scholarly journals New Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Affected in the Transport of Proteins From the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi Complex

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J Wuestehube ◽  
Rainer Duden ◽  
Arlene Eun ◽  
Susan Hamamoto ◽  
Paul Korn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Complex ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Secretory Protein ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Nonpermissive Temperature ◽  
Membrane Structures ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Vacuolar Protein

Abstract We have isolated new temperature-sensitive mutations in five complementation groups, sec31-sec35, that are defective in the transport of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex. The sec31-sec35 mutants and additional alleles of previously identified sec and vacuolar protein sorting (vps) genes were isolated in a screen based on the detection of α-factor precursor in yeast colonies replicated to and lysed on nitrocellulose filters. Secretory protein precursors accumulated in sec31-sec35 mutants at the nonpermissive temperature were core-glycosylated but lacked outer chain carbohydrate, indicating that transport was blocked after translocation into the ER but before arrival in the Golgi complex. Electron microscopy revealed that the newly identified sec mutants accumulated vesicles and membrane structures reminiscent of secretory pathway organelles. Complementation analysis revealed that sec32-1 is an allele of BOS1, a gene implicated in vesicle targeting to the Golgi complex, and sec33-1 is an allele of RET1, a gene that encodes the α subunit of coatomer.

scholarly journals Retrograde Transport of Golgi-localized Proteins to the ER

1998 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson B. Cole ◽  
Jan Ellenberg ◽  
Jia Song ◽  
Diane DiEuliis ◽  
Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Golgi Complex ◽  
Fusion Proteins ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Permissive Temperature ◽  
Nonpermissive Temperature ◽  
Viral Glycoprotein ◽  
Lumenal Domain

The ER is uniquely enriched in chaperones and folding enzymes that facilitate folding and unfolding reactions and ensure that only correctly folded and assembled proteins leave this compartment. Here we address the extent to which proteins that leave the ER and localize to distal sites in the secretory pathway are able to return to the ER folding environment during their lifetime. Retrieval of proteins back to the ER was studied using an assay based on the capacity of the ER to retain misfolded proteins. The lumenal domain of the temperature-sensitive viral glycoprotein VSVGtsO45 was fused to Golgi or plasma membrane targeting domains. At the nonpermissive temperature, newly synthesized fusion proteins misfolded and were retained in the ER, indicating the VSVGtsO45 ectodomain was sufficient for their retention within the ER. At the permissive temperature, the fusion proteins were correctly delivered to the Golgi complex or plasma membrane, indicating the lumenal epitope of VSVGtsO45 also did not interfere with proper targeting of these molecules. Strikingly, Golgi-localized fusion proteins, but not VSVGtsO45 itself, were found to redistribute back to the ER upon a shift to the nonpermissive temperature, where they misfolded and were retained. This occurred over a time period of 15 min–2 h depending on the chimera, and did not require new protein synthesis. Significantly, recycling did not appear to be induced by misfolding of the chimeras within the Golgi complex. This suggested these proteins normally cycle between the Golgi and ER, and while passing through the ER at 40°C become misfolded and retained. The attachment of the thermosensitive VSVGtsO45 lumenal domain to proteins promises to be a useful tool for studying the molecular mechanisms and specificity of retrograde traffic to the ER.

scholarly journals Pathogenic Effects of Impaired Retrieval between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Complex

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Kokubun ◽  
Hisayo Jin ◽  
Tomohiko Aoe
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Complex ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Bidirectional Transport ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Kdel Receptor ◽  
Kdel Sequence

Cellular activities, such as growth and secretion, are dependent on correct protein folding and intracellular protein transport. Injury, like ischemia, malnutrition, and invasion of toxic substances, affect the folding environment in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER senses this information, following which cells adapt their response to varied situations through the unfolded protein response. Activation of the KDEL receptor, resulting from the secretion from the ER of chaperones containing the KDEL sequence, plays an important role in this adaptation. The KDEL receptor was initially shown to be necessary for the retention of KDEL sequence-containing proteins in the ER. However, it has become clear that the activated KDEL receptor also regulates bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi complex, as well as from the Golgi to the secretory pathway. In addition, it has been suggested that the signal for KDEL receptor activation may also affect several other cellular activities. In this review, we discuss KDEL receptor-mediated bidirectional transport and signaling and describe disease models and human diseases related to KDEL receptor dysfunction.

scholarly journals Continued functioning of the secretory pathway is essential for ribosome synthesis.

