16. Waste Regulation

2019 ◽  
pp. 517-560
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Fisher ◽  
Bettina Lange ◽  
Eloise Scotford
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Secondary Markets ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Fundamental Tension ◽  
Potential Pollution

This chapter focuses on waste regulation and how the notion of ‘waste’, which can give rise to serious environmental and health problems, is a legally constructed one. Unlike other pollution control regimes, waste regulation is focused on an identified pollution source, which is defined and characterized in legal terms. The chapter shows how difficult it can be to make the legal distinction between waste and non-waste. In regulating waste, there is a fundamental tension between minimizing the polluting impacts of waste (making waste a firm focus for regulation), and encouraging secondary markets that promote discarded material as a resource rather than a potential pollution problem (where ‘waste’ can be a poor characterization of material). Legal disputes over the definition of waste and how waste should be regulated are grappling with this policy tension in an increasingly circular economy for natural resources.

scholarly journals Development of conceptual principles of the circular economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Sedikova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Stable Development

High growth rates of natural resources consumption in recent years, pollution of the environment contribute to the development of theories regarding the future provision of natural resources on the Earth. Thepurpose of the article is to study the concept of sustainable development and the need for its introductioninto economic activity, definition of ideas influencing the modern concept of the circular economy. The concept of stable development and circular economy is analyzed, common features and differences are defined.It has been established that the circular economy is a prerequisite and driver of the fourth industrial revolution. The basis of the circular economy are closed supply chains. They combine the usual processes of adirect supply chain with reverse logistics processes, ranging from product recovery, disassembly and reuseof individual parts.

scholarly journals CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND ‘CIRCULAR ECONOMY PROFESSIONAL’: CONCEPTS IN UKRAINIAN AND POLISH SCIENTIFIC FIELD

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-67
Author(s):  
Alexey S Sysoev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Scientific Field ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Training Professionals ◽  
Environmental Instability ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Circular Economics ◽  
Definition Of

The article analyses the approaches to the definition of ‘circular economy’ and ‘professional in circular economy’ in the Ukrainian and Polish scientific space. It is shown that in Ukraine today there is a linear economic model, according to which enterprises extract natural resources and sell what they produce to consumers who throw away products, if it no longer serves its purpose. As a result of this model, our natural resources are reduced and the amount of waste we generate increases, which leads to environmental instability and environmental degradation. The concept of ‘professional in circular economics’ in the Ukrainian educational and economic field is absent, in contrast to European countries, in particular the Republic of Poland, where the circular economy is considered as a strategy of economic development and much attention is paid to training professionals in circular economics and to improving qualification of those, who are already working. The purpose of the work is to highlight the approaches to understanding the circular economy and the content of the activities of professionals in a circular economy in the Ukrainian and Polish scientific field. Circular economy is characterized as a general name of economic activity aimed at energy saving, regenerative environmentally friendly production and consumption. The role of the circular economy as the most successful way of saving resources and materials, and thus the way to constant economic growth, in contrast to the traditional model of economic development. It is emphasized that the transition to a circular economy will create new jobs in many sectors of the economy. Ukrainian experts, in particular economists, emphasize the importance of the transition to a circular economy (instead of a linear one). Key words: linear economy; professionals’ training in circular economy; circular economy; professional in circular economy.

scholarly journals Highly selective penetration of red ink in a saline water

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 2265-2270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chan-Juan Zhou ◽  
Dan Tian ◽  
Ji-Huan He
Keyword(s):  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Pollution Dispersion ◽  
Penetration Process ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Shed Light

Water pollution has become a major global problem and requires an immediate action. It was generally considered that pollutants were diffused gradually from surface to underwater region, where plants and animals should have less affected. However, diffusion of contamination is very slow in comparison with penetration. Here we show saline water has a highly selective penetration, and the penetration rate is much higher than that of diffusion. An experiment was carried out using a drop of red ink as a point pollution source to check both diffusion and penetration processes in various salt solutions with different concentrations, the salt concentration greatly affects the penetration process and there is a threshold value beyond which no penetration occurs. An imaged capillary is adopted in this paper to explain the selective penetration on a molecular scale, revealing that the salt concentration and temperature will greatly affect the capillary pressure and the penetration depth. Our results demonstrate that the penetration is the main pollution dispersion, and we anticipate our theory would shed light upon the major pollution problem from theoretical analysis to pollution control.

