scholarly journals Development of a three-dimensional growth prediction model for the Japanese scallop in Funka Bay, Japan, using OGCM and MODIS

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 2684-2699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Sei-Ichi Saitoh ◽  
Yu Ihara ◽  
Satoshi Nakada ◽  
Makoto Kanamori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Japanese Scallop ◽  
Growth Prediction ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Funka Bay ◽  
Dimensional Growth ◽  
In Situ Observations

Abstract The Japanese scallop (Patinopecten (Mizuhopecten) yessoensis) is an important commercial species in Funka Bay, Japan, where it is farmed using the hanging culture method. Our study was based on 6 years (from 2006 to 2011) of monthly in situ observations of scallop growth at Yakumo station. To produce a basic spatial distribution dataset, we developed an interpolation solution for the shortage of Chl-a concentration data available from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite. Additionally, we integrated four-dimensional variational (4D-VAR) assimilation water temperature data from ocean general circulation models (OGCMs), with four vertical levels (6, 10, 14, and 18 m) from the sea surface. Statistical models, including generalized additive models (GAMs) and generalized linear models, were applied to in situ observation data, satellite data, and 4D-VAR data to identify the influence of environment factors (interpolated Chl-a, temperature, and depth) on the growth of scallops, and to develop a three-dimensional growth prediction model for the Japanese scallops in Funka Bay. We considered three methods to simulate the growth process of scallops (accumulation, summation, and product), and used them to select the most suitable model. All the interpolated Chl-a concentrations and 4D-VAR temperature data were verified by shipboard data. The results revealed that GAM, using an accumulation method that was based on a combination of integrated temperature, integrated log Chl-a, depth, and number of days, was best able to predict the vertical and spatial growth of the Japanese scallop. The predictions were verified by in situ observations from different depths (R2 = 0.83–0.94). From the distribution of three-dimensional predicted scallop growth maps at each depth, it was suggested that the growth of the Japanese scallop was most favourable at 6 m and least favourable at 18 m, although variations occurred in each aquaculture region in different years. These variations were probably due to the ocean environment and climate variation.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional in situ observations of short fatigue crack growth in magnesium

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (17) ◽  
pp. 6761-6771 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. King ◽  
W. Ludwig ◽  
M. Herbig ◽  
J.-Y. Buffière ◽  
A.A. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Short Fatigue Crack ◽  
In Situ Observations

scholarly journals Design and Experiments of a Water Color Remote Sensing-Oriented Unmanned Surface Vehicle

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2183
Author(s):  
Yong Li ◽  
Liqiao Tian ◽  
Wenkai Li ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Anna Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Obstacle Avoidance ◽  
Ocean Color ◽  
Water Color ◽  
Unmanned Surface Vehicle ◽  
Ocean Color Remote Sensing ◽  
Chl A ◽  
In Situ Observations

Integrated and intelligent in situ observations are important for the remote sensing monitoring of dynamic water environments. To meet the field investigation requirements of ocean color remote sensing, we developed a water color remote sensing-oriented unmanned surface vehicle (WC-USV), which consisted of an unmanned surface vehicle platform with ground control station, data acquisition, and transmission modules. The WC-USV was designed with functions, such as remote controlling, status monitoring, automatic obstacle avoidance, and water and meteorological parameter measurement acquisition, transmission, and processing. The key data acquisition module consisted of four parts: A floating optical buoy (FOBY) for collecting remote sensing reflectance ( R r s ) via the skylight-blocked approach; a water sample autocollection system that can collect 12 1-L bottles for analysis in the laboratory; a water quality measurement system for obtaining water parameters, including Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), turbidity, and water temperature, among others; and meteorological sensors for measuring wind speed and direction, air pressure, temperature, and humidity. Field experiments were conducted to validate the performance of the WC-USV on 23–28 March 2018 in the Honghu Lake, which is the seventh largest freshwater lake in China. The tests proved the following: (1) The WC-USV performed well in terms of autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance; (2) the mounted FOBY-derived R r s showed good precision in terms of the quality assurance score (QAS), which was higher than 0.98; (3) the Chl-a and suspended matters (SPM) as ocean color parameters measured by the WC-USV were highly consistent with laboratory analysis results, with determination coefficients (R2) of 0.71 and 0.77, respectively; and (4) meteorological parameters could be continuously and stably measured by WC-USV. Results demonstrated the feasibility and practicability of the WC-USV for automatic in situ observations. The USV provided a new way of thinking for the future development of intelligent automation of the aquatic remote sensing ground verification system. It could be a good option to conduct field investigations for ocean color remote sensing and provide an alternative for highly polluted and/or shallow high-risk waters which large vessels have difficulty reaching.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional in situ observations of compressive damage mechanisms in syntactic foam using X-ray microcomputed tomography

