scholarly journals Change in Cognitive Performance by Race or Ethnicity and Multimorbidity Among Older Americans

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 329-329
Author(s):  
Ana Quinones ◽  
Siting Chen ◽  
Anda Botoseneanu ◽  
Heather Allore ◽  
Jason Newsom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Observation Window ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Understanding factors that influence cognitive performance remain critical priorities, particularly among racial/ethnic groups that have higher prevalence of dementia. This study assesses race/ethnic (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic) differences in cognitive performance in adjusted models accounting for co-existing self-reported chronic conditions (arthritis, diabetes, cancer, depressive symptoms, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, lung disease, osteoporosis, stroke), age, sex, education, and income. Data from the 2011-2017 National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a nationally-representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries (N=7,041, mean age=77.5), were used to estimate a series of cross-sectional multivariable linear regressions to evaluate race/ethnic differences in cognitive performance scores on the NHATS cognitive composite test of memory, orientation, and executive function domains (range 0-33) over seven years. In adjusted models, black participants had lower cognitive scores relative to white participants in 2011 (b=-2.25, 95% CI[-2.52, -1.98]) and by the end of the observation period in 2017 (b=-3.24, 95% CI[-3.72, -2.76]). Similarly, Hispanic participants experienced lower cognitive scores relative to white participants in 2011 (b=-2.31, 95% CI[-2.77, -1.84]) which persisted to the end of the observation window (b=-2.77, 95% CI[-3.66, -1.89]). Racial/ethnic groups had significantly lower cognitive scores relative to white Medicare beneficiaries over seven years of assessment. These analyses build toward longitudinal analyses of repeated observations of cognitive performance. Given the broad clinical and policy implications involved in caring for persons with dementia, it will be important to intervene earlier on modifiable risk factors to postpone cognitive declines among older minority ethnic adults.

scholarly journals Cognitive Performance and Its Associations with Dental Caries: Results from the Dental, Oral, Medical Epidemiological (DOME) Records-Based Nationwide Study

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Itzhak Abramovitz ◽  
Avraham Zini ◽  
Matan Atzmoni ◽  
Ron Kedem ◽  
Dorit Zur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intelligence Score ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Age Range

Relatively few studies have analyzed the association between cognitive performance and dental status. This study aimed to analyze the association between cognitive performance and dental caries. Included were data from the dental, oral, medical epidemiological (DOME) study; cross-sectional records-based research, which integrated large socio-demographic, medical, and dental databases of a nationally representative sample of young to middle-aged military personnel (N = 131,927, mean age: 21.8 ± 5.9 years, age range: 18–50). The cognitive function of draftees is routinely measured at age 17 years using a battery of psychometric tests termed general intelligence score (GIS). The mean number of decayed teeth exhibited a gradient trend from the lowest (3.14 ± 3.58) to the highest GIS category (1.45 ± 2.19) (odds ratio (OR) lowest versus highest = 5.36 (5.06–5.68), p < 0.001). A similar trend was noted for the other dental parameters. The associations between GIS and decayed teeth persisted even after adjusting for socio-demographic parameters and health-related habits. The adjustments attenuated the OR but did not eliminate it (OR lowest versus highest = 3.75 (3.38–4.16)). The study demonstrates an association between cognitive performance and caries, independent of the socio-demographic and health-related habits that were analyzed. Better allocation of resources is recommended, focusing on populations with impaired cognitive performance in need of dental care.

scholarly journals Functional Hearing Loss and Social Engagement Among Medicare Beneficiaries

