Maintenance of Physical Function in Adult and Older Adult Mice Using Aerobic Exercise

Abstract As we age, physical and neuromuscular function declines gradually. Exercise is a therapy to improve neuromuscular ability. Pre-clinical models are needed to understand molecular mechanisms contributing to age-associated functional decline and how exercise affects that downward trajectory. Our goal was to compare the differences in effects of two validated mouse models of endurance exercise designed to mimic human training studies: high intensity interval training (HIIT) and voluntary wheel running (VWR). We hypothesized that both adult and older adults (10 and 26 months old at end, respectively: 10m and 26m) would respond to both exercise regimens by improving or maintaining exercise/physical capacity, but that adult mice would benefit more. We randomly assigned male C57BL/6 mice into experimental groups: 10m: (VWR, HIIT, sedentary control, CON, n=8 per group), and 26m (VWR, n=8, HIIT, n=10). We measured functional ability (pre- and post-intervention) using CFAB (comprehensive functional assessment battery), our composite scoring system (grip strength, inverted cling, treadmill endurance, activity rate, rotarod), tracked body composition (EchoMRI), and measured muscle wet mass. We found that significant retention of ability (CFAB difference, repeated measures ANOVA, p<0.05) and fat percentage (ANOVA., %change: 10m: CON +125%, HIIT +101%, VWR +52%; 26m: VWR -42%, HIIT +26%, p<0.05) was promoted by both exercise modalities compared to control, and furthermore HIIT may have better efficacy in the adult versus the older mice. In conclusion, both exercises are valid models with derived benefits as expected in similar human studies. We anticipate future work using these models to undertake mechanistic investigations.

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Endurance Exercise to Improve Physical Function in Adult and Older Mice: High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) versus Voluntary Wheel Running (VWR)

10.1101/2021.05.20.445050 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Megan L Pajski ◽

Cristopher Byrd ◽

Nainika Nandigama ◽

Emily Seguin ◽

Anna Seguin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Function ◽

Older Adult ◽

Endurance Exercise ◽

Wheel Running ◽

Interval Training ◽

High Intensity Interval Training ◽

Voluntary Wheel Running ◽

Adult Mice ◽

High Intensity Interval ◽

Voluntary Wheel

With age comes a gradual decline in physical function and exercise capacity, concurrent with a progressive propensity for development of sarcopenia /(age-related loss of muscle mass and strength) and frailty (inability of body to thrive and maintain homeostasis). Prior research has demonstrated that exercise, while not a cure, can help mitigate sarcopenia/frailty and restore functional capacity. Reliable, validated, pre-clinical models are necessary to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms at the intersection of age, exercise, and functional decline. In this study, we hypothesized that endurance exercise programs mimicking typical human exercise protocols would improve physical function in both adult and older adult mice. Furthermore, our secondary hypothesis was that older mice would receive less benefit from a similar volume of exercise than adult mice. To test these hypotheses, we randomly assigned (with some selection criteria) male C57BL/6 mice either at adult ages during the study (n=24, designated 10m, aged 6 months to 10 months) or at older adult ages (n=18, designated 26m, aged 22 months to 26 months) to a 13-week program of voluntary wheel running (VWR, group termed RUN) or high intensity interval training (HIIT), with an additional 10m sedentary control (CONT). The functional aptitude of each mouse was determined pre- and post-training using our composite CFAB (comprehensive functional assessment battery) scoring system consisting of voluntary wheel running (volitional exercise and activity rate), treadmill (endurance), rotarod (overall motor function), grip meter (forelimb strength), and inverted cling (whole body strength/endurance). To measure sarcopenia, we tracked body mass and body composition changes with EchoMRI, and measured muscle wet mass post-training.

