scholarly journals An integrated investigation of the effects of ocean acidification on adult abalone (Haliotis tuberculata)

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 757-772
Author(s):  
Solène Avignon ◽  
Stéphanie Auzoux-Bordenave ◽  
Sophie Martin ◽  
Philippe Dubois ◽  
Aïcha Badou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Microscopy Imaging ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Internal Fluid ◽  
Haliotis Tuberculata ◽  
Structural Responses ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Ph Decrease ◽  
Parameter Approach

Abstract Ocean acidification (OA) and its subsequent changes in seawater carbonate chemistry are threatening the survival of calcifying organisms. Due to their use of calcium carbonate to build their shells, marine molluscs are particularly vulnerable. This study investigated the effect of CO2-induced OA on adult European abalone (Haliotis tuberculata) using a multi-parameter approach. Biological (survival, growth), physiological (pHT of haemolymph, phagocytosis, metabolism, gene expression), and structural responses (shell strength, nano-indentation measurements, Scanning electron microscopy imaging of microstructure) were evaluated throughout a 5-month exposure to ambient (8.0) and low (7.7) pH conditions. During the first 2 months, the haemolymph pH was reduced, indicating that abalone do not compensate for the pH decrease of their internal fluid. Overall metabolism and immune status were not affected, suggesting that abalone maintain their vital functions when facing OA. However, after 4 months of exposure, adverse effects on shell growth, calcification, microstructure, and resistance were highlighted, whereas the haemolymph pH was compensated. Significant reduction in shell mechanical properties was revealed at pH 7.7, suggesting that OA altered the biomineral architecture leading to a more fragile shell. It is concluded that under lower pH, abalone metabolism is maintained at a cost to growth and shell integrity. This may impact both abalone ecology and aquaculture.

scholarly journals Sensitivity towards elevated <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> in great scallop (<i>Pecten maximus</i> Lamarck) embryos and fed larvae

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sissel Andersen ◽  
Ellen S. Grefsrud ◽  
Torstein Harboe
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Elevated Pco2 ◽  
Pecten Maximus ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Great Scallop ◽  
Scallop Larvae ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry

Abstract. The increasing amount of dissolved anthropogenic CO2 has caused a drop in pH-values in the open ocean known as ocean acidification. This change in seawater carbonate chemistry has been shown to have a negative effect on a number of marine organisms. Early life stages are the most vulnerable, and especially the organisms that produce calcified structures in the phylum Mollusca. Few studies have looked at effects on scallops, and this is the first study presented including fed larvae of the great scallop (Pecten maximus) followed until day 14 post-fertilization. Fertilized eggs from unexposed parents were exposed to three levels of pCO2 using four replicate units: 465 (ambient), 768 and 1294 μatm, corresponding to pHNBS of 7.94, 7.74 and 7.54, respectively. All of the observed parameters were negatively affected by elevated pCO2: survival, larval development, shell growth and normal shell development. The latter was observed to be affected only two days after fertilization. Negative effects on the fed larvae at day 7 were similar to what was shown earlier for unfed P. maximus larvae. Growth rate in the group at 768 μatm seemed to decline after day 7, indicating that the ability to overcome the environmental change at moderately elevated pCO2 was lost over time. Food availability may not decrease the sensitivity to elevated pCO2 in scallop larvae. Unless genetic adaptation and acclimatization counteract the negative effects of long term elevated pCO2, populations of scallops may be negatively affected by ocean acidification in the future.

scholarly journals Variation in brachiopod microstructure and isotope geochemistry under low pH–ocean acidification–conditions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Facheng Ye ◽  
Hana Jurikova ◽  
Lucia Angiolini ◽  
Uwe Brand ◽  
Gaia Crippa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Isotope Geochemistry ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Secondary Layer ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Δ13c And Δ18o

Abstract. Throughout the last few decades and in the near future CO2–induced ocean acidification is potentially a big threat to marine calcite-shelled animals (e.g., brachiopods, bivalves, corals and gastropods). Despite the great number of studies focusing on the effects of acidification on shell growth, metabolism, shell dissolution and shell repair, the consequences on biomineral formation remain poorly understood, and only few studies addressed contemporarily the impact of acidification on shell microstructure and geochemistry. In this study, a detailed microstructure and stable isotope geochemistry investigation was performed on nine adult brachiopod specimens of Magellania venosa (Dixon, 1789), grown in the natural environment as well as in controlled culturing experiments at different pH conditions (ranging 7.35 to 8.15 ± 0.05) over different time intervals (214 to 335 days). Details of shell microstructural features, such as thickness of the primary layer, density and size of endopunctae and morphology of the basic structural unit of the secondary layer were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ18O) were tested from the secondary shell layer along shell ontogenetic increments in both dorsal and ventral valves. Based on our comprehensive dataset, we observed that, under low pH conditions, M. venosa produced a more organic-rich shell with higher density of and larger endopunctae, and smaller secondary layer fibres, when subjected to about one year of culturing. Also, increasingly negative δ13C and δ18O values are recorded by the shell produced during culturing and are related to the CO2–source in the culture setup. Both the microstructural changes and the stable isotope results are similar to observations on brachiopods from the fossil record and strongly support the value of brachiopods as robust archives of proxies for studying ocean acidification events in the geologic past.