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 2493-2502 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Mizuta ◽  
J R Warner
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Protein ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Carboxypeptidase Y ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Nonpermissive Temperature ◽  
Ribosome Synthesis ◽  
Secretion Pathway

To explore the regulatory elements that maintain the balanced synthesis of the components of the ribosome, we isolated a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in which transcription both of rRNA and of ribosomal protein genes is defective at the nonpermissive temperature. Temperature sensitivity for growth is recessive and segregates 2:2. A gene that complements the ts phenotype was cloned from a genomic DNA library. Sequence analysis revealed that this gene is SLY1, encoding a protein essential for protein and vesicle transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. In the strain carrying our ts allele of SLY1, accumulation of the carboxypeptidase Y precursor was detected at the nonpermissive temperature, indicating that the secretory pathway is defective. To ask whether the effect of the ts allele on ribosome synthesis was specific for sly1 or was a general result of the inactivation of the secretion pathway, we assayed the levels of mRNA for several ribosomal proteins in cells carrying ts alleles of sec1, sec7, sec11, sec14, sec18, sec53, or sec63, representing all stages of secretion. In each case, the mRNA levels were severely depressed, suggesting that this is a common feature in mutants of protein secretion. For the mutants tested, transcription of rRNA was also substantially reduced. Furthermore, treatment of a sensitive strain with brefeldin A at a concentration sufficient to block the secretion pathway also led to a decrease of the level of ribosomal protein mRNA, with kinetics suggesting that the effect of a secretion defect is manifest within 15 to 30 min. We conclude that the continued function of the entire secretion pathway is essential for the maintenance of ribosome synthesis. The apparent coupling of membrane synthesis and ribosome synthesis suggest the existence of a regulatory network that connects the production of the various structural elements of the cell.

scholarly journals Requirement for Neo1p in Retrograde Transport from the Golgi Complex to the Endoplasmic Reticulum

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 4971-4983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaolin Hua ◽  
Todd R. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Complex ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Retrograde Transport ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
Transport Defect ◽  
Copii Vesicles ◽  
P Type ◽  
Adp Ribosylation Factor

Neo1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an essential P-type ATPase and potential aminophospholipid translocase (flippase) in the Drs2p family. We have previously implicated Drs2p in protein transport steps in the late secretory pathway requiring ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) and clathrin. Here, we present evidence that epitope-tagged Neo1p localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex and is required for a retrograde transport pathway between these organelles. Using conditional alleles of NEO1, we find that loss of Neo1p function causes cargo-specific defects in anterograde protein transport early in the secretory pathway and perturbs glycosylation in the Golgi complex. Rer1-GFP, a protein that cycles between the ER and Golgi complex in COPI and COPII vesicles, is mislocalized to the vacuole in neo1-ts at the nonpermissive temperature. These phenotypes suggest that the anterograde protein transport defect is a secondary consequence of a defect in a COPI-dependent retrograde pathway. We propose that loss of lipid asymmetry in the cis Golgi perturbs retrograde protein transport to the ER.

scholarly journals KDEL and KKXX Retrieval Signals Appended to the Same Reporter Protein Determine Different Trafficking between Endoplasmic Reticulum, Intermediate Compartment, and Golgi Complex

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 889-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Stornaiuolo ◽  
Lavinia V. Lotti ◽  
Nica Borgese ◽  
Maria-Rosaria Torrisi ◽  
Giovanna Mottola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Golgi Complex ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Reporter Protein ◽  
Transport Vesicles ◽  
Efficient Retrieval ◽  
Intermediate Compartment ◽  
Almost All

Many endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins maintain their residence by dynamic retrieval from downstream compartments of the secretory pathway. In previous work we compared the retrieval process mediated by the two signals, KKMP and KDEL, by appending them to the same neutral reporter protein, CD8, and found that the two signals determine a different steady-state localization of the reporter. CD8-K (the KDEL-bearing form) was restricted mainly to the ER, whereas CD8-E19 (the KKMP-bearing form) was distributed also to the intermediate compartment and Golgi complex. To investigate whether this different steady-state distribution reflects a difference in exit rates from the ER and/or in retrieval, we have now followed the first steps of export of the two constructs from the ER and their trafficking between ER and Golgi complex. Contrary to expectation, we find that CD8-K is efficiently recruited into transport vesicles, whereas CD8-E19 is not. Thus, the more restricted ER localization of CD8-K must be explained by a more efficient retrieval to the ER. Moreover, because most of ER resident CD8-K is not O-glycosylated but almost all CD8-E19 is, the results suggest that CD8-K is retrieved from the intermediate compartment, before reaching the Golgi, whereO-glycosylation begins. These results illustrate how different retrieval signals determine different trafficking patterns and pose novel questions on the underlying molecular mechanisms.

scholarly journals Protein sorting in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: isolation of mutants defective in the delivery and processing of multiple vacuolar hydrolases.