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (17) ◽  
pp. 10186-10197 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Kartal ◽  
L. H. Dugdale ◽  
J. J. Harrigan ◽  
M. A. Siddiq ◽  
D. Pokrajac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Syntactic Foam ◽  
Microcomputed Tomography ◽  
Damage Mechanisms ◽  
X Ray ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Compressive Damage

scholarly journals A Prediction Model of Water In Situ Data Change under the Influence of Environmental Variables in Remote Sensing Validation

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Futai Xie ◽  
Zui Tao ◽  
Xiang Zhou ◽  
Tingting Lv ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Generalized Regression Neural Network ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Data Matching ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Relative Errors

Validation is an essential process to evaluate the quality of waterbody remote sensing products, and the reliability and effective application of the in situ data of waterbody parameters are an important part of validation. Based on the in situ data of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), total suspended solids (TSS) and other environmental variables (EVs) measured at the fixed station in Taihu Lake, we attempt to develop a prediction model to determine whether the in situ measurement has enough representativeness for validating waterbody remote sensing products. Key EVs that affect the changes of Chl-a and TSS are firstly identified by using correlation analysis, which participate in modeling as variables. In addition, three multi-parameter modeling approaches are selected to simulate the daily changes of Chl-a and TSS under different EVs configurations. The results indicate that the highest prediction accuracy can be achieved through the generalized regression neural network (GRNN) based model. In the all-valid dataset, the testing absolute average relative errors (AEs) of GRNN-based Chl-a and TSS prediction model are 11.4% and 11.3%, respectively, and in the sunny-day dataset, the testing AEs are 8.6% and 8.2%, respectively. Meanwhile, the application example proves that the prediction model in this paper can be effectively used to screen the in situ data and determine the time window for satellite-ground data matching.

scholarly journals Three Dimensional Growth in GaAs MBE Studied by in-situ Scanning Electron Microscopy.

Hyomen Kagaku ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 747-751
Author(s):  
Katsuto TANAHASHI ◽  
Yuichi KAWAMURA ◽  
Naohisa INOUE ◽  
Yoshikazu HOMMA
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Growth ◽  
Scanning Electron

Surface In Situ Observations within the Outflow of Forward-Flank Downdrafts of Supercell Thunderstorms

2006 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 1422-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Shabbott ◽  
Paul M. Markowski
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Thermodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Streamwise Vorticity ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
Supercell Thunderstorm ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Supercell Thunderstorms ◽  
Negative Buoyancy

Abstract In the long-standing conceptual model of a supercell thunderstorm, the forward-flank downdraft (FFD) and its associated negative buoyancy originate from precipitation loading and the latent chilling of air due to the melting and evaporation of precipitation. The horizontal buoyancy gradient within the outflow of the FFD has been identified as an important source of low-level, streamwise vorticity in three-dimensional numerical simulations of supercells. These simulations have demonstrated that the formation of low-level mesocyclones is critically dependent on the baroclinic generation of horizontal vorticity within the FFD outflow. Despite the implied dynamical importance of the FFD outflow in the evolution of supercell thunderstorms, only a very limited number of thermodynamic observations have been obtained within FFD outflow. The range of thermodynamic conditions within FFD outflow is not well known, nor is it known whether any systematic relationship exists between the thermodynamic characteristics of FFD outflow and the intensity of low-level mesocyclones and/or tornadogenesis. In this paper, in situ observations obtained at the ground by a mobile mesonet within FFD outflow are used to investigate whether any relationship exists between the thermodynamic characteristics of the outflow and low-level mesocyclogenesis and/or tornadogenesis. The data were obtained within both tornadic and nontornadic supercells (12 cases total) during the Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX) from 1994 to 1995, and in smaller field campaigns during the 1997–99 period.