scholarly journals Modelling Digital Circular Economy framework in the Agricultural Sector. An Application in Southern Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Tiziana Crovella ◽  
Annarita Paiano ◽  
Giovanni Lagioia ◽  
Anna Maria Cilardi ◽  
Luigi Trotta
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Stakeholder Engagement ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Sustainability Indicators ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Policy Strategies ◽  
Definition Of

The transition towards circular economy (CE) in agriculture requires a large amount of data in order to map the consumption of natural resources and negative externalities. This paper aims to identify a digital framework for collecting and sharing data fundamental for stakeholders with the purpose of implementing the best CE model. The methodology used is based on the guidelines of the stakeholder engagement and through a survey, and the authors have mapped the lack of data and built a set by replicable sustainability indicators. The results obtained can be used for the definition of regional policy strategies and interventions for CE model implementation.

scholarly journals Design and Characterization of Gypsum Mortars Dosed with Polyurethane Foam Waste PFW

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Santamaría Vicario ◽  
Lourdes Alameda Cuenca-Romero ◽  
Sara Gutiérrez González ◽  
Verónica Calderón Carpintero ◽  
Ángel Rodríguez Saiz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Vapour Permeability ◽  
Polyurethane Waste ◽  
New Material ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Mechanical Strengths

The properties and the behaviour of plaster mortars designed with Polyurethane Foam Waste (PFW) are studied in this investigation. A characterization of the mixtures is completed, in accordance with the technical specifications of European Norms. The incorporation of polyurethane waste foam can yield porous and lighter mortars, with better resistance to water-vapour permeability, although with weaker mechanical strength and higher levels of absorbency. Nevertheless, suitable mechanical strengths were achieved, resulting in a new material that is compliant with the requirements of the construction industry. The use of PFW in the the manufacture of gypsum mortars for construction reduces the consumption of natural resources and, at the same time, recovers an industrial waste that is otherwise difficult to recycle.

scholarly journals Experimental Evaluation of Shear Behavior of Stone Masonry Wall

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2313
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Beconcini ◽  
Pietro Croce ◽  
Paolo Formichi ◽  
Filippo Landi ◽  
Benedetta Puccini
Keyword(s):  
Shear Behavior ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Capacity Curves ◽  
Historical Structures ◽  
Definition Of

The evaluation of the shear behavior of masonry walls is a first fundamental step for the assessment of existing masonry structures in seismic zones. However, due to the complexity of modelling experimental behavior and the wide variety of masonry types characterizing historical structures, the definition of masonry’s mechanical behavior is still a critical issue. Since the possibility to perform in situ tests is very limited and often conflicting with the needs of preservation, the characterization of shear masonry behavior is generally based on reference values of mechanical properties provided in modern structural codes for recurrent masonry categories. In the paper, a combined test procedure for the experimental characterization of masonry mechanical parameters and the assessment of the shear behavior of masonry walls is presented together with the experimental results obtained on three stone masonry walls. The procedure consists of a combination of three different in situ tests to be performed on the investigated wall. First, a single flat jack test is executed to derive the normal compressive stress acting on the wall. Then a double flat jack test is carried out to estimate the elastic modulus. Finally, the proposed shear test is performed to derive the capacity curve and to estimate the shear modulus and the shear strength. The first results obtained in the experimental campaign carried out by the authors confirm the capability of the proposed methodology to assess the masonry mechanical parameters, reducing the uncertainty affecting the definition of capacity curves of walls and consequently the evaluation of seismic vulnerability of the investigated buildings.

