Multiple Degrees of Freedom in the Fish Skull and Their Relation to Hydraulic Transport of Prey in Channel Catfish

Synopsis Fish perform many complex manipulation behaviors without hands or flexible muscular tongues, instead relying on more than 20 movable skeletal elements in their highly kinetic skulls. How fish use their skulls to accomplish these behaviors, however, remains unclear. Most previous mechanical models have represented the fish skull using one or more planar four-bar linkages, which have just a single degree of freedom (DoF). In contrast, truncated-cone hydrodynamic models have assumed up to five DoFs. In this study, we introduce and validate a 3D mechanical linkage model of a fish skull that incorporates the pectoral girdle and mandibular and hyoid arches. We validate this model using an in vivo motion dataset of suction feeding in channel catfish and then use this model to quantify the DoFs in the fish skull, to categorize the motion patterns of the cranial linkage during feeding, and to evaluate the association between these patterns and food motion. We find that the channel catfish skull functions as a 17-link, five-loop parallel mechanism. Despite having 19 potential DoFs, we find that seven DoFs are sufficient to describe most of the motion of the cranial linkage, consistent with the fish skull functioning as a multi-DoF, manipulation system. Channel catfish use this linkage to generate three different motion patterns (rostrocaudal wave, caudorostral wave, and compressive wave), each with its own associated food velocity profile. These results suggest that biomechanical manipulation systems must have a minimum number of DoFs to effectively control objects, whether in water or air.

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4D in in vivo 2-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy with sample motion in 6 degrees of freedom

Journal of Neuroscience Methods ◽

10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.06.013 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 200 (1) ◽

pp. 47-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Sabine Scheibe ◽

Mario M. Dorostkar ◽

Christian Seebacher ◽

Rainer Uhl ◽

Frank Lison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fluorescence Microscopy ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Sample Motion ◽

6 Degrees Of Freedom

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Detection of In Vivo Dynamic 3-D Motion Patterns in the Wrist Joint

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.1109/tbme.2008.2009069 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 1236-1244 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

B. Carelsen ◽

R. Jonges ◽

S.D. Strackee ◽

M. Maas ◽

P. van Kemenade ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wrist Joint ◽

Motion Patterns

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Estimation of the Abduction/Adduction Movement of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint of the Thumb

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11073158 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 3158

Author(s):

Néstor J. Jarque-Bou ◽

Margarita Vergara ◽

Joaquín L. Sancho-Bru

Keyword(s):

3D Modeling ◽

Daily Living ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Estimation Error ◽

Metacarpophalangeal Joint ◽

Joint Movement ◽

Carpometacarpal Joint ◽

Small Space ◽

Joint Motions

Thumb opposition is essential for grasping, and involves the flexion and abduction of the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb. The high number of degrees of freedom of the thumb in a fairly small space makes the in vivo recording of its kinematics a challenging task. For this reason, along with the very limited independence of the abduction movement of the metacarpophalangeal joint, many devices do not implement sensors to measure such movement, which may lead to important implications in terms of the accuracy of thumb models. The aims of this work are to examine the correlation between thumb joints and to obtain an equation that allows thumb metacarpophalangeal abduction/adduction movement to be estimated from the other joint motions of the thumb, during the commonest grasps used during activities of daily living and in free movement. The correlation analysis shows that metacarpophalangeal abduction/adduction movement can be expressed mainly from carpometacarpal joint movements. The model thus obtained presents a low estimation error (6.29°), with no significant differences between grasps. The results could benefit most fields that do not typically include this joint movement, such as virtual reality, teleoperation, 3D modeling, prostheses, and exoskeletons.

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A Method for Type Synthesis of Mechanisms Using Phase Diagrams

23rd Biennial Mechanisms Conference: Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis ◽

10.1115/detc1994-0177 ◽

1994 ◽

Author(s):

Sio-Hou Lei ◽

Ying-Chien Tsai

Keyword(s):

Phase Diagram ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Practical Application ◽

Type Synthesis ◽

Planar Mechanisms ◽

Simple Loop ◽

Single Degree Of Freedom ◽

Single Degree ◽

Spatial Mechanisms ◽

Synthesis Of Mechanisms

Abstract A method for synthesizing the types of spatial as well as planar mechanisms is expressed in this paper by using the concept of phase diagram in metallurgy. The concept represented as a type synthesis technique is applied to (a) planar mechanisms with n degrees of freedom and simple loop, (b) spatial mechanisms with single degree of freedom and simple loop, to enumerate all the possible mechanisms with physically realizable kinematic pairs. Based on the technique described, a set of new reciprocating mechanisms is generated as a practical application.

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Stiffness of the Gerbil Basilar Membrane: Radial and Longitudinal Variations

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00446.2003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 474-488 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Gulam Emadi ◽

Claus-Peter Richter ◽

Peter Dallos

Keyword(s):

Cross Section ◽

Basilar Membrane ◽

Organ Of Corti ◽

Sound Waves ◽

Motion Patterns ◽

Longitudinal Stiffness ◽

Longitudinal Variations ◽

Space Constant ◽

Qualitative Changes

Experimental data on the mechanical properties of the tissues of the mammalian cochlea are essential for understanding the frequency- and location-dependent motion patterns that result in response to incoming sound waves. Within the cochlea, sound-induced vibrations are transduced into neural activity by the organ of Corti, the gross motion of which is dependent on the motion of the underlying basilar membrane. In this study we present data on stiffness of the gerbil basilar membrane measured at multiple positions within a cochlear cross section and at multiple locations along the length of the cochlea. A basic analysis of these data using relatively simple models of cochlear mechanics reveals our most important result: the experimentally measured longitudinal stiffness gradient at the middle of the pectinate zone of the basilar membrane (4.43 dB/mm) can account for changes of best frequency along the length of the cochlea. Furthermore, our results indicate qualitative changes of stiffness-deflection curves as a function of radial position; in particular, there are differences in the rate of stiffness growth with increasing tissue deflection. Longitudinal coupling within the basilar membrane/organ of Corti complex is determined to have a space constant of 21 μm in the middle turn of the cochlea. The bulk of our data was obtained in the hemicochlea preparation, and we include a comparison of this set of data to data obtained in vivo.

