Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults

Abstract Assessments of both neural and muscular adaptations during interventions would provide valuable information for developing countermeasures to age-related muscle dysfunctions. We investigated the effect of fish protein ingestion on training-induced neural and muscular adaptations in older adults. Twenty older adults participated 8 weeks of isometric knee extension training intervention. The participants were divided into two groups who took fish protein (n = 10, Alaska pollack protein, APP) or casein (n = 10, CAS). Maximal muscle strength during knee extension, lower extremity muscle mass (body impedance method), and motor unit firing pattern of knee extensor muscle (high-density surface electromyography) were measured before, during, and after the intervention. Muscle strength were significantly increased in both CAS (124.7 ± 5.8%) and APP (117.1 ± 4.4%) after intervention (p < .05), but no significant differences between the groups were observed (p > .05). Significant increases in lower extremity muscle mass from 0 to 8 weeks were demonstrated only for APP (102.0 ± 3.2, p < .05). Greater changes in motor unit firing pattern following intervention were represented in CAS more than in APP. These results suggest that nutritional supplementations could modulate neural and muscular adaptations following resistance training and fish protein ingestion preferentially induces muscular adaptation without the detectable neural adaptation in older adults.

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Fish Protein Ingestion Induces Neural, but Not Muscular Adaptations, Following Resistance Training in Young Adults

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.645747 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Kohei Watanabe ◽

Aleš Holobar ◽

Kenji Uchida ◽

Yukiko Mita

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Young Adults ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Motor Unit ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Fish Protein ◽

Motor Unit Firing ◽

Isometric Knee Extension ◽

Protein Ingestion

Purpose: Nutritional supplementation in conjunction with exercise is of interest for the prevention or improvement of declines in motor performances in older adults. An understanding of the effects on both young and older adults contributes to its effective application. We investigated the effect of fish protein ingestion with resistance training on neural and muscular adaptations in young adults using interventions and assessments that have already been tested in older adults.Methods: Eighteen young adults underwent 8 weeks of isometric knee extension training. During the intervention, nine participants ingested 5 g of fish protein (n = 9, Alaska pollack protein, APP), and the other nine participants ingested casein as a control (n = 9, CAS) in addition to daily meals. Before, during, and after the intervention, the isometric knee extension force, lower extremity muscle mass, and motor unit firing pattern of knee extensor muscles were measured.Results: Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was significantly increased in both APP and CAS groups from 0 weeks to 4, 6, and 8 weeks of intervention (p < 0.001), but there were no significant differences between the groups (p = 0.546–0.931). Muscle mass was not significantly changed during the intervention in either group (p = 0.250–0.698). Significant changes in motor unit firing rates (p = 0.02 and 0.029 for motor units recruited at 20–40% of MVC and at 40–60%) were observed following the intervention in the APP but not CAS (p = 0.120–0.751) group.Conclusions: These results suggest that dietary fish protein ingestion changes motor unit adaptations following resistance training in young adults.

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Effect of Resistance Training and Fish Protein Intake on Motor Unit Firing Pattern and Motor Function of Elderly

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2018.01733 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kohei Watanabe ◽

Aleš Holobar ◽

Yukiko Mita ◽

Motoki Kouzaki ◽

Madoka Ogawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Motor Unit ◽

Motor Function ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Firing Pattern ◽

Fish Protein ◽

Motor Unit Firing

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Effectiveness of a community-delivered pneumatic machine resistance training programme (Gym Tonic) for older adults at neighbourhood senior centres – a randomized controlled trial

European Review of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1186/s11556-021-00273-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shuen Yee Lee ◽

Alycia Goh ◽

Ken Tan ◽

Pei Ling Choo ◽

Peck Hoon Ong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Physical Function ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Training Programme ◽