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Endurance Exercise Training Modes to Improve Physical Function in Older Mice: HIIT vs. VWR

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3276 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 888-888

Author(s):

Ted Graber ◽

Chris Byrd ◽

Emily Seguin ◽

Anna Seguin ◽

Alyssa Fennel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Training ◽

Physical Function ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Endurance Exercise ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Wheel Running ◽

Treadmill Running ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Endurance Exercise Training

Abstract With age, we experience a progressive loss of physical function. Exercise is a promising therapy to preserve muscle health and functional aptitude. Animal models are needed to examine the underlying molecular mechanisms at the intersection of aging, exercise, and functional decline. In this study, we compare the efficacy of two types of individualized endurance exercise training in older C57BL/6 mice (26-months old at completion): HIIT (high intensity interval training on a treadmill, n=10) and VWR (voluntary wheel running, n=8). We hypothesized that while both exercises would improve function, HIIT would promote more extensive adaptation. For four months the VWR mice ran 4 days/week and the HIIT group ran 3x/week. We determined function pre/post-training by utilizing our composite scoring system, the Comprehensive Functional Assessment Battery (CFAB). CFAB consists of the following: treadmill running (endurance), rotarod (overall motor function), wheel running (volitional exercise rate/activity), grip strength (fore-limb strength), and inverted cling (overall strength/endurance). EchoMRI determined body composition. After training, we found significant CFAB improvement (repeated measures t-test, p<0.05) in both exercise groups, specifically including: rotarod (+37%, HIIT and VWR); treadmill (+61% VWR; +58% HIIT), grip strength (+20% VWR), body mass (-17% VWR, -10% HIIT), and fat percentage (-44% VWR, -20% HIIT). Contrary to our hypothesis, HIIT did not improve function more than VWR, though we suspect increasing training intensity would improve response. Thus, future studies will need to address defining HIIT dose response and optimal training volume for older mice. We conclude that our models will be useful for future mechanistic investigations.

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Effects of Two-Week High-Intensity Interval Training on Cognition in Adolescents – A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

Human Movement ◽

10.1515/humo-2017-0019 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mari Stenman ◽

Arto J. Pesola ◽

Arto Laukkanen ◽

Eero A. Haapala

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

High Intensity ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Visual Memory ◽

Interval Training ◽

Control Group ◽

High Intensity Interval Training ◽

High Intensity Interval ◽

Electronic Messaging ◽

Larger Sample

AbstractWe investigated the effects of a two-week high-intensity interval training (HIT) on cognition in adolescents.The participants were recruited from local high schools with an electronic messaging system. The HIT group participated in 4 high-intensity interval running sessions and 2 circuit training sessions. The control group (CG) continued their usual habits. Reaction time, choose reaction time, working memory, visual memory, and learning were assessed by computerized CogState test battery. The intervention effect was investigated with repeated measures ANOVA and the effect size by Morris dppc2.The total of 25 participants aged 17–20 years participated in the baseline measurements and were randomized into the intervention (The study on HIT produced mixed effects on cognition in adolescents. Studies with a longer intervention period and larger sample sizes are warranted to further explore HIT effects on cognition.

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HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING (HIIT) SAMA BAIKNYA DENGAN CIRCUIT WEIGHT TRAINING DALAM MENURUNKAN PERSENTASE LEMAK TUBUH DAN MENINGKATKAN KAPASITAS VITAL PARU

Sport and Fitness Journal ◽

10.24843/spj.2018.v06.i02.p06 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Efraldo Yudistira ◽

Bagus Komang Satriyasa ◽

Syahmirza Indra Lesmana ◽

Dewa Ayu Inten Dwi Primayanti ◽

I Nengah Sandi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

High Intensity ◽

Vital Capacity ◽

Weight Training ◽

Interval Training ◽

High Intensity Interval Training ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference ◽