scholarly journals Impact of ocean acidification and elevated temperatures on early juveniles of the polar shelled pteropod <i>Limacina helicina</i>: mortality, shell degradation, and shell growth

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 8177-8214 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lischka ◽  
J. Büdenbender ◽  
T. Boxhammer ◽  
U. Riebesell
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Shell Diameter ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Limacina Helicina ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Arctic Surface

Abstract. Due to their aragonitic shell thecosome pteropods may be particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification driven by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This applies specifically to species inhabiting Arctic surface waters that are projected to become locally undersaturated with respect to aragonite as early as 2016. This study investigated the effects of rising pCO2 partial pressures and elevated temperature on pre-winter juveniles of the polar pteropod Limacina helicina. After a 29 days experiment in September/October 2009 at three different temperatures and under pCO2 scenarios projected for this century, mortality, shell degradation, shell diameter and shell increment were investigated. Temperature and pCO2 had a significant effect on mortality, but temperature was the overriding factor. Shell diameter, shell increment and shell degradation were significantly impacted by pCO2 but not by temperature. Mortality was 46% higher at 8 °C compared to 3 °C (in situ), and 14% higher at 1100 μatm CO2 as compared to 230 μatm CO2. Shell diameter and increment were reduced by 10% and 12% at 1100 μatm CO2 as compared to 230 μatm CO2, respectively, and shell degradation was 41% higher at elevated compared to ambient pCO2 partial pressures. We conclude that pre-winter juveniles will be negatively affected by both rising temperature and pCO2 which may result in a possible abundance decline of the overwintering population, the basis for next year's reproduction.

scholarly journals The role of ocean acidification in <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> coccolith thinning in the Mediterranean Sea

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2857-2869 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. S. Meier ◽  
L. Beaufort ◽  
S. Heussner ◽  
P. Ziveri
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Carbonate Production ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Nw Mediterranean ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry

Abstract. Ocean acidification is a result of the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 from the atmosphere into the ocean and has been identified as a major environmental and economic threat. The release of several thousands of petagrams of carbon over a few hundred years will have an overwhelming effect on surface ocean carbon reservoirs. The recorded and anticipated changes in seawater carbonate chemistry will presumably affect global oceanic carbonate production. Coccolithophores as the primary calcifying phytoplankton group, and especially Emiliania huxleyi as the most abundant species have shown a reduction of calcification at increased CO2 concentrations for the majority of strains tested in culture experiments. A reduction of calcification is associated with a decrease in coccolith weight. However, the effect in monoclonal cultures is relatively small compared to the strong variability displayed in natural E. huxleyi communities, as these are a mix of genetically and sometimes morphologically distinct types. Average coccolith weight is likely influenced by the variability in seawater carbonate chemistry in different parts of the world's oceans and on glacial/interglacial time scales due to both physiological effects and morphotype selectivity. An effect of the ongoing ocean acidification on E. huxleyi calcification has so far not been documented in situ. Here, we analyze E. huxleyi coccolith weight from the NW Mediterranean Sea in a 12-year sediment trap series, and surface sediment and sediment core samples using an automated recognition and analyzing software. Our findings clearly show (1) a continuous decrease in the average coccolith weight of E. huxleyi from 1993 to 2005, reaching levels below pre-industrial (Holocene) and industrial (20th century) values recorded in the sedimentary record and (2) seasonal variability in coccolith weight that is linked to the coccolithophore productivity. The observed long-term decrease in coccolith weight is most likely a result of the changes in the surface ocean carbonate system. Our results provide the first indications of an in situ impact of ocean acidification on coccolithophore weight in a natural E. huxleyi population, even in the highly alkaline Mediterranean Sea.

scholarly journals Technical Note: Maximising accuracy and minimising cost of a potentiometrically regulated ocean acidification simulation system

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 713-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. MacLeod ◽  
H. L. Doyle ◽  
K. I. Currie
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Simulation System ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Liquid Junction ◽  
Treatment Unit