Control Group ◽

Lower Extremity Muscle

Abstract Background Resistance training with pneumatic machines attenuates the age-associated loss in muscle strength and function in older adults. However, effectiveness of scaled-up pneumatic machine resistance training in the community is not known. We evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-site community-delivered 12-week pneumatic machine resistance programme (Gym Tonic (GT)) on muscle strength and physical function in older adults. Methods Three hundred eighteen community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years were randomized into 12-week (twice/week) coach-supervised-community-based-GT-programme(n = 168) and wait-list control groups(n = 150). After 12 weeks, the intervention group continued with GT-training and the control group received supervised-GT-programme for further 12 weeks (partial-crossover-design). Fried frailty score, lower-extremity muscle strength and physical function (i.e., fast and habitual gait-speed, balance, repeated-chair-sit-to-stand, short physical performance battery (SPPB)) were determined at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks. Analysis adopted a modified-intention-to-treat-approach. Results After 12 weeks, lower-extremity muscle strength improved by 11–26%(all p < 0.05) and fast gait-speed improved by 7%(p = 0.008) in GT-intervention group(n = 132) than controls(n = 118), regardless of frailty status. Other physical function performance did not differ between control and intervention groups after 12 weeks (all p > 0.05). Frailty score improved by 0.5 in the intervention but not control group(p = 0.004). Within the intervention group, lower-extremity muscle strength and physical function outcomes improved at 24 weeks compared with baseline (all p < 0.001). Within controls, lower-extremity muscle strength, SPPB, repeated-chair-sit-to-stand and fast gait-speed improved post-GT (24-week) compared to both pre-GT (12-week) and baseline. Programme adherence was high in intervention [0–12-weeks,90%(SD,13%); 12–24-weeks,89%(SD,17%)] and control [12–24-weeks,90%(SD,19%)] groups. Conclusion Community-delivered GT resistance training programme with pneumatic machines has high adherence, improves muscle strength and fast gait-speed, and can be effectively implemented at scale for older adults. Future studies could examine if including other multi-modal function-specific training to complement GT can achieve better physical/functional performance in power, balance and endurance tasks. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04661618, Registered 10 December 2020 - Retrospectively registered.

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Lower Extremity Muscle Function after Strength or Power Training in Older Adults

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1123/japa.17.4.416 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 416-443 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

Anthony P. Marsh ◽

Michael E. Miller ◽

W. Jack Rejeski ◽

Stacy L. Hutton ◽

Stephen B. Kritchevsky

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Control Group ◽

Power Training ◽

Wait List Control ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Leg Press ◽

Lower Extremity Muscle

It is unclear whether strength training (ST) or power training (PT) is the more effective intervention at improving muscle strength and power and physical function in older adults. The authors compared the effects of lower extremity PT with those of ST on muscle strength and power in 45 older adults (74.8 ± 5.7 yr) with self-reported difficulty in common daily activities. Participants were randomized to 1 of 3 treatment groups: PT, ST, or wait-list control. PT and ST trained 3 times/wk for 12 wk using knee-extension (KE) and leg-press (LP) machines at ~70% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM). For PT, the concentric phase of the KE and LP was completed “as fast as possible,” whereas for ST the concentric phase was 2–3 s. Both PT and ST paused briefly at the midpoint of the movement and completed the eccentric phase of the movement in 2–3 s. PT and ST groups showed significant improvements in KE and LP 1RM compared with the control group. Maximum KE and LP power increased approximately twofold in PT compared with ST. At 12 wk, compared with control, maximum KE and LP power were significantly increased for the PT group but not for the ST group. In older adults with compromised function, PT leads to similar increases in strength and larger increases in power than ST.