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 4936-4948 ◽  
Author(s):  
J S Robinson ◽  
D J Klionsky ◽  
L M Banta ◽  
S D Emr
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Protein Sorting ◽  
Vacuolar Membrane ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Vacuolar Protein Sorting ◽  
Proteinase A ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
The Right ◽  
Vacuolar Protein ◽  
Mutant Cells

Using a selection for spontaneous mutants that mislocalize a vacuolar carboxypeptidase Y (CPY)-invertase fusion protein to the cell surface, we identified vacuolar protein targeting (vpt) mutants in 25 new vpt complementation groups. Additional alleles in each of the eight previously identified vpt complementation groups (vpt1 through vpt8) were also obtained. Representative alleles from each of the 33 vpt complementation groups (vpt1 through vpt33) were shown to exhibit defects in the sorting and processing of several native vacuolar proteins, including the soluble hydrolases CPY, proteinase A, and proteinase B. Of the 33 complementation groups, 19 were found to contain mutant alleles that led to extreme defects. In these mutants, CPY accumulated in its Golgi complex-modified precursor form which was secreted by the mutant cells. Normal protein secretion appeared to be unaffected in the vpt mutants. The lack of significant leakage of cytosolic markers from the vpt mutant cells indicated that the vacuolar protein-sorting defects associated with these mutants do not result from cell lysis. In addition, the observation that the precursor rather than the mature forms of CPY, proteinase A, proteinase B were secreted from the vpt mutants was consistent with the fact that mislocalization occurred at a stage after Golgi complex-specific modification, but before final vacuolar sorting of these enzymes. Vacuolar membrane protein sorting appeared to be unaffected in the majority of the vpt mutants. However, a subset of the vpt mutants (vpt11, vpt16, vpt18, and vpt33) was found to exhibit defects in the sorting of a vacuolar membrane marker enzyme, alpha-mannosidase. Up to 50% of the alpha-mannosidase enzyme activity was found to be mislocalized to the cell surface in these vpt mutants. Seven of the vpt complementation groups (vpt3, vpt11, vpt15, vpt16, vpt18, vpt29, and vpt33) contained alleles that led to a conditional lethal phenotype; the mutants were temperature sensitive for vegetative cell growth. This temperature-sensitive phenotype has been shown to be recessive and to cosegregate with the vacuolar protein-sorting defect in each case. Tetrad analysis showed that vpt3 mapped to the right arm of chromosome XV and that vpt15 mapped to the right arm of chromosome II. Intercrosses with other mutants that exhibited defects in vacuolar protein sorting or function (vpl, sec, pep, and end mutants) revealed several overlaps among these different sets of genes. Together, these data indicate that more than 50 gene products are involved, directly or indirectly, in the process of vacuolar protein sorting.

scholarly journals Erv14p Directs a Transmembrane Secretory Protein into COPII-coated Transport Vesicles

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 880-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Powers ◽  
Charles Barlowe
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Integral Membrane Protein ◽  
Secretory Protein ◽  
Conserved Residues ◽  
Early Secretory Pathway ◽  
Transport Vesicles ◽  
Copii Vesicle ◽  
Copii Vesicles ◽  
Selection Of

Erv14p is a conserved integral membrane protein that traffics in COPII-coated vesicles and localizes to the early secretory pathway in yeast. Deletion of ERV14 causes a defect in polarized growth because Axl2p, a transmembrane secretory protein, accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum and is not delivered to its site of function on the cell surface. Herein, we show that Erv14p is required for selection of Axl2p into COPII vesicles and for efficient formation of these vesicles. Erv14p binds to subunits of the COPII coat and binding depends on conserved residues in a cytoplasmically exposed loop domain of Erv14p. When mutations are introduced into this loop, an Erv14p-Axl2p complex accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that Erv14p links Axl2p to the COPII coat. Based on these results and further genetic experiments, we propose Erv14p coordinates COPII vesicle formation with incorporation of specific secretory cargo.

scholarly journals The Yeast RER2 Gene, Identified by Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein Localization Mutations, Encodescis-Prenyltransferase, a Key Enzyme in Dolichol Synthesis