High Intensity Interval

High-intensity exercise exercises in the exercise process use enormous amounts of muscle glycocal energy to strengthen adipose tissue into energy acids, energy requirements balanced with oxygen demand that will improve pulmonary performance and physiology. Weight-adjusting exercises are adjusted to the adaptation and physiology of muscles, increased muscle development and physiological muscles and muscles increases into more so that the energy process increases both muscle glycogen and increased fat oxidation. In this study the sample will be divided into 2 groups, group I will be given High intensity interval training, group II will be given Circuit weight training, both groups aim to reduce the percentage of body fat and increase the vital capacity of the lung. This study measures the pre and post test results so that it will be measured before treatment and after treatment after the exercise program for 6 weeks. Samples will be measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analisys to measure the percentage of body fat and Spirometry to measure vital pulmonary capacity.The results of the first group hypothesis test showed the value before the fat percentage of 21.75 and after training to be 19.46, then before the vital capacity of the lungs 2.32 and after training to 4.02. While in group 2 the fat percentage value was 21.55 and the training was determined to be 19.79. For the value of vital capacity of lung 2.46 and after training to 3.64, with the probability value in both groups was 0.000 which means (p <0.05) and the measurement was no significant difference from both exercises. In the test of hypothesis III the comparison of results in group I , II, t-test independent sample with the result of the average group I fat difference 2.29 ± 0.46, KVparu 1.75 ± 0.55, Group II fat% 1.70 ± 0.43, KVparu 1.17 ± 0.45 with fat% probability value (p = 0,725) and KVparu (p = 0,073) which means (p> 0,05) and can. There was no significant difference between the three interventions.The conclusion of this research is high intensity interval training as well as ciecuit weight training in decreasing body fat percentage and increasing vital capacity of lung

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High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Lipocalin-2 and Omentin-1 Levels in Men with Obesity

10.21203/rs.3.rs-254389/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sirvan Atashak ◽

Stephen R. Stannard ◽

Ali Daraei ◽

Mohammad Soltani ◽

Ayoub Saeidi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Exercise Program ◽

Interval Training ◽

Lipocalin 2 ◽

High Intensity Interval Training ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Before And After ◽

High Intensity Interval ◽

And Control

Abstract Objectives: We investigated the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on selected circulating adipokines and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risks factors in males with obesity. Methods: Thirty males with obesity were randomly assigned to HIIT and control groups. The HIIT group participated in a prescribed exercise program for 12 weeks, three times per week. Blood lipids, insulin resistance, and select serum adipokines were assessed before and after 12 weeks of the intervention period. Results: HIIT improved body composition and lipid profiles (p<0.05) as well as decreased fasting insulin levels (p=0.001) and HOMA-IR (p=0.002) levels. Furthermore, HIIT increased levels of lipocalin-2 (lcn2) (p=0.002) while decreasing omentin-1 levels (p=0.001) in males with obesity. Changes in lcn2 and omentin-1 concentrations correlated with the changes in risk factors in the HIIT group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results indicate that 12 weeks of supervised HIIT exercise significantly improves both circulating concentrations of lcn2 and omentin-1, two recently described adipokines, and markers of CVD risk in males with obesity. Further research is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms involved with these changes.

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Process Evaluation of Project FFAB (Fun Fast Activity Blasts): A Multi-Activity School-Based High-Intensity Interval Training Intervention

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living ◽

10.3389/fspor.2021.737900 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

Kathryn L. Weston ◽

Alison Innerd ◽

Liane B. Azevedo ◽

Susan Bock ◽

Alan M. Batterham

Keyword(s):

Process Evaluation ◽

High Intensity ◽

Interval Training ◽

High Intensity Interval Training ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Exercise Time ◽

School Based ◽

Fast Activity ◽

High Intensity Interval ◽

The Impact

Introduction: Over the last decade, research into the impact of school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on young people's health has markedly increased. Despite this, most authors have focused on the outcomes of their intervention, rather than the process of how the study was conducted. The aim of our study, therefore, was to conduct a mixed methods process evaluation of Project FFAB (Fun Fast Activity Blasts), a school-based HIIT intervention for adolescents. The objectives were to explore study recruitment, reach, intervention dose, fidelity, participants' experiences, context, and future implementation.Methods: Recruitment was assessed by comparing the number of students who received study information, to those who provided consent. Reach was described as the number of participants who completed the intervention. Dose was reported via the number of HIIT sessions delivered, total exercise time commitment, HIIT exercise time, and session attendance. Post-intervention focus groups were conducted with intervention participants (n = 33; aged 14.1 ± 0.3 years; mean ± standard deviation). These discussions explored aspects of intervention fidelity (extent that the intervention was delivered as intended); participants' experiences of the HIIT sessions; context (exploration of the nuances of school-based HIIT); and ideas for future implementation.Results: Recruitment, reach, and dose data indicate that Project FFAB was largely delivered as planned. Focus group data identified a mismatch between perceived vs. prescribed work: rest ratio for the multi-activity HIIT drills. Generally, the HIIT drills were well-received; participants often reported they were fun to complete, and the use of heart rate monitors was helpful for interpreting exercise intensity. Some participants stated that greater variety in the HIIT drills would be preferable. The timing and structure of the HIIT sessions that took place outside of physical education lessons received mixed responses.Conclusion: Collectively, our study supports the use of school-based HIIT and provides valuable insights into how such interventions can be implemented. Project FFAB could be modified to account for individuals' preferences on when the exercise sessions took place. In addition, a wider range of activities could be included, and the prescribed work: rest ratio of the HIIT drills could be better communicated.