In situ atomic scale visualization of surface kinetics driven dynamics of oxide growth on a Ni–Cr surface

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (16) ◽  
pp. 3300-3303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Langli Luo ◽  
Lianfeng Zou ◽  
Daniel K. Schreiber ◽  
Matthew J. Olszta ◽  
Donald R. Baer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Oxide Growth ◽  
Surface Kinetics ◽  
Initial Oxidation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Dimensional Growth

We report the in situ atomic-scale visualization of the dynamic three-dimensional growth of NiO during the initial oxidation of Ni–10at%Cr using environmental transmission electron microscopy.

In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Ion Irradiation Studies at Orsay

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1758-1768 ◽  
Author(s):  
M-O. Ruault ◽  
F. Fortuna ◽  
H. Bernas ◽  
J. Chaumont ◽  
O. Kaïtasov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Irradiation ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Medium Energy ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Ion Beam Irradiation ◽  
Process Dynamics ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Dimensional Growth

Crucial features of materials evolution due to ion beam irradiation are often revealed only through studies of process dynamics. We review some significant examples of such experiments performed over the last 25 years with the Orsay in situ facility: a transmission electron microscope setup (with temperature stages operating between 4 and 1000 K) on a medium energy (3–570 keV) ion beam line. New results on nanocavity evolution and metal silicide nanoprecipitates in Si are presented briefly.We show that CoSi2 nanoprecipitate growth is mainly due to the constant Co atom contribution from the ion beam, and CoSi2 platelet growth is the result of a three-dimensional to two-dimensional growth mode transition.

scholarly journals A Model for Coronal Inflows and In/Out Pairs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
White Light ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Solar Wind Plasma ◽  
Slow Solar Wind ◽  
Intrinsic Variability ◽  
Density Depletion ◽  
In Situ Observations

<div> <div> <div> <p>We present a three-dimensional (3D) numerical magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model of the white-light coronagraph observational phenomena known as coronal inflows and in/out pairs. Coronal inflows in the LASCO/C2 field of view (approximately 2–6 Rs) were thought to arise from the dynamic and intermittent release of solar wind plasma associated with the helmet streamer belt as the counterpart to outward-propagating streamer blobs, formed by magnetic reconnection. The MHD simulation results show relatively narrow lanes of density depletion form high in the corona and propagate inward with sinuous motion that has been characterized as "tadpole-like" in coronagraph imagery. The height–time evolution and velocity profiles of the simulation inflows and in/out pairs are compared to their corresponding observations and a detailed analysis of the underlying magnetic field structure associated with the synthetic white-light and mass density evolution is presented. Understanding the physical origin of this structured component of the slow solar wind’s intrinsic variability could make a significant contribution to solar wind modeling and the interpretation of remote and in situ observations from Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter.</p> </div> </div> </div>

A Provably Positive, Divergence-free Constrained Transport Scheme for the Simulation of Solar Wind

2021 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Man Zhang ◽  
Xueshang Feng ◽  
Xiaojing Liu ◽  
Liping Yang
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Wave Speeds ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Divergence Free ◽  
Constrained Transport

Abstract In this paper, we present a provably positive, divergence-free constrained transport (CT) scheme to simulate the steady-state solar wind ambient with the three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics numerical model. The positivity can be lost in two ways: one way is in the reconstruction process, and the other is in the updating process when the variables are advanced to the next time step. We adopt a self-adjusting strategy to bring the density and pressure into the permitted range in the reconstruction process, and use modified wave speeds in the Harten–Lax–van Leer flux to ensure the positivity in the updating process. The CT method can keep the magnetic fields divergence-free if the magnetic fields are divergence-free initially. Thus, we combine the least-squares reconstruction of the magnetic fields with the divergence-free constraints to make the magnetic fields globally solenoidal initially. Furthermore, we adopt a radial basis function method to interpolate variables at boundaries that can keep the magnetic field locally divergence-free. To verify the capability of the model in producing structured solar wind, the modeled results are compared with Parker Solar Probe (PSP) in situ observations during its first two encounters, as well as Wind observations at 1 au. Additionally, a solar maximum solar wind background is simulated to show the property of the model’s ability to preserve the positivity. The results show that the model can provide a relatively satisfactory comparison with PSP or Wind observations, and the divergence error is about 10−10 for all of the tests in this paper.

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