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 471-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miyuki Sato ◽  
Ken Sato ◽  
Shuh-ichi Nishikawa ◽  
Aiko Hirata ◽  
Jun-ichi Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Large Gene ◽  
Abnormal Accumulation ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT As an approach to understand the molecular mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein sorting, we have isolated yeastrer mutants that mislocalize a Sec12-Mfα1p fusion protein from the ER to later compartments of the secretory pathway (S. Nishikawa and A. Nakano, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8179–8183, 1993). The temperature-sensitive rer2 mutant mislocalizes different types of ER membrane proteins, suggesting thatRER2 is involved in correct localization of ER proteins in general. The rer2 mutant shows several other characteristic phenotypes: slow growth, defects in N and O glycosylation, sensitivity to hygromycin B, and abnormal accumulation of membranes, including the ER and the Golgi membranes.RER2 and SRT1, a gene whose overexpression suppresses rer2, encode novel proteins similar to each other, and their double disruption is lethal.RER2 homologues are found not only in eukaryotes but also in many prokaryote species and thus constitute a large gene family which has been well conserved during evolution. Taking a hint from the phenotype of newly established mutants of the Rer2p homologue of Escherichia coli, we discovered that therer2 mutant is deficient in the activity ofcis-prenyltransferase, a key enzyme of dolichol synthesis. This and other lines of evidence let us conclude that members of theRER2 family of genes encodecis-prenyltransferase itself. The difference in phenotypes between the rer2 mutant and previously obtained glycosylation mutants suggests a novel, as-yet-unknown role of dolichol.

scholarly journals Characterization of a component of the yeast secretion machinery: identification of the SEC18 gene product.

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 4098-4109 ◽  
Author(s):  
K A Eakle ◽  
M Bernstein ◽  
S D Emr
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Complex ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Secretory Protein ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
In Vitro Translation ◽  
Cell Fractionation ◽  
Significant Similarity

SEC18 gene function is required for secretory protein transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex. We cloned the SEC18 gene by complementation of the sec18-1 mutation. Gene disruption has shown that SEC18 is essential for yeast cell growth. Sequence analysis of the gene revealed a 2,271-base-pair open reading frame which could code for a protein of 83.9 kilodaltons. The predicted protein sequence showed no significant similarity to other known protein sequences. In vitro transcription and translation of SEC18 led to the synthesis of two proteins of approximately 84 and 82 kilodaltons. Antisera raised against a Sec18-beta-galactosidase fusion protein also detected two proteins (collectively referred to as Sec18p) in extracts of 35S-labeled yeast cells identical in size to those seen by in vitro translation. Mapping of the 5' end of the SEC18 mRNA revealed only one major start site for transcription, which indicates that the multiple forms of Sec18p do not arise from mRNAs with different 5' ends. Results of pulse-chase experiments indicated that the two forms of Sec18p are not the result of posttranslational processing. We suggest that translation initiating at different in-frame AUG start codons is likely to account for the presence of two forms of Sec18p. Hydrophobicity analysis indicated that the proteins were hydrophilic in nature and lacked any region that would be predicted to serve as a signal sequence or transmembrane anchor. Although potential sites for N-linked glycosylation were present in the Sec18p sequence, the sizes of the in vivo SEC18 gene products were unaffected by the drug tunicamycin, indicating that Sec18p does not enter the secretory pathway. These results suggest that Sec18p resides in the cell cytoplasm. While preliminary cell fractionation studies showed that Sec18p is not associated with the ER or Golgi complex, association with a 100,000 x g pellet fraction was observed. This suggests that Sec18p may bind transiently to small vesicles such as those presumed to participate in secretory protein transport between ER and the Golgi complex.

Insights into the Secretory Pathway, the Mechanism of Terminal Glycosylation and Intracellular Peptide Hormone Receptors from Studies on Hepatic Golgi Fractions

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 516-519
Author(s):  
J.J.M. Bergeron ◽  
B.I. Posner ◽  
Jacques Paiement ◽  
R. Sikstrom ◽  
M. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Secretory Protein ◽  
Golgi Membrane ◽  
Membrane Structures

Recent studies on purified subcellular fractions of hepatic Golgi apparatus have provided insight into the functioning of the Golgi apparatus in vivo.The hepatocyte is the site of synthesis of most circulating plasma proteins. On a total protein basis, purified Golgi fractions revealed mainly secretory content (albumin, transferrin and other plasma proteins) as major constituents. After an in vivo injection of radiolabeled leucine, newly synthesized secretory protein followed a temporal route from cis to trans regions of Golgi apparatus before appearance in the plasma. This route was revealed by studies on disrupted Golgi fractions enriched in disparate regions of the Golgi apparatus.The terminal glycosylation of secretory glcyoproteins (e.g. transferrin) can be studied by observing the transfer of UDP-(3H)-galactose to endogenous acceptors within Golgi fractions. Transfer was shown to occur to a glycolipid (dolichyl galactosyl phosphate) probably on the cytosolic aspect of the Golgi membrane. Translocation of the labeled galactose across the membrane coincided with fusion of Golgi saccules in vitro. It is felt that during the process of Golgi membrane fusion, inverted lipid- micellar membrane structures translocate the dolichyl galactosyl phosphate from a cytosolic to a luminal orientation. Luminally oriented dolichyl galactosyl phosphate would then serve as substrate for galactose transfer to intraluminal glycopeptide acceptors via intraluminal galactosyl transferase enzyme.

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