessed for insecticidal activities against Callosobruchus maculatus in the laboratory at temperature and relative humidity of 29.6 °C and 75.9%, respectively. Bioactive compounds in P. guineense leaves and seeds were also investigated. The powders were tested at rates 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g/20 g cowpea seeds while extracts were tested at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0%. Results Results of contact toxicity assay of the seed powder caused 100% adult mortality at 96 h post-treatment period whereas leaf powder evoked 90% adult mortality within the same period at concentration of 1.0 g/20 g cowpea seeds. Low adult emergence was observed on cowpea seeds treated with 1 g of seed powder with percentage adult emergence of 10.0% and inhibition rate (IR) of 97.5%. Beetle Perforation Index (BPI) obtained from treated cowpea seeds was significantly different (P < 0.05) from BPI of untreated seeds. Extracts of P. guineense seed were more toxic than seed powder. Piper guineense seed extract caused 87.5% adult mortality of C. maculatus while leaf extract caused 70.0% adult mortality within 24 h of infestation at concentration of 1%. Progeny development of C. maculatus was completely inhibited in cowpea treated with 2% and 3% leaf and seed extracts of P. guineense. β-Pinene was the most abundant active compound in P. guineense seed (55.6%) and leaf (48.4%). β-Phellandrene occurred 38.2% in seeds while Ocimene had the least value of 0.2% in seed and 0.5% in leaf. Conclusion The study showed that P. guineense seed powder and extracts were more effective than leaf powder and extract. Utilization of plant products as alternative to synthetic insecticides in protecting cowpea seeds against C. maculatus should be encouraged for enhanced food safety and security. Piper guineense is used as spice and medicine and interestingly safe for human use.

scholarly journals Potentials of Cow Dung Ash as Protectants of Cowpea Seeds against Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. p128
Author(s):  
Mohammed Suleiman ◽  
Fatima M. Haruna
Keyword(s):  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Different Doses

Experiments were conducted to assess the protectant ability of cow dung ash (CDA) to cowpea seeds against Callosobruchus maculatus F. under laboratory conditions of 50-65% R.H and 28-32oC. The CDA at different rates of 0.625, 1.25, 2.50, 5.00, 10.00% (w/w) incorporated with cypermethrin powder at 0.625% were applied to 20 g of cowpea seeds in petri dishes. None of the ashes or cypermethrin was added to the control. Ten beetles were introduced into each of the petri dishes and covered with muslin cloth. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated three times. Effects of the treatments on adult mortalities as well as median lethal dose (LD50) of CDA against C. maculatus were determined. Adult emergence and weight losses in seeds treated with CDA at different doses were assessed. Findings of the study revealed that the adult mortality of C. maculatus among different CDA treatments differed significantly (p < 0.05) and ranged from 13.33 to 100.00% 72 hours after treatment (HAT). Results of the study also showed that LD50 of CDA against C. maculatus at 24 hours after treatment (HAT) was 5.51 % (w/w). No adults emerged from the treated seeds and weight losses were observed in those treated with the lowest dose and the control only. Therefore, CDA could be utilized to protect cowpea seeds from C. maculatus infestations during storage.

scholarly journals Assessment of Insecticidal Properties of Products From Seeds of Carica papaya Against Callosobruchus Maculatus (Fabricius)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Joy Ejemen Idoko ◽  
Bukola Mary Atere ◽  
Raphael Abiodun Adebayo
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Papaya Seed

Powder and ash of Carica papaya seed extracted from riped and unriped C. papaya fruits obtained from Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Technology, Akure were evaluated for their insecticidal potential against Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) at application rates of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0g per 20g of cowpea seeds. The experiment was carried out at the pest management laboratory of the Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management under ambient laboratory conditions of 27±20C temperature and 70±5% relative humidity. Each treatment was infested with 5 pairs of C. maculatus. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with each treatment replicated three times. Mortality of cowpea beetles were assessed at 24, 48 and 72hours post treatment. Thereafter data were collected on oviposition, adult emergence, weevil perforation index and seed germination. The results obtained indicated that adult mortality of C. maculatus increased with increasing application rates of powders and ashes of ripe and unripe C. papaya seeds. 100% mortality was observed on cowpea seeds treated with powders and ashes of unripe C. papaya seed at 0.8 and 1.0g application rates at 72hours post treatment. Powders and ashes of unripe C. papaya seed significantly reduced the oviposition potential of adult C. maculatus and caused significant reduction of damaged seeds. Highest number of seeds that germinated was recorded on the seeds treated with powders and ashes of unripe C. papaya seed at 0.8 and 1.0g application rates.