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Prehabilitation during a pandemic: preoperative exercise to improve fitness in patients undergoing complex surgery for cancer of the lung or oesophagus, the PRE-HIIT trial: an updated study protocol

HRB Open Research ◽

10.12688/hrbopenres.13198.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 4

Author(s):

Grainne Sheill ◽

Emer Guinan ◽

Linda O'Neill ◽

Emily Smyth ◽

Charles Normand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Interval Training ◽

Well Being ◽

Postoperative Recovery ◽

High Intensity Interval Training ◽

Post Intervention ◽

High Intensity Interval ◽

The Impact ◽

Cancer Of The Lung

Background: Pre-operative fitness is an established predictor of postoperative outcome; accordingly, targeting pre-operative fitness through exercise prehabilitation has logical appeal. Exercise prehabilitation for patients with cancer of the lung or oesophagus is challenging to implement due to the short opportunity for intervention between diagnosis and surgery. In addition, there are now additional challenges to providing prehabilitation during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic due to concerns about social distancing and minimising patient contact. The PRE-HIIT project will examine the influence of virtually delivered exercise prehabilitation on physiological outcomes and postoperative recovery. Methods: The PRE-HIIT randomised controlled trial (RCT) will compare a 2-week high intensity interval training programme to standard preoperative care in a cohort of patients with thoracic and oesophageal cancers. A protocol for this study has been published previously. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, changes to the study assessment battery and the mode of intervention delivery have been made. The PRE-HIIT programme will now be a home-based intervention. Both the exercise intervention and standard care will be delivered via telehealth. The recruitment target for the study remains 78 participants. There is no change to the primary outcome of the study; cardiorespiratory fitness. Secondary outcomes include measures of pulmonary and physical function, quality of life and post-operative morbidity. Outcomes will be measured at baseline and post-intervention. The impact of PRE-HIIT on well-being will be examined qualitatively with interviews post-intervention (T1). This revised protocol will also explore participant’s satisfaction with delivery of prehabilitation via telehealth. The healthcare costs associated with the PRE-HITT programme will also be examined. Discussion: The overall aim of this RCT is to examine the effect of tailored, individually prescribed high intensity interval training on pre-operative fitness and postoperative recovery for patients undergoing complex surgical resections. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.Gov NCT03978325 07/06/2019

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Feasibility and Effects on the Gut Microbiota of a 12-Week High Intensity Interval Training plus Lifestyle Education Intervention on Inactive Adults with Celiac Disease

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2020-0459 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Cassandra Warbeck ◽

A. Justine Dowd ◽

Liam Kronlund ◽

Candice Parmar ◽

Julia T Daun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Celiac Disease ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

High Intensity ◽

Interval Training ◽

High Intensity Interval Training ◽

Post Intervention ◽

High Intensity Interval ◽

Lifestyle Education

This study assessed the feasibility and benefits of high intensity interval training (HIIT) plus lifestyle education among inactive adults with celiac disease. 41 participants were randomized to receive the intervention (HIIT+) for 12-weeks or waitlist control (WLC). Testing was completed at baseline, immediately post- and 3-months post-intervention. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess changes in the outcome variables over time between the groups. Mean percent of age-predicted maximum heart rate was 97.9% and average rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was 6.33 (out of 10) during HIIT intervals. Following the intervention, the HIIT+ group showed enrichment in relative abundance of Parabacteroides and Defluviitaleaceae_UCG¬_011 while WLC showed enrichment in relative abundance of Roseburia intestinalis, Klebsiella and Adlercreutzia. A unique set of taxa were differentially abundant between the groups at 3-months post-intervention. HIIT+ participants experienced a reduction in resting heart rate (-6.6 bpm) immediately post-intervention compared to WLC. Further research is needed to establish an optimal HIIT protocol that may improve VO2max and metabolic syndrome biomarkers. Findings from this pilot study provide preliminary evidence that a HIIT+ intervention is feasible for inactive adults with celiac disease and leads to favourable changes in resting HR alongside potentially beneficial shifts in gut microbiota. Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03520244 Novelty • High intensity interval training leads to potentially beneficial changes in the gut microbiota of adults with celiac disease. • A high intensity interval training exercise intervention is feasible and well tolerated for patients with celiac disease.