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Effects of Eccentric-Focused Versus Conventional Training on Lower Limb Muscular Strength in Older Adults: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1123/japa.2018-0294 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 823-830

Author(s):

Talita Molinari ◽

Tainara Steffens ◽

Cristian Roncada ◽

Rodrigo Rodrigues ◽

Caroline P. Dias

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Older Adults ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Muscular Strength ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Maximal Strength ◽

Large Effect Size

Eccentric-focused training promotes greater gains in muscle strength compared with other types of training in adults. However, for older adults, these findings are still not well understood. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using manuscripts that performed eccentric-focused and conventional resistance training for at least 4 weeks and evaluated maximum muscle strength through tests of maximum repetitions in weight machine exercises (knee extension and leg press exercises). Five studies were included (n = 138). Increases in muscle strength were found in both resistance training groups, without a difference between them through meta-analysis. However, a large effect size has been observed only in eccentric-focused training. The findings suggest that resistance training protocols are similar for improving maximal strength in older adults, despite larger effect sizes for eccentric-focused training.

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Long-term participation in community group exercise improves lower extremity muscle strength and delays age-related declines in walking speed and physical function in older adults

European Review of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1186/s11556-021-00260-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chisato Hayashi ◽

Soshiro Ogata ◽

Tadashi Okano ◽

Hiromitsu Toyoda ◽

Sonoe Mashino

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Physical Exercise ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Physical Function ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Group Exercise ◽

Community Based ◽

Lower Extremity Muscle

Abstract Background The effects of group exercise on the physical function of community-dwelling older adults remain unclear. The changes in lower extremity muscle strength, timed up and go (TUG) time, and the motor fitness scale (MFS), over time, among older adults who expressed a willingness to participate in community-based physical exercise groups, were determined using multilevel modelling. Methods We analyzed data of 2407 older adults between April 2010 and December 2019 from the registry of physical tests of community-based physical exercise groups. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the effect of physical exercise on lower extremity muscle strength, TUG time, and MFS scores. The durations of the exercises were evaluated by frequency of physical test’s participate. Results A deterioration in lower extremity muscle strength was found in the short-term participant group only. However, in the mid-term and long-term participation groups, lower extremity muscle strength showed a trend of improvement. The TUG time and the MFS score were negatively correlated with increasing age in both groups divided by the duration of participation. However, there was a slower rate of deterioration in the long-term participation group. Discussion Lower extremity muscle strength, TUG time, and MFS scores decline with increasing age and there were differences in the slope of deterioration that depended on the duration of participation in community-based group exercise. Conclusion Participation in group exercise improved lower extremity muscle strength, TUG time, and MFS scores of older adults living in a community. The positive effects of group exercise were dependent on long-term participation.

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Effects of Milk Protein in Resistance Training-Induced Lean Mass Gains for Older Adults Aged ≥ 60 y: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13082815 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 2815

Author(s):

Ling-Pi Huang ◽

Giancarlo Condello ◽

Chia-Hua Kuo

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Dose Range ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Qualitative Synthesis ◽

Eligibility Criteria

This review evaluated the effects of milk-based protein supplementation on resistance training (RT)-induced gains in lean body mass or fat free mass (LBM/FFM) and muscle strength for older adults. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus and EBSCOhost/SPORTDiscus was conducted. Eligibility criteria: Randomized controlled trials comparing all types of milk-based protein supplements with control supplements for the training older adults at mean age ≥ 60 y. Twenty studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, whilst seventeen studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. A dose of 10–15 g of milk protein supplementation was sufficient to augment RT-induced LBM/FFM. Intriguingly, four out of five studies show negative effect of whey protein supplementation at the same dose range (or even higher) compared with control supplementation (−0.49 kg, 95% CI: −0.69, −0.29, I2 = 14%, Z = 4.82, p < 0.001). For milk-based protein supplementation, RT-induced improvements in muscle strength were observed only when the protein doses ≥22 g (+0.66 kg, 95% CI: 0.07, 1.25, I2 = 0%, Z = 2.18, p = 0.03). Conclusion: Milk protein is superior to whey protein in enhancing RT-induced LBM/FFM gains for older adults. Optimal daily protein intake can dilute the protein supplementation effect.