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aishwarya Shukla ◽  
Thomas K M Cudjoe ◽  
Frank R Lin ◽  
Nicholas S Reed
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hearing Ability ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Objectives Hearing loss is common in older adults and limits communication. We investigated the independent association between functional hearing loss and social engagement in a nationally representative sample of older adults. Methods Using data from the 2015 Medicare Current Beneficiaries Survey, we modeled the cross-sectional association between self-reported hearing ability and limitation in social activity over the past month using multivariable logistic regression. Results The majority of the study population was female (54.8%) and non-Hispanic white (74.3%). Participants (40.4%) reported “a little trouble” hearing and 7.4% reported “a lot of trouble” hearing. Those who reported any trouble hearing had higher odds of limited social engagement in the past month. After adjustment for demographic, clinical, and functional covariates, those who reported “a lot of trouble” hearing had 37% higher odds of limited social activity in the past month compared to those with normal hearing. Discussion These results suggest that hearing loss may be an important risk factor for limited social engagement and downstream negative health consequences, independent of other disability and health conditions.

Residence-Based Fear of Crime: A Routine Activities Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1011-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung-Lien Lai ◽  
Ling Ren ◽  
Richard Greenleaf
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Dwelling Unit ◽  
Routine Activities Approach ◽  
Specific Fear ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Most fear-of-crime research uses resident’s neighborhood as a key reference location to measure fear, yet the location effects of one’s own dwelling unit on crime-specific fear has not been explicitly studied theoretically in the literature. Drawing upon routine activities theory, this study undertakes an investigation into the levels and determinants of residence-based fear of crime across three racial/ethnic groups—Whites, African Americans, and non-White Hispanics. Data used in the analyses were collected from a random-sample telephone survey of 1,239 respondents in Houston, Texas. The results derived from factor analyses revealed that residents do distinguish between fear in the neighborhood and fear at home. Proximity to motivated offenders measured by perception of crime was found to be the most salient predictor of fear, followed by the measures of target vulnerability and capable guardianship. In addition, residence-based fear varies significantly across racial/ethnic groups. The significance of these findings and the policy implications are highlighted.

Everyday Discrimination Experience and Depressive Symptoms in Urban Black, Guyanese, Hispanic, and White Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiko S. Hosler ◽  
Jamie R. Kammer ◽  
Xiao Cong
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Major Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Everyday Discrimination

BACKGROUND: Discrimination experience is a stressor that may disproportionately affect the mental health of minority populations. AIMS: We examined the association between discrimination experience and depressive symptoms among four urban racial/ethnic groups. METHOD: Cross-sectional community-based health survey data for Black ( n = 434), Guyanese ( n = 180), Hispanic ( n = 173), and White ( n = 809) adults aged ⩾18 years were collected in Schenectady, New York, in 2013. Discrimination experience was measured with the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS), and depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression (CES-D) scale. Logistic regression models for the association between EDS and major depressive symptoms (CES-D ⩾ 16) were fitted for each racial/ethnic group. The final model adjusted for age, sex, education, income, smoking, alcohol binge drinking, emotional/social support, and perceived stress. RESULTS: The mean EDS scores varied significantly across groups ( p < .001), with 2.6 in Hispanics, 2.2 in Whites, 2.0 in Blacks, and 1.1 in the Guyanese. There was a consistent and significant independent association between EDS and major depressive symptoms in the crude model and at each step of covariate adjustment in each group. Fully adjusted odds ratios were 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI; 1.16, 1.41]) in Blacks, 1.83 in the Guyanese [1.36, 2.47], 1.23 in Hispanics [1.07, 1.41], and 1.24 [1.16, 1.33] in Whites. The presence of covariates did not significantly modify the main effect in each group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that discrimination experience can be one of the fundamental social causes of depression. It may be feasible to assess discrimination experience as a risk factor of depression in individuals of all racial/ethnic backgrounds.

scholarly journals Hypertension Prevalence in New York City Adults: Unmasking Undetected Racial/Ethnic Variation, NYC HANES 2004

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley E. Giambrone ◽  
Linda M. Gerber ◽  
Jesica S. Rodriguez-Lopez ◽  
Chau Trinh-Shervin ◽  
Nadia Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
York City ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ethnic Subgroups ◽  
Nyc Hanes ◽  
Racial Ethnic

