scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING SEX DIFFERENCES IN OLDER PERSONS WITH NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S16-S16
Author(s):  
Michael A Campitelli ◽  
Laura C Maclagan ◽  
Christina Diong ◽  
Longdi Fu ◽  
Amy Y Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Care Plans ◽  
Report Data ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Abstract Sex differences in the incidence, prevalence, and clinical presentation of neurodegenerative diseases have been previously documented, however, sex differences in how individuals with neurodegenerative diseases access the health system remain understudied. Clinical trials and observational studies often do not report data stratified by sex, which limits the understanding of sex-related differences in persons with neurodegenerative diseases. This session will highlight both opportunities and methodological challenges researchers face when undertaking sex and gender research in persons with neurodegenerative diseases using two case studies: 1) sex differences in health service utilization prior to a diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS); and 2) sex differences in care needs and survival among persons who are admitted to a nursing home after a stroke. The findings of these studies may support the development of guidelines and care plans to meet the needs of men and women with neurodegenerative disorders in varied care settings.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Relationship Between Insomnia, Sex, and Cardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 247028972098001
Author(s):  
Rebecca Leeds ◽  
Ari Shechter ◽  
Carmela Alcantara ◽  
Brooke Aggarwal ◽  
John Usseglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sex Research ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality have been attributed to differences in pathophysiology between men and women and to disparities in CVD management that disproportionately affect women compared to men. Similarly, there has been investigation of differences in the prevalence and presentation of insomnia attributable to sex. Few studies have examined how sex and insomnia interact to influence CVD outcomes, however. In this review, we summarize the literature on sex-specific differences in the prevalence and presentation of insomnia as well as existing research regarding the relationship between insomnia and CVD outcomes as it pertains to sex. Research to date indicate that women are more likely to have insomnia than men, and there appear to be differential associations in the relation between insomnia and CVD by sex. We posit potential mechanisms of the relationship between sex, insomnia and CVD, discuss gaps in the existing literature, and provide commentary on future research needed in this area. Unraveling the complex relations between sex, insomnia, and CVD may help to explain sex-specific differences in CVD, and identify sex-specific strategies for promotion of cardiovascular health. Throughout this review, terms “men” and “women” are used as they are in the source literature, which does not differentiate between sex and gender. The implications of this are also discussed.

Everything You Wanted to Know About Sex Differences, but Were Afraid to Be Perceived as Politically Incorrect: Brain Gender, by M. Hines. 2004. New York: Oxford University Press. 307 pp., $49.50.

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1026-1027
Author(s):  
Jeannette McGlone
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Oxford University Press

Hines finds it impossible to make distinctions between the terms “sex” and “gender,” hence their refreshing, non-political interchangeability in her new book. After examining hormonal and brain-based data, Hines concludes that science cannot yet inform us which differences are determined biologically, socially, and/or both.

scholarly journals Sex and Gender Differences in Central Nervous System-Related Disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Zagni ◽  
Lucia Simoni ◽  
Delia Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Neuronal Structure ◽  
Clinical Literature ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Psychosocial Influences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Or Genes ◽  
The Brain

There are important sex differences in the brain that seem to arise from biology as well as psychosocial influences. Sex differences in several aspects of human behavior and cognition have been reported. Gonadal sex steroids or genes found on sex chromosomes influence sex differences in neuroanatomy, neurochemistry and neuronal structure, and connectivity. There has been some resistance to accept that sex differences in the human brain exist and have biological relevance; however, a few years ago, it has been recommended by the USA National Institute of Mental Health to incorporate sex as a variable in experimental and clinical neurological and psychiatric studies. We here review the clinical literature on sex differences in pain and neurological and psychiatric diseases, with the aim to further stimulate interest in sexual dimorphisms in the brain and brain diseases, possibly encouraging more research in the field of the implications of sex differences for treating these conditions.

scholarly journals Sex and gender differences in hypertensive kidney injury

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (4) ◽  
pp. F1009-F1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer C. Sullivan ◽  
Ellen E. Gillis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Science Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
And Gender