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Proposal and evaluation of a tablet-based tool for 3D virtual environments

Journal of Interactive Systems ◽

10.5753/jis.2013.633 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Daniel Medeiros ◽

Felipe Carvalho ◽

Lucas Teixeira ◽

Priscilla Braz ◽

Alberto Raposo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virtual Environments ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Specific Interaction ◽

System Control ◽

3D Interaction ◽

Additional Information ◽

Manipulation System ◽

Study Case ◽

Immersive Environment ◽

3D Virtual Environments

The introduction of embedded sensors in smartphones and tablets allowed the use of these devices to interact with virtual environments. These devices also have the possibility of including additional information and performing naturally non-immersive tasks. This work presents a 3D interaction tablet-based tool, which allows the aggregation of all major 3D interaction tasks, such as navigation, selection, manipulation, system control and symbolic input. This tool is for generalpurpose systems, as well as, engineering applications. Generally this kind of application uses specific interaction devices with four or more degrees of freedom and a common keyboard and mouse for tasks that are naturally non-immersive, such as symbolic input (e.g., text or number input). This article proposes a new tablet-based device that can perform all these major tasks in an immersive environment. It also presents a study case of the use of the device and some user tests.

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THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES TO TIME-DEPENDENT FORCES

Coastal Engineering Proceedings ◽

10.9753/icce.v9.29 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 1 (9) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

William S. Gaither ◽

David P. Billington

Keyword(s):

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Wind Waves ◽

Offshore Structures ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Wave Forces ◽

Ocean Bottom ◽

Single Wave ◽

Single Degree Of Freedom ◽

The Many ◽

Floating Objects

This paper is addressed to the problem of structural behavior in an offshore environment, and the application of a more rigorous analysis for time-dependent forces than is currently used. Design of pile supported structures subjected to wave forces has, in the past, been treated in two parts; (1) a static analysis based on the loading of a single wave, and (2) a dynamic analysis which sought to determine the resonant frequency by assuming that the structure could be approximated as a single-degree-of-freedom system. (Ref. 4 and 6) The behavior of these structures would be better understood if the dynamic nature of the loading and the many degrees of freedom of the system were included. A structure which is built in the open ocean is subjected to periodic forces due to wind, waves, floating objects, and due occasionally to machinery mounted on the structure. To resist motion, the structure relies on the stiffness of the elements from which it is built and the restraints of the ocean bottom into which the supporting legs are driven.

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A three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of the dog

10.1101/2020.07.16.205856 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Heiko Stark ◽

Martin S. Fischer ◽

Alexander Hunt ◽

Fletcher Young ◽

Roger Quinn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Body Size ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Inverse Dynamics ◽

Musculoskeletal Model ◽

Muscle Synergy ◽

Locomotor System ◽

Wide Range ◽

Joint Load

AbstractDogs are an interesting object of investigation because of the wide range of body size, body mass, and physique. In the last several years, the number of clinical and biomechanical studies on dog locomotion has increased. However, the relationship between body structure and joint load during locomotion, as well as between joint load and degenerative diseases of the locomotor system (e.g. dysplasia), are not sufficiently understood. In vivo measurements/records of joint forces and loads or deep/small muscles are complex, invasive, and sometimes ethically questionable. The use of detailed musculoskeletal models may help in filling that knowledge gap. We describe here the methods we used to create a detailed musculoskeletal model with 84 degrees of freedom and 134 muscles. Our model has three key-features: Three-dimensionality, scalability, and modularity. We tested the validity of the model by identifying forelimb muscle synergies of a beagle at walk. We used inverse dynamics and static optimization to estimate muscle activations based on experimental data. We identified three muscle synergy groups by using hierarchical clustering. Predicted activation patterns exhibited good agreement with experimental data for most of the forelimb muscles. We expect that our model will speed up the analysis of how body size, physique, agility, and disease influence joint neuronal control and loading in dog locomotion.

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Design and Fabrication of a Multi-Functional Nanomanipulator

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.21 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 419-420 ◽

pp. 21-24

Author(s):

Ming Chang ◽

Chia Hung Lin ◽

Chung Po Lin ◽

Juti Rani Deka

Keyword(s):

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Electrical Characterization ◽

The Body ◽

Rapid Expansion ◽

Nano Materials ◽

Nano Fabrication ◽

Permissible Range ◽

Manipulation System

With rapid expansion of nanotechnology, microminiaturization has become imperative in the field of micro/nano fabrication. A nanomanipulation system with high degrees of freedom that can perform nanomachining, nanofabrication and mechanical/electrical characterization of nanoscale objects inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is presented. The manipulation system consists of several individual operating units each having three linear stages and one rotational stage. The body of the manipulator is designed using the idea of superposition. Each operating unit can move in the permissible range of SEM’s vacuum chamber and can increase or decrease the number of units according to the requirement. Experiments were executed to investigate the in-situ electrical resistance of nano materials.

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