scholarly journals Effects of interaction between cowpea variety and the application of plant powders on Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) infestation of stored cowpea seeds

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
Owolabi Moshood Azeez ◽  
Adebola Adedoyin Osipitan ◽  
Isaac Oludayo Daniel ◽  
Olufemi Olutoyin Richard Pitan
Keyword(s):  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Hyptis Suaveolens ◽  
Plant Powders ◽  
Seed Resistance ◽  
Cowpea Variety

An integrated pest management scheme involving seed resistance and the application of powder of Cymbopogon citratus, Alstonia boonei, Hyptis suaveolens, Azadirachta indica, Loranthus braunii and Lycopersicum esculentum as protectant against the seed bettle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius), was evaluated in the laboratory at ambient temperature (29±3°C) and relative humidity (65±5%). Six resistant cowpea accessions selected from previous studies were treated with the six plant powders at 1.25% w/w in a 6×7 factorial arrangement fitted into a completely randomized design with five replicates. Seed treatment with any of the six plant powders on six accessions resulted in significantly higher adult mortality, lower oviposition rate, adult emergence inhibition, lower seed damage and higher seed germination over the control, Protection ability of the plant powders was influenced by the cowpea accessions used.

Insecticidal effects of Thuja occidentalis (Cupressaceae) essential oil on Callosobruchus maculatus [Coleoptera: Bruchidae]

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sékou Moussa Kéïta ◽  
Charles Vincent ◽  
Jean-Pierre Schmidt ◽  
John Thor Arnason
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Control Application ◽  
And Control ◽  
Lethal Doses

Analysis of Thuja occidentalis L. essential oil used for insect fumigation by phase gas chromatography revealed the presence of 22 compounds including α-thujone (49.64%), fenchone (14.06%), and β-thujone (8.98%). Fumigation of adult bruchids with the oil alone resulted in lethal doses (LD50) of 1.1, 0.7, 0.5 and 0.2 μL/insect after 3, 6, 9 and 12 h, respectively. When insects were treated with aromatized powder, significant differences were also found between treatments and control. Application of 100 mg of powder aromatized at 3 μL essential oil g–1 on bruchid pairs lead to 95% mortality of females and 100% of males with 0% of mortality in the control after 6 h exposure. Five days after their deposit, egg hatching was 1.2% (treated with kaolin powder aromatized with T. occidentalis essential oil), 41% (with kaolin alone) and 44% of eggs (control without kaolin). In the same experiment, adult emergence of 80% (in treatments with kaolin alone), 100% in control (without kaolin) and 0% (with kaolin aromatized with T. occidentalis essential oil) were recorded 30 d after treatment. Germination of cowpea seeds was not significantly affected by the treatments. Five days after sowing, germination was 88, 97 and 97%, respectively, when cowpea grains were treated and exposed, treated and unexposed, untreated and unexposed, respectively, while those untreated and exposed had 15% germination. Key words: Thuja occidentalis, Callosobruchus maculatus, essential oil, kaolin, fumigation, ethnobotany.

The efficacy of essential oil of Alpinia calcarata (Rosc.) and its major constituent, 1,8-cineole, as protectants of cowpea against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishanthi Abeywickrama ◽  
A. A. C. K. Adhikari ◽  
Priyani Paranagama ◽  
Chammi S. Palehepitiya Gamage
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Repellent Activity ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Fumigant Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Assay ◽  
Cowpea Seeds

The bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus, (F.) causes major losses during the storage of cowpea seeds [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in Sri Lanka. Essential oil was extracted from Alpinia calcarata (Rosc.) and 1,8-cineole, identified as the major constituent of the essential oil, was tested for its potential insecticidal activity against C. maculatus. The adults of C. maculatus were susceptible to both fumigant toxicity and contact and fumigant toxicity of 1,8-cineole and A. calcarata oil. In the fumigant toxicity assay, the LC50 (0.685 g L-1) value of 1,8-cineole was similar to that of A. calcarata oil. However, LC50 values of 0.068 g L-1 and 0.141 g L-1 were obtained for the contact and fumigant toxicity of 1,8-cineole and A. calcarata oil, respectively. Oviposition and F1 adult emergence were significantly inhibited by 1,8-cineole and A. calcarata oil at concentrations higher than 0.80 g L-1 in the fumigant toxicity and 0.123 g L-1 in the contact plus fumigant toxicity. Repellent activity of A. calcarata oil was more potent to C. maculatus than 1,8-cineole at doses ranging from 10 to 40 mg. This study reveals that 1,8-cineole is the most toxic component present in A. calcarata oil, and that the repellent activity of A. calcarata oil could be due to 1,8-cineole as well as the other constituents present in the essential oil. Key words: Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), Alpinia calcarata (Rosc.), 1,8-cineole, essential oils, cowpea