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MUSCLE STRENGTH AS A PREDICTOR OF GAIT VARIABILITY AFTER TWO YEARS IN COMMUNITY-LIVING OLDER ADULTS

Journal of Frailty & Aging ◽

10.14283/jfa.2019.24 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

B. Bogen ◽

R. Moe-Nilssen ◽

M.K. Aaslund ◽

A.H. Ranhoff

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Inertial Sensors ◽

Cognitive Task ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Gait Variability ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Uneven Surface ◽

Fast Speed ◽

Z Scores

Background: Stride-to-stride fluctuations, or gait variability, can be captured easily using body worn inertial sensors. Previously, sensor-measured gait variability has been found to be associated with fall risk and central nervous changes. However, further research is needed to clarify the clinical relevance of this method. Objectives: In this study, we look at how gait variability is associated with muscle strength, measured two years earlier. Design, setting and participants: This is study of longitudinal associations. Participants were community-dwelling volunteers between 70-81 years. Measurements: Participants were tested while walking with a single sensor at their lower back, and they walked back and forth over a distance of 6.5 meters under four conditions: at preferred speed, at fast speed, with an added cognitive task, and while walking across an uneven surface. Gait variability in the anteroposterior (AP), mediolateral (ML) and vertical (V) directions was identified. A muscle strength score was composed by transforming hand grip strength, isometric knee extension strength and the 30 second chair rise-test to z-scores and adding them. Results: 56 individuals were analysed (mean age at baseline 75.8 (SD 3.43), 60 percent women). In a backwards regression method using age, gender and baseline walking speed as covariates, muscle strength predicted gait variability after two years for AP variability during preferred speed (Beta= .314, p=.025) and uneven surface walking (Beta=.326, p=.018). Further, muscle strength was associated with ML variability during preferred speed (Beta=.364, p=.048) and fast speed (Beta=.419, p=.042), and V variability during preferred speed (Beta=.402, p=.002), fast speed (Beta=.394, p=.004) and uneven surface walking (Beta=.369, p=.004). Conclusions: Sensor-measured gait variability tended to be associated with muscle strength measured two years earlier. This finding could emphasize the relevance of this relatively novel measure of gait in older adults for both research and clinical practice.

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QUADRICEPS STRENGTH IS ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITION IN OLDER ADULTS WITH CHRONIC STROKE

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.2431 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S655-S656

Author(s):

Kimberly Bennett ◽

Rachel A Crockett ◽

Lisanne F ten Brinke ◽

Jennifer C Davis ◽

Teresa Liu-Ambrose

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Quadriceps Strength ◽

Chronic Stroke ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Total Variance ◽

Disease Assessment ◽

Lower Extremity Muscle ◽

History Of ◽

Variance Explained

Abstract Individuals who have suffered a stroke are at risk for developing cognitive impairment and dementia. Thus, it is important to identify modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline in this population. Among older adults without a history of stroke, greater muscle strength is associated with better cognitive function. Whether this relationship also exist in older adults with a history of stroke is not known. Thus, we aimed to examine whether cognition, as measured by both the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the 13-item Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog 13), is associated with lower extremity muscle strength in adults with chronic stroke (> 1 year post stroke). Ninety-one community-dwelling adults, aged 55 years and older, with chronic stroke were included in this analysis. Isometric strength of the quadriceps was measured bilaterally in kilograms. Two linear regression models were constructed to determine the independent association of quadriceps strength (mean kilograms of both legs) with: 1) MoCA; and 2) ADAS-Cog 13, after controlling for age, sex, and mood. Mean quadriceps strength was independently associated with both MoCA and ADAS-Cog scores, after accounting for age, sex, and mood. Specifically, quadriceps strength explained an additional 5.6% of the variable in MoCA scores; total variance explained by the model was 12.0%. For ADAS-Cog 13, quadriceps strength explained an additional 5.4% of the variance; total variance explained by the model was 16.5%. Our current cross-sectional results suggest that the maintenance of muscle strength may be important for cognitive health in older adults who have suffered a stroke.

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