Fundamental relations and identities of fuzzy hyperalgebras

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Narjes Firouzkouhi ◽  
Abbas Amini ◽  
Chun Cheng ◽  
Mehdi Soleymani ◽  
Bijan Davvaz
Keyword(s):  
Universal Algebra ◽  
Equivalence Relation ◽  
Polynomial Function ◽  
Equivalence Relations ◽  
Fundamental Relation ◽  
Term Function ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Definition Of

Inspired by fuzzy hyperalgebras and fuzzy polynomial function (term function), some homomorphism properties of fundamental relation on fuzzy hyperalgebras are conveyed. The obtained relations of fuzzy hyperalgebra are utilized for certain applications, i.e., biological phenomena and genetics along with some elucidatory examples presenting various aspects of fuzzy hyperalgebras. Then, by considering the definition of identities (weak and strong) as a class of fuzzy polynomial function, the smallest equivalence relation (fundamental relation) is obtained which is an important tool for fuzzy hyperalgebraic systems. Through the characterization of these equivalence relations of a fuzzy hyperalgebra, we assign the smallest equivalence relation α i 1 i 2 ∗ on a fuzzy hyperalgebra via identities where the factor hyperalgebra is a universal algebra. We extend and improve the identities on fuzzy hyperalgebras and characterize the smallest equivalence relation α J ∗ on the set of strong identities.

scholarly journals Genomic Tackling of Human Satellite DNA: Breaking Barriers through Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4707
Author(s):  
Mariana Lopes ◽  
Sandra Louzada ◽  
Margarida Gama-Carvalho ◽  
Raquel Chaves
Keyword(s):  
Human Genome ◽  
Satellite Dna ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Nucleotide Composition ◽  
Genomic Component ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Human Genomic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Degree

(Peri)centromeric repetitive sequences and, more specifically, satellite DNA (satDNA) sequences, constitute a major human genomic component. SatDNA sequences can vary on a large number of features, including nucleotide composition, complexity, and abundance. Several satDNA families have been identified and characterized in the human genome through time, albeit at different speeds. Human satDNA families present a high degree of sub-variability, leading to the definition of various subfamilies with different organization and clustered localization. Evolution of satDNA analysis has enabled the progressive characterization of satDNA features. Despite recent advances in the sequencing of centromeric arrays, comprehensive genomic studies to assess their variability are still required to provide accurate and proportional representation of satDNA (peri)centromeric/acrocentric short arm sequences. Approaches combining multiple techniques have been successfully applied and seem to be the path to follow for generating integrated knowledge in the promising field of human satDNA biology.

scholarly journals A lattice-theoretic characterization of pure subgroups of Abelian groups

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ferrara ◽  
M. Trombetti
Keyword(s):  
Abelian Group ◽  
Abelian Groups ◽  
Subgroup Lattice ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Theoretic Characterization ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractLet G be an abelian group. The aim of this short paper is to describe a way to identify pure subgroups H of G by looking only at how the subgroup lattice $$\mathcal {L}(H)$$ L ( H ) embeds in $$\mathcal {L}(G)$$ L ( G ) . It is worth noticing that all results are carried out in a local nilpotent context for a general definition of purity.

scholarly journals The Role of Simulation and Serious Games in Teaching Concepts on Circular Economy and Sustainable Energy

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1138
Author(s):  
Rocio de la Torre ◽  
Bhakti S. Onggo ◽  
Canan G. Corlu ◽  
Maria Nogal ◽  
Angel A. Juan
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Serious Games ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
University Management ◽  
Teaching Methodologies ◽  
The Will

The prevailing need for a more sustainable management of natural resources depends not only on the decisions made by governments and the will of the population, but also on the knowledge of the role of energy in our society and the relevance of preserving natural resources. In this sense, critical work is being done to instill key concepts—such as the circular economy and sustainable energy—in higher education institutions. In this way, it is expected that future professionals and managers will be aware of the importance of energy optimization, and will learn a series of computational methods that can support the decision-making process. In the context of higher education, this paper reviews the main trends and challenges related to the concepts of circular economy and sustainable energy. Besides, we analyze the role of simulation and serious games as a learning tool for the aforementioned concepts. Finally, the paper provides insights and discusses open research opportunities regarding the use of these computational tools to incorporate circular economy concepts in higher education degrees. Our findings show that, while efforts are being made to include these concepts in current programs, there is still much work to be done, especially from the point of view of university management. In addition, the analysis of the teaching methodologies analyzed shows that, although their implementation has been successful in favoring the active learning of students, their use (especially that of serious games) is not yet widespread.

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