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Effects of Tabata Training During Physical Education Classes on Body Composition, Aerobic Capacity, and Anaerobic Performance of Under-, Normal- and Overweight Adolescents

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17030876 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 876

Author(s):

Jarosław Domaradzki ◽

Ireneusz Cichy ◽

Andrzej Rokita ◽

Marek Popowczak

Keyword(s):

Physical Education ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

High Intensity ◽

Interval Training ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Body Fat Percentage ◽

High Intensity Interval Training ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Waist To Hip Ratio ◽

High Intensity Interval

Physical education classes often fail to include sufficient exercise intensity to induce changes in body tissue composition and physical fitness. Short-term high-intensity interval training protocols incorporated into physical education lessons are one possible solution to this problem. Existing studies have not examined how individuals differing in body mass index (e.g., normal-weight, underweight) respond to high-intensity interval training exercises. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of a Tabata protocol on body composition measurements, aerobic capacity, and motor performance in underweight and overweight adolescents (the experimental groups) vs normal-weight adolescents (here regarded as the control group). The sample included 58 adolescents (28 boys, mean age = 16.2 years; 30 girls, mean age = 16.2 years) who completed the high-intensity interval training and the following set of measurements pre- and post- intervention: height, weight, body fat percentage and waist-to-hip ratio, physical efficiency index (based on the Harvard Step Test), agility (in 4 × 10 shuttle run test), and lower-limb muscle power in vertical jump. The results showed that high-intensity interval training was effective in reducing body weight, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage only in overweight individuals. Improvement in aerobic capacity was found only in underweight and overweight boys. Further research should focus on the development of customized exercise protocols and their adaptation to girls and assess the sustainability of the changes induced.

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Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiovascular disease risk factors and body composition in psoriatic arthritis: a randomised controlled trial

RMD Open ◽

10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000729 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. e000729

Author(s):

Ruth Stoklund Thomsen ◽

Tom Ivar Lund Nilsen ◽

Glenn Haugeberg ◽

Anja Bye ◽

Arthur Kavanaugh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Psoriatic Arthritis ◽

Interval Training ◽

Control Group ◽

High Intensity Interval Training ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

High Intensity Interval

BackgroundPsoriatic arthritis (PsA) is associated with an accumulation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on CVD risk factors in patients with PsA.MethodsWe randomly assigned 61 patients with PsA (41 women and 20 men) to an intervention group performing HIIT for 11 weeks or a control group who were instructed to not change their physical exercise habits. Outcomes were assessed at 3 and 9 months with measures on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), fat percentage and Body Mass Index (BMI). We used linear mixed models to calculate mean difference with 95% CI between the groups according to the intention-to-treat principle.ResultsAt 3 months, the HIIT group had a 3.72 mL/kg/min (95% CI 2.38 to 5.06) higher VO2max and a 1.28 (95% CI −2.51 to −0.05) lower truncal fat percentage than controls. There was also some evidence that the HIIT group had lower total fat percentage (−0.80; 95% CI −1.71 to 0.10) and slightly lower BMI (−0.31; 95% CI −0.78 to 0.17) than the control group. At 9 months, the HIIT group had still a higher VO2max (3.08; 95% CI 1.63 to 4.53) than the control group, whereas the difference in other factors were small.ConclusionIn patients with PsA, 3 months with HIIT was associated with a substantial increase in VO2max and a reduction in truncal fat percentage compared with controls. The beneficial effect on VO2max was also sustained through 9 months.Trial registration numberNCT02995460.

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