Contact and fumigant toxicity of five pesticidal plants against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (04) ◽  
pp. 172-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prisila A. Mkenda ◽  
Philip C. Stevenson ◽  
Patrick Ndakidemi ◽  
Dudley I. Farman ◽  
Steven R. Belmain
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Fumigant Toxicity ◽  
Storage Pests ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Plant Powders ◽  
Tephrosia Vogelii

Insecticidal activities of five pesticidal plant species,Tephrosia vogelii,Dysphania(Syn:Chenopodium)ambrosioides,Lippia javanica,Tithonia diversifoliaandVernonia amygdalina, which have been reported to control storage pests, were evaluated as leaf powders againstCallosobruchus maculatus(Fabricius 1775) in stored cowpea. Their efficacy was compared with the commercial pesticide Actellic dust (pirimiphos-methyl) at the recommended concentration (50 g/90 kg), and with untreated cowpea seeds as a negative control. The plant powders were applied at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 3 g/10 g of cowpea seeds in 250 ml plastic containers (to measure contact toxicity), or 0.005, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 g tied in small muslin cloth bags and hung in 500 ml plastic bottles containing 10 g of cowpea seeds (to measure fumigant toxicity). Mortality of adults, oviposition deterrence, adult emergence, and percent seed damage were recorded. Complete protection of seeds and inhibition of adult emergence were achieved in Actellic dust-treated seeds; contact toxicity using leaf powders ofT. vogeliiat all concentrations,D. ambrosioidesat concentrations of 0.1, 1 and 3 g andL. javanicaat concentrations of 1 and 3 g; and fumigant toxicity usingD.ambrosioidesat concentrations of 0.5 and 5 g andL.javanicaat a concentration of 5 g. Head space analysis ofD.ambrosioidesandL.javanicaidentified ascaridole and camphor, respectively, as components that could be responsible for the bioactivity of these plant species. These plants may, therefore, serve as effective but less harmful biopesticide alternatives to Actellic. Conversely,V.amygdalinaandT.diversifoliawere not effective, indicating that they should not be promoted for controlling bruchids in cowpea.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Piper guineense Schumach. seed powder in the control of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) and on the nutritional and organoleptic characteristics of stored cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-140
Author(s):  
Frank O. Ojiako ◽  
Adeyinka A. Adesiyun ◽  
Gabriel O. Ihejirika ◽  
Sunday A. Dialoke
Keyword(s):  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Piper Guineense ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Cowpea Bruchid

Abstract Brown pepper (Piper guineense) seed powder, used for culinary and medicinal purposes, was evaluated in the laboratory with a conventional storage chemical, actellic 2% dust (Pirimiphos-methyl), as standard, to protect stored cowpea against the cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus. Four rates of the seed powder were used (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 g/100 g seed with a control, 0.0 g) while actellic dust was applied at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 g/100 g seed and 0.0 g/100 g seed as control. Data on percentage mortality, oviposition, adult emergence and seed damage were collected over a six-month period. Weevil perforation indexes (WPI) were estimated with the seed damage data. All data were analysed for variance at P≤0.05. Actellic dust at the lowest dose inflicted adult mortality (90 – 100%) in the first 48 h after treatment and prevented oviposition (95 – 100%) in the first five months of storage compared to the control. The highest rate of Piper guineense application caused mortality of up to 90.0% in 48 h, reduced oviposition (70 – 80%), decreased adult emergence (15.90 to 28.40 insects) as against the control (104.7 – 272.7 insects) and reduced seed damage by 80 % with a WPI of between 33.3 and 10.0 %. Proximate analysis and germination tests indicated that the treatment materials increased the moisture and crude fibre content, decreased crude protein content but had no significant effect on the viability of stored seeds. Organoleptic tests demonstrated that treatment materials had no significant negative effect on taste, odour, texture, appearance and overall acceptability of cooked cowpea seeds after six months of storage. It can be safely concluded that the powdered form of P. guineense seed at the highest doses (5.0 and 10.0 g) gave significant protection of cowpea seeds against the cowpea bruchid, which compared favourably with actellic dust when applied topically.

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