Abstract. This article describes a potentiometric ocean acidification simulation system which automatically regulates pH through the injection of 100% CO2 gas into temperature-controlled seawater. The system is ideally suited to long-term experimental studies of the effect of acidification on biological processes involving small-bodied (10–20 mm) calcifying or non-calcifying organisms. Using hobbyist-grade equipment, the system was constructed for approximately USD 1200 per treatment unit (tank, pH regulation apparatus, chiller, pump/filter unit). An overall tolerance of ±0.05 pHT units (SD) was achieved over 90 days in two acidified treatments (7.60 and 7.40) at 12 °C using glass electrodes calibrated with synthetic seawater buffers, thereby preventing liquid junction error. The performance of the system was validated through the independent calculation of pHT (12 °C) using dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity data taken from discrete acidified seawater samples. The system was used to compare the shell growth of the marine gastropod Zeacumantus subcarinatus infected with the trematode parasite Maritrema novaezealandensis with that of uninfected snails at pH levels of 7.4, 7.6, and 8.1.

scholarly journals CO2 sensitivity experiments are not sufficient to show an effect of ocean acidification

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 926-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul McElhany
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Abundance ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Species Sensitivity ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Marine Carbonate ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Level Effect

The ocean acidification (OA) literature is replete with laboratory studies that report species sensitivity to seawater carbonate chemistry in experimental treatments as an “effect of OA”. I argue that this is unintentionally misleading, since these studies do not actually demonstrate an effect of OA but rather show sensitivity to CO2. Documenting an effect of OA involves showing a change in a species (e.g. population abundance or distribution) as a consequence of anthropogenic changes in marine carbonate chemistry. To date, there have been no unambiguous demonstrations of a population level effect of anthropogenic OA, as that term is defined by the IPCC.

scholarly journals Trends of pH decrease in the Mediterranean Sea through high frequency observational data: indication of ocean acidification in the basin

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Flecha ◽  
Fiz F. Pérez ◽  
Jesús García-Lafuente ◽  
Simone Sammartino ◽  
Aida. F. Ríos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Ph Decrease

scholarly journals No ocean acidification effects on shell growth and repair in the New Zealand brachiopod Calloria inconspicua (Sowerby, 1846)

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 920-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma L. Cross ◽  
Lloyd S. Peck ◽  
Miles D. Lamare ◽  
Elizabeth M. Harper
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Carbonate Ions ◽  
Shell Repair ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Calcification Process ◽  
Shell Production

Abstract Surface seawaters are becoming more acidic due to the absorption of rising anthropogenic CO2. Marine calcifiers are considered to be the most vulnerable organisms to ocean acidification due to the reduction in the availability of carbonate ions for shell or skeletal production. Rhychonelliform brachiopods are potentially one of the most calcium carbonate-dependent groups of marine organisms because of their large skeletal content. Little is known, however, about the effects of lowered pH on these taxa. A CO2 perturbation experiment was performed on the New Zealand terebratulide brachiopod Calloria inconspicua to investigate the effects of pH conditions predicted for 2050 and 2100 on the growth rate and ability to repair shell. Three treatments were used: an ambient pH control (pH 8.16), a mid-century scenario (pH 7.79), and an end-century scenario (pH 7.62). The ability to repair shell was not affected by acidified conditions with &gt;80% of all damaged individuals at the start of the experiment completing shell repair after 12 weeks. Growth rates in undamaged individuals &gt;3 mm in length were also not affected by lowered pH conditions, whereas undamaged individuals &lt;3 mm grew faster at pH 7.62 than the control. The capability of C. inconspicua to continue shell production and repair under acidified conditions suggests that this species has a robust control over the calcification process, where suitable conditions at the site of calcification can be generated across a range of pH conditions.

scholarly journals Perturbation experiments to investigate the impact of ocean acidification: approaches and software tools

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 4413-4439 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-P. Gattuso ◽  
H. Lavigne
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Software Package ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
R Software ◽  
Seawater Chemistry ◽  
Seawater Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Gas Bubbling ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Although future changes in the seawater carbonate chemistry are well constrained, their impact on marine organisms and ecosystems remains poorly known. The biological response to ocean acidification is a recent field of research as most purposeful experiments have only been carried out in the late 1990s. The potentially dire consequences of ocean acidification attract scientists and students with a limited knowledge of the carbonate chemistry and its experimental manipulation. Hence, some guidelines on carbonate chemistry manipulations may be helpful for the growing ocean acidification community to maintain comparability. Perturbation experiments are one of the key approaches used to investigate the biological response to elevated pCO2. They are based on measurements of physiological or metabolic processes in organisms and communities exposed to seawater with normal or altered carbonate chemistry. Seawater chemistry can be manipulated in different ways depending on the facilities available and on the question being addressed. The goal of this paper is (1) to examine the benefits and drawbacks of various manipulation techniques and (2) to describe a new version of the R software package seacarb which includes new functions aimed at assisting the design of ocean acidification perturbation experiments. Three approaches closely mimic the on-going and future changes in the seawater carbonate chemistry: gas bubbling, addition of high-CO2 seawater as well as combined additions of acid and bicarbonate and/or carbonate.

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