Hypertension is a complex, multifaceted disorder, affecting ~1 in 3 adults in the United States. Although hypertension occurs in both men and women, there are distinct sex differences in the way in which they develop hypertension, with women having a lower incidence of hypertension until the sixth decade of life. Despite observed sex differences in hypertension, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of hypertension in females, primarily because of their underrepresentation in both clinical and experimental animal studies. The first goal of this review is to provide a concise overview of the participation of women in clinical trials, including a discussion of the importance of including females in basic science research, as recently mandated by the National Institutes of Health. The remaining portion of the review is dedicated to identifying clinical and experimental animal studies that concentrate on gender and sex differences in hypertensive kidney disease, ending with a proposed role for T cells in mediating sex differences in blood pressure.

scholarly journals Immune System Sex Differences May Bridge the Gap Between Sex and Gender in Fibromyalgia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Meester ◽  
Gerardo Francisco Rivera-Silva ◽  
Francisco González-Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals Exploring the sex and gender correlates of cognitive sex differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 103452
Author(s):  
Sarah Kheloui ◽  
Alexandra Brouillard ◽  
Mathias Rossi ◽  
Marie-France Marin ◽  
Adrianna Mendrek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
And Gender

Sex Differences in the Human Brain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Franks
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Biological Differences

In this chapter, the different meanings of the terms sex and gender are discussed: Sex is biological, and gender has to do with social roles. Biological differences such as genes are discussed next, including a discussion of whether these differences should be considered as either/or distinctions or as continuums. Differences in social skills are discussed. Next, differences in the brain’s gray and white matter are explored. Various parts of the brain and the abilities they support are then presented. How sex differences in the brain complement each other is explored, as well as differences and overlaps. The implications for single-sex education are presented. Reasons to discuss brain differences and other differences follow, including sleep problems, anorexia, and bulimia. A subsection on memory and emotion follows.

scholarly journals Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Bhargava ◽  
Arthur P Arnold ◽  
Debra A Bangasser ◽  
Kate M Denton ◽  
Arpana Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Endocrine Society ◽  
Biological Variable ◽  
And Gender

Abstract In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH-funded research involving animals and cells.” Since then, proposed research plans that include animals routinely state that both sexes/genders will be used; however, in many instances, researchers and reviewers are at a loss about the issue of sex differences. Moreover, the terms sex and gender are used interchangeably by many researchers, further complicating the issue. In addition, the sex or gender of the researcher might influence study outcomes, especially those concerning behavioral studies, in both animals and humans. The act of observation may change the outcome (the “observer effect”) and any experimental manipulation, no matter how well-controlled, is subject to it. This is nowhere more applicable than in physiology and behavior. The sex of established cultured cell lines is another issue, in addition to aneuploidy; chromosomal numbers can change as cells are passaged. Additionally, culture medium contains steroids, growth hormone, and insulin that might influence expression of various genes. These issues often are not taken into account, determined, or even considered. Issues pertaining to the “sex” of cultured cells are beyond the scope of this Statement. However, we will discuss the factors that influence sex and gender in both basic research (that using animal models) and clinical research (that involving human subjects), as well as in some areas of science where sex differences are routinely studied. Sex differences in baseline physiology and associated mechanisms form the foundation for understanding sex differences in diseases pathology, treatments, and outcomes. The purpose of this Statement is to highlight lessons learned, caveats, and what to consider when evaluating data pertaining to sex differences, using 3 areas of research as examples; it is not intended to serve as a guideline for research design.

Sex-Specific Conditions, Gender, and Evaluation Using the AMA Guides

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Linda Cocchiarella ◽  
Kathryn Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Specific Disorders ◽  
Individual And Sex Differences

Abstract Concerns about potential sex and gender bias during impairment and disability evaluations have been raised; this article reviews ways in which sex and gender contribute to the unique presentation, manifestations, treatment, and functional outcome of medical conditions and how these differences can be appropriately addressed using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Sixth Edition. Sex differences are objective and are based on biochemical and biological factors; gender refers to cultural attitudes that are learned and vary by culture, history, and ethnicity. The AMA Guides acknowledges individual variations and advocates a flexible approach: Physicians can choose among sections of the AMA Guides those best suited to account for individual and sex differences. The AMA Guides does not advocate different evaluation of medical conditions based on sex, except for sex-specific disorders (eg, unique male or female reproductive organs). The health care system is striving to eliminate gender and sex bias, and impairment and disability are following by attempting to eliminate bias by offering individualized assessments of how impairment affects the injured organ, use of unique rating methods to fully characterize the impairment, use of rating ranges to account for individual variability and sex, and by ascribing equal values to gender-ascribed activities of daily living.

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