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Using 2004 New York City Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NYC HANES) data, we sought to examine variation in hypertension (HTN) prevalence across eight Asian and Hispanic subgroups. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>New York City, 2004 <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Main Outcome Measures: </strong>Logistic regression was performed to identify differences in HTN prevalence between ethnic subgroups controlling for age, sex, education and BMI. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall HTN prevalence among NYC adults was 25.5% (95% CI: 23.4-27.8), with 21.1% (95% CI: 18.2-24.3) among Whites, 32.8% (95% CI: 28.7-37.2) Black, 26.4% (95% CI: 22.3-31.0) Hispanics, and 24.7% (95% CI: 19.9-30.3) Asians. Among Hispanic subgroups, Dominicans had the highest HTN prevalence (32.2%), followed by Puerto Ricans (27.7%), while Mexicans had the lowest prevalence (8.1%). Among Asian subgroups, HTN prevalence was slightly higher among South Asians (29.9%) than among Chinese (21.3%). Adjusting for age, Dominican adults were nearly twice as likely to have HTN as non-Hispanic (NH) Whites (OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.24-3.12), but this was attenuated after adjusting for sex and education (OR=1.27, 95% CI: .76 – 2.12). When comparing South Asians with NH Whites, results were also non-significant after adjustment (OR=2.00, 95% CI: .90-4.43). <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>When analyzing racial/ethnic subgroups, NH Black and Hispanic adults from Dominican Republic had the highest HTN prevalence followed by South Asian and Puerto Rican adults. Mexican adults had the lowest prevalence of all groups. These findings highlight that ethnic subgroup differences go undetected when stratified by broader racial/ ethnic categories. To our knowledge, this is the first population-based study using objective measures to highlight these differences. <em>Ethn Dis. </em>2016;26(3):339-344; doi:10.18865/ed.26.3.339 </p>

scholarly journals Racial/ethnic, gender, and age group differences in cardiometabolic risks among adults in a Northern California health plan: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy P. Gordon ◽  
Loretta Hsueh
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Exercise Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risks ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Background In the U.S., the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension are higher among African American/Black (Black), Latinx, and Filipino adults than non-Hispanic White (White) and Chinese adults. We compared the racial/ethnic-specific prevalence of several modifiable cardiometabolic risks in an insured adult population to identify behaviors that may drive racial/ethnic differences in cardiometabolic health. Methods This cross-sectional study used data for middle-aged (35–64) and older (65–79) Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) adult health plan members. Smoking status and BMI were derived from electronic health record data. Weighted pooled self-reported data from the 2014/2015 and 2017 KPNC Member Health Survey cycles were used to estimate daily number of servings of fruits/vegetables, general sodium avoidance, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption frequency, alcohol use within daily recommended limit, weekly exercise frequency, and number of hours of sleep daily. Age-standardized estimates of all cardiometabolic risks were produced for middle-aged and older-aged women and men in the five racial/ethnic groups. Analyses focused on racial/ethnic differences within age-gender groups and gender and age group differences within racial/ethnic groups. Results In both age groups, Black, Latinx, and Filipino adults were more likely than White and Chinese adults to have overweight and obesity and were less likely to engage in health promoting dietary (fruit/vegetable and SSB consumption, sodium avoidance (women only)) and sleep behaviors. Middle-aged Black and Filipino men were more likely than White men to be current smokers. Less racial/ethnic variation was seen in exercise frequency. Significant gender differences were observed for dietary behaviors overall and within racial/ethnic groups, especially among middle-aged adults; however, these gender differences were smaller for sleep and exercise. Age differences within gender and racial/ethnic groups were less consistent. Racial/ethnic and gender differences in these behaviors were also seen in the subsample of adults with diabetes and/or hypertension and in the subsample of adults who reported they were trying to engage in health promoting behaviors. Conclusions Black, Latinx, and Filipino adults were more likely than White and Chinese adults to report dietary and sleep behaviors associated with development and worsening of cardiometabolic conditions, with men exhibiting poorer dietary behaviors than women.

scholarly journals Multimorbidity Accumulation by Race or Ethnicity and Body-Weight Status Among Middle-Aged and Older Americans

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 256-256
Author(s):  
Anda Botoseneanu ◽  
Sheila Markwardt ◽  
Heather Allore ◽  
Corey Nagel ◽  
Jason Newsom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Body Weight Status ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Obesity and multimorbidity are more prevalent among U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups. Evaluating racial/ethnic disparities in multimorbidity accumulation according to body-mass index (BMI) may guide interventions to reduce multimorbidity burden in vulnerable racial/ethnic groups. Data from the 1998-2016 Health & Retirement Study (N=8,106, 51-55 years at baseline) and generalized estimating equations models with inverse probability weights estimated the accumulation of seven chronic diseases (arthritis, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, lung disease, and stroke) between racial/ethnic groups [Non-Hispanic White (reference; 64.2%), Non-Hispanic Black (21.6%), Hispanic (14.2%)]. Overweight and obesity were more prevalent in Black (82.3%) and Hispanic (78.9%) than White (70.9 %) participants at baseline. Initial burden of morbidity was higher among Black participants [risk ratio (RR) =1.3, p&lt;0.001] but similar among Hispanic compared with White participants; and higher in overweight or greater BMI categories compared with normal BMI (RR=1.07, 1.15, 1.22, p&lt;0.001, for overweight, obese 1, and obese 2/3 BMI, respectively). Disease accumulation did not differ among racial/ethnic groups. Higher BMI was associated with less disease accumulation compared with the normal BMI category (RR=0.99, 0.98, 0.97, all p&lt;0.001, for overweight, obese 1, and obese 2/3 BMI, respectively, per two-year interval). Black participants crossed the threshold of multimorbidity (≥2 diseases) 4-6 years earlier than White and Hispanic participants. There are substantial differences in initial disease burden between Black and White middle-aged/older adults, but not in the accumulation of disease, suggesting the need to intervene prior to entering middle age to reduce disparities in the burden of multimorbidity among vulnerable racial minorities.

scholarly journals Crime and Perceived Neighborhood Safety Across Racial-Ethnic Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 342-342
Author(s):  
Alfredo Velasquez ◽  
Fangqi Guo ◽  
Jennifer Robinette
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Ethnic Heterogeneity ◽  
Neighborhood Safety ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Safety Concerns ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Perceived Neighborhood Safety

Abstract Crime often increases safety concerns for residents, and safety concerns are generally associated with worse health. Despite that marginalized racial/ethnic groups are more likely than non-Hispanic Whites to live in areas with more crime, prior studies have documented that these groups differentially view crime as a threat to safety. Furthermore, older adults are more likely to report safety concerns than younger adults, despite a lesser chance of being victimized. Using multiple waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study, a representative sample of US adults aged 51 years and older (n= 11,161, mean age of 66 years), we conducted weighted repeated cross-sectional linear regressions to examine whether the association between crime and perceived neighborhood safety varies by racial/ethnic group, by age, or by wave of data collection. Study results indicated that higher crime rates consistently predicted more safety concerns among non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, and “Others,” but were inconsistently associated with safety concerns among non-Hispanic Blacks, adjusting for age, household wealth, and census tract-level concentrated disadvantage, population density, and racial/ethnic heterogeneity. Furthermore, among non-Hispanic Whites, greater crime predicted more safety concerns before, but not after including a measure of racial/ethnic heterogeneity. These patterns persisted across the full age span. Racial/ethnic differences in the crime-safety link could be explained by additional sociopolitical and environmental variables including diversity that vary over time. Follow-up analysis is needed to determine if the racial/ethnic differences in crime-safety